Biol 1407 - Test 3

All seed plants a) are heterosporous. b) have cones. c) flower. d) produce fruit. e) have companion cells in the phloem.

a) are heterosporous

Which term best describes the fruit of an apple tree? a) Simple b) Multiple c) Triple d) Aggregate e) Accessory

e) Accessory

A key feature for colonizing cool, dry habitats is the a) true leaf. b) megagametophyte. c) embryo sac. d) pistil. e) seed.

e) seed.

Which of the following is not a stem? a) Ground ivy runner b) Potato tuber c) Apple twig d) Carrot e) Celery stalk

d) Carrot

At every node of a plant, one will find _______ attached. a) one or more leaves b) one or more axillary buds c) one or more flowers d) an internode e) Both a and b

e) Both a and b

In seed plants, secondary growth derived from the _______ allowed these plants to grow to great heights to compete for sunlight.

xylem

A fully developed leaf undergoing photosynthesis will produce sugars and serve as a _______, capable of sending sugar to a storage organ. However, a leaf may also be a _______ if it is developing and receiving sugar from a storage organ; the storage organ then would be _______. a) sink; source; a source b) source; sink; a source c) source; sink; both source and sink d) sink; source; a sink e) source; sink; a sink

b) source; sink; a source

In a liverwort in nature, the larger, more visible plant is the _______, whereas in horsetails, the larger, more visible plant is the _______. a) antheridium; archegonium b) sporophyte; gametophyte c) gametophyte; sporophyte d) sporophyte; antheridium e) gametophyte; antheridium

c) gametophyte; sporophyte

You observe a plant cell that is spindle-shaped, has secondary cell walls, and appears to be a dead, hollow tube. You are likely looking at a vascular cell that belongs to the a) cacti. b) angiosperms. c) gymnosperms. d) dicots. e) monocots.

c) gymnosperms.

Rhyniophytes were characterized by a) dichotomously branching aerial stems, extensive roots, and sporangia. b) aerial stems with vascular tissue, nonvascular rhizomes, and extensive roots. c) horizontal rhizomes, rhizoids, dichotomously branching aerial stems, and sporangia. d) aerial stems with sporangia, rhizomes, and dichotomously branching rhizoids. e) dichotomously branching aerial stems, extensive roots, vascular tissue, and sporangia.

c) horizontal rhizomes, rhizoids, dichotomously branching aerial stems, and sporangia.

When plants are ready to flower, shoot apical meristems become _______ meristems. a) root apical b) lateral c) inflorescence d) floral e) intercalary

c) inflorescence

In seeds, a dormant but viable state is an advantage because it a) ensures that embryos will survive in perpetuity. b) prevents herbivores from consuming embryos. c) protects embryos during unfavorable conditions. d) increases species diversity. e) encourages genetic outcrossing.

c) protects embryos during unfavorable conditions.

Specialized reproductive organs on the sporophyte are _______ that produce _______ by _______. a) gametangia; gametes; meiosis b) embryos; zygotes; fertilization c) sporangia; spores; meiosis d) sporangia; spores; mitosis e) gametangia; zygotes; fertilization

c) sporangia; spores; meiosis

Which of the following is not a part of the vegetative shoot system of a flowering plant? a) Tuber b) Axillary bud c) Leaf d) Petal e) Petiole

d) Petal

Primary plant growth, as compared to secondary plant growth, produces proportionally more a) sclerenchyma cells. b) vessel elements. c) sieve tube elements. d) parenchyma cells. e) phloem tissue.

d) parenchyma cells.

During what period did angiosperms emerge as the dominant plants on Earth? a) Cambrian b) Permian c) Quaternary d) Tertiary e) Cretaceous

e) Cretaceous

Which of the following gymnosperms retain the ancestral trait of swimming sperm? a) Conifers and cycads b) Gnetophytes and conifers c) Ginkgos and gnetophytes d) Ginkgos and conifers e) Cycads and ginkgos

e) Cycads and ginkgos

The nutritionally independent stage of the life cycle of a liverwort is the a) diploid gametophyte. b) haploid gametophyte. c) haploid zygotophyte. d) haploid sporophyte. e) diploid sporophyte.

b) haploid gametophyte

Flower markings that are visible under ultraviolet light and help pollinators locate rewards provided by the flowers are called a) sepals. b) nectar guides. c) petals. d) filaments. e) anthers.

b) nectar guides.

Coleochaetophytes have all of the following synapomorphies in common with stoneworts except a) features of cytokinesis. b) retention of egg on parental tissue. c) apical growth. d) plasmodesmata. e) multicellularity.

c) apical growth

Which tissue/region found in this monocot root would not be found in a eudicot root? a) Endodermis b) Xylem c) Cortex d) Pericycle e) Pith

e) Pith

In angiosperms, a viable pollen grain generally has to be delivered to the _______ to develop. a) style b) ovary c) petal d) sepal e) stigma

e) stigma

In wild populations, self-pollination is often seen as detrimental because it results in a lack of genetic mixing. This issue is most relevant to plants with _______ flowers, rather than those with separate male and female flowers.

perfect

Which of the following is not likely to have resulted from coevolution between an angiosperm and an animal? a) A flower with bright red petals and no odor b) A flower with reduced petals that allow wind access to its pollen c) A flower with a strong rotting meat odor d) A flower with broad petals on which insects land e) A flower with a long nectar spur

b) A flower with reduced petals that allow wind access to its pollen

What feature is common to hydroids and tracheids? a) Both are found in vascular plants. b) Both have lignin in their cell walls. c) Both conduct water. d) Both are found in nonvascular plants. e) Both conduct water and sugars.

c) Both conduct water.

The darker part of annual growth rings in woody stems is formed by Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a)secondary phloem. b) heart wood. c) sap wood. d) spring wood. e) summer wood.

e) summer wood.

In which region(s) would you expect to find xylem in a leaf? a) Epidermis b) Stomata c) Veins d) Cuticle e) Mesophyll cells

c) Veins

Secondary plant growth a) occurs in all angiosperms. b) makes a plant taller. c) occurs only in stems. d) results in the formation of wood. e) is especially prevalent in monocots.

d) results in the formation of wood.

The primary reason that angiosperms are so prevalent on Earth today is that a) only angiosperms produce pollen. b) only angiosperms produce seeds. c) they are Rhyniophytes. d) they produce fruits that aid in their dispersal. e) many species have two cotyledons.

d) they produce fruits that aid in their dispersal.

A pineapple is an example of a(n) _______ fruit. a) woody b) simple c) compound d) aggregate e) multiple

e) multiple

Eudicots have _______ cotyledons.

two

Which structure in land plants is haploid? a) Multicellular gametophyte b) Sporangium c) Embryo d) Multicellular sporophyte e) Zygote

a) Multicellular gametophyte

In flowering plants, pollen grains are produced in the a) anther. b) filament. c) stigma. d) tepal. e) sepal.

a) anther

Which of the nonvascular plant clades has the highest number of extant species? a) Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses and relatives) b) Bryophyta (mosses) c) Heptophyta (liverworts) d) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) e) Monilophyta (ferns and horsetails)

b) Bryophyta (mosses

Which characteristic is a synapomorphy for green algae and land plants? a) Plasmodesmata b) Cell walls rich in chitin c) Chlorophyll b d) Branching apical growth e) Carbohydrates stored mostly as glycogen

c) Chlorophyll b

Teosinte, after selection for various mutations beneficial to humans, became what modern grain crop? a) Rye b) Wheat c) Oats d) Corn e) Barley

d) Corn

Seed plants a) have a large gametophyte generation. b) produce one kind of spore. c) produce spores in small numbers. d) produce spores by meiosis. e) produce gametes by meiosis.

d) produce spores by meiosis

In addition to the various synapomorphies present in the stoneworts, the most compelling evidence that they are the sister group of land plants is based on _______.

gene sequences

As stationary organisms, plants must rely on _______ growth to acquire resources.

indeterminate

Hydrocarbons play two roles in algae: an energy reserve and a way to increase bouancy. The latter is important because it maximizes exposure to _______, providing energy for the algae to fix CO2.

light

A kind of adventitious root produced by corn and some types of figs to support stems is called a _______ root.

prop

Hard or gritty texture in fruits is due to _______ plant cells?

sclerenchyma

Leaves are designed to conduct photosynthesis and produce sugars as a result of this process. Therefore, leaves must have functioning _______ tissue to move the solutes to another part of the plant, such as storage organs.

vascular

In which area of a plant would you expect to find mitotic activity? a) The xylem b) The shoot apex c) The root zone of elongation d) The wood e) The mature leaf

b) The shoot apex

Why do ferns often grow in moist habitats? a) They lack vascular tissue for long-distance transport of water within the plant. b) They have flagellated sperm that require liquid water to swim to the egg. c) They have thin cuticles so would desiccate in a drier habitat. d) They lack stomata so absorb water from their environment by diffusion. e) They have flagellated spores that require liquid water for dispersal.

b) They have flagellated sperm that require liquid water to swim to the egg.

Why is liquid water required for sexual reproduction in mosses? a) They have spores with a thick coat. b) They have sperm with flagella. c) Embryos require water to grow. d) The egg would desiccate without it. e) The gametophytes would desiccate without it.

b) They have sperm with flagella.

With regard to the life cycles observed in plants and animals, the two groups share the similarity of a) gametes produced by the multicellular haploid generation. b) a generation of multicellular diploid individuals. c) a generation of multicellular haploid individuals. d) gametes produced by the unicellular diploid generation. e) gametes produced by meiosis.

b) a generation of multicellular diploid individuals.

You are observing a plant cell that belongs to the vascular tissue. It is a living cell, with open pits at the ends, creating a continuous transport system. The kind of cell you are looking at is most likely a _______.

sieve tube element

Of the four groups of gymnosperms, conifers are the most abundant. This group uses _______ for pollination and has dispensed with the need for water for fertilization, allowing its members to flourish in arid environments.

wind

Which plant body part is not vegetative? a) Maple leaf b) Sweet potato root c) Lemon flower d) Tomato leaf hair e) Onion bulb

c) Lemon flower

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an angiosperm? a) A free-living gametophyte generation b) Flowers c) Ovules d) Seeds e) A vascular system

a) A free-living gametophyte generation.

Which of the following best describes the origin of wood? a) Lateral meristems contribute to continuous increases in vascular tissue. b) Primary meristems increase the amount of xylem deposited. c) Spongy mesophyll cells become cork cambium. d) Xylem cells enlarge and deposit large amounts of lignin. e) Cork cambium develops into vascular cambium which matures into wood.

a) Lateral meristems contribute to continuous increases in vascular tissue.

Which set of clades correctly describes the nonvascular land plants? a) Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts b) Cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants c) Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants d) Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns e) Lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns

a) Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

As land plants evolved, the sporophyte generation became larger and less dependent on the gametophyte generation. Which statement provides an accurate example of this trend? a) The sporophytes of moss are small and nutritionally dependent on their gametophyte, while the sporophytes of ferns are large and nutritionally independent of their gametophyte. b) The sporophytes of lycophytes are small but nutritionally independent of their gametophytes, while the sporophytes of liverworts are large and do not depend on the gametophyte for nutrition. c) The sporophytes of lycophytes are large and nutritionally independent of their gametophytes, while the sporophytes of horsetails are small and require the gametophyte for nutrition. d) The sporophytes of moss are small and nutritionally dependent on their gametophyte, while the sporophytes of liverworts are also small but are nutritionally independent of their gametophyte. e) The sporophytes of both horsetails and ferns are large but depend on the gametophyte for nutrition during periods of low light.

a) The sporophytes of moss are small and nutritionally dependent on their gametophyte, while the sporophytes of ferns are large and nutritionally independent of their gametophyte.

Which statement regarding the primary cell walls of plants is false? a) They contain lignins. b) The primary cell walls of two adjacent cells are separated by the middle lamella. c) They contain hemicellulose. d) They contain pectins. e) They may be loosened to allow for cell expansion.

a) They contain lignins.

Which statement regarding plants is false? a) They decrease humidity. b) They modify Earth's atmosphere. c) They are sources of medicines. d) They are primary producers. e) They decrease soil erosion.

a) They decrease humidity.

A property shared by the sporophyte of mosses and ferns is a) apical cell division. b) a well-developed vascular system. c) roots. d) sporangia clustered in sori. e) true leaves.

a) apical cell division

Monocots are so named because they have one a) cotyledon. b) hypocotyl. c) ovary. d) seed. e) flower.

a) cotyledon

The sporophyte of the moss Sphagnum a) depends on the gametophyte for nutrients. b) usually produces its own food by photosynthesis. c) is free-living. d) is larger than the gametophyte. e) produces gametes.

a) depends on the gametophyte for nutrients

A kind of grass has evolved to be very resistant to chewing by panda bears, which now avoid it and eat other plants instead. The specific acquired characteristic is hardened cell walls in its leaves, which are due to increased a) deposits of lignin. b) plasmodesmata. c) permeability to small molecules. d) deposits of cellulose. e) pit pairs.

a) deposits of lignin

While blindfolded, you are given a piece of a plant and asked to identify it by feel. You realize that you are holding a terminal bud, and you conclude that you have been given the a) end of a woody stem. b) tip of a primary root. c) tip of a secondarily thickened root. d) base of a leaf axil. e) middle of an internode.

a) end of a woody stem.

Ferns are vascular plants but tend to prosper in wet areas because a) ferns have swimming sperm. b) the vascular system is not well developed. c) ferns are heterosporous. d) the root system of ferns is rudimentary. e) ferns cannot regulate the loss of water from their leaves.

a) ferns have swimming sperm

Liverworts can be distinguished from the other nonvascular plants because they a) lack stomata. b) extend their gametophytes by apical growth. c) have photosynthetic gametophytes. d) produce sporangia on their sporophytes. e) have elongated sporangia.

a) lack stomata

You are asked to classify a plant based on your own observations in the lab. You note that the flowers have six petals and the leaves have parallel veins. You would classify this plant as a _______ and would expect to find a(n) _______ root system. a) monocot; fibrous b) eudicot; taproot c) eudicot; adventitious d) monocot; apical e) eudicot; fibrous

a) monocot; fibrous

The epidermis of a leaf a) possesses cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. b) covers just the upper leaf surface. c) is made up of multiple cell layers. d) carries out photosynthesis. e) contains veins.

a) possesses cells that secrete a waxy cuticle.

Soil formation on the early land masses was not helped by a) the products of photosynthesis. b) decomposition of plants. c) acids secreted by plants. d) growth of early land plants. e) mycorrhizae.

a) the products of photosynthesis

In your attempt to identify an unfamiliar plant, which trait would help you identify it as an angiosperm rather than a gymnosperm? a) Seeds b) Flowers c) Vascular tissue d) Pollen e) Needlelike leaves

b) Flowers

Which characteristic does not differ between eudicots and monocots? a) Number of flower parts b) Formation of seeds c) Number of seed leaves (cotyledons) d) Arrangement of veins in leaves e) Leaf anatomy

b) Formation of seeds

Which statement regarding our dependence on a small number of domesticated plant species for food is true? a) The species we currently depend on contain a great amount of genetic diversity. b) Growing relatively few varieties of certain crops reduces genetic variation within plant populations and puts us at greater risk of sweeping crop losses due to diseases and pests. c) The species we currently depend on contain the best balance of nutrients humans need to survive. d) The land used to grow a particular crop could become depleted of certain nutrients, making further propagation impossible. e) Certain deleterious alleles could accumulate in these crops, making our reliance on a small number of species risky.

b) Growing relatively few varieties of certain crops reduces genetic variation within plant populations and puts us at greater risk of sweeping crop losses due to diseases and pests.

Where on a fern plant would you look to find spores? a) In clusters of sori in sporangia on the sporophyte leaf b) In clusters of sporangia in sori on the sporophyte leaf c) In clusters of sori in sporangia on the gametophyte leaf d) In clusters of sporangia in antheridia on the gametophyte leaf e) In clusters of sporangia in antheridia on the sporophyte leaf

b) In clusters of sporangia in sori on the sporophyte leaf

Which of the following is not a characteristic of gymnosperm reproduction? a) Fertilization occurring in cones b) Requirement of water for transfer of sperm from pollen to egg c) Protection of megasporangia in an integument d) Nutrients for the embryo supplied by the female gametophyte e) Production of separate male and female cones

b) Requirement of water for transfer of sperm from pollen to egg

Which of the following correctly represents the layers of a sclereid cell, from inside to outside? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Middle lamella → primary cell wall → secondary cell wall b) Secondary cell wall → primary cell wall → middle lamella c) Secondary cell wall → middle lamella → primary cell wall d) Primary cell wall → secondary cell wall → middle lamella e) Middle lamella → secondary cell wall → primary cell wall

b) Secondary cell wall → primary cell wall → middle lamella

Which structure in land plants is diploid? a) Gamete b) Sporangium c) Gametophyte d) Gametangium e) Spore

b) Sporangium

From the perspective of flowering plants, the role of fruit is to a) help the plant withstand harsh environmental conditions. b) achieve seed dispersal. c) attract pollinators. d) promote outcrossing. e) store excess mineral ions.

b) achieve seed dispersal.

The diverse forms of Brassica oleracea arose by a) natural selection. b) artificial selection. c) genetic drift. d) hybridization. e) recombinant DNA technology.

b) artificial selection.

Selaginella is a heterosporous lycophyte. If you want to study Selaginella gametophyte structure, the most important reason why you must collect more than one sample is a) to ensure genetic diversity in your sample. b) because the structure of the microgametophyte changes so much as it develops into a megagametophyte. c) because more samples are always better than one. d) in case the first one dies. e) because microgametophytes have a different structure than the megagametophytes.

b) because microgametophytes have a different structure than a megagametophytes

Bud primordia a) develop into leaf primordia. b) can initiate new shoots. c) are only found in secondary growth. d) always develop into new branches. e) are likely to develop into roots.

b) can initiate new shoots.

Primary endosymbiosis gave rise to ________ in the clade of photosynthetic eukaryotes. a) protected embryos b) chloroplasts c) chlorophyll b d) nuclei e) stoneworts

b) chloroplasts

Whether a stem is woody or herbaceous, the outer covering is formed by the a) ground meristem. b) dermal tissue system. c) epidermis. d) xylem. e) vascular system.

b) dermal tissue system.

A plant structure containing sporopollenin is most likely to be resistant to _______ and _______. a) drying; UV damage b) drying; chemical damage c) cracking; UV damage d) chemical damage; UV damage e) cracking; digestion

b) drying; chemical damage

The sporophyte generation a) is the dominant generation in nonvascular plants. b) extends from the zygote through the adult diploid plant. c) is dependent on the gametophyte generation in vascular plants. d) extends from the spore through the adult multicellular haploid plant to the gamete. e) produces gametes.

b) extends from the zygote through the adult diploid plant

You have discovered a new plant specimen that is simple in structure, much like an early land plant. To determine whether it was a tracheophyte and not one of the other land plants, you would look for a) stomata for transporting gasses and water. b) fluid-conducting cells called tracheids. c) plasmodesmata to connect adjoining cells. d) specialized tissues called tracheids for protecting the embryo. e) chloroplasts with chlorophylls a and b.

b) fluid-conducting cells called tracheids

The structure in the shoot system that is analogous to the root cap is the a) bud primordia. b) leaf primordia. c) shoot apical meristem. d) terminal bud. e) axillary bud.

b) leaf primordia

Nonvascular plants a) have xylem instead of the tracheids that are found in vascular plants. b) may be in a mutualistic association with a fungus and/or a cyanobacterium. c) are usually a few hundred centimeters tall. d) spread quickly in dry areas. e) have a cuticle and stomata on their leaves.

b) may be in a mutualistic association with a fungus and/or a cyanobacterium

An important synapomorphy of the euphyllophytes is overtopping, a growth pattern in which one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others. Overtopping growth allowed for a) more lateral expansion to obtain nutrients and more access to wind for CO2 uptake. b) more access to sunlight for photosynthesis and evolution of a larger leaf type. c) more access to wind for CO2 uptake and evolution of a larger leaf type. d) more access to wind for CO2 uptake and more access to sunlight for photosynthesis. e) more lateral expansion to obtain nutrients and evolution of a larger leaf type.

b) more access to sunlight for photosynthesis and evolution of a larger leaf type.

Monocots have _______ veins in their leaves, whereas the arrangement is _______ in eudicots. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) parallel; fenestrate b) parallel; reticulate c) reticulate; parallel d) parallel; perpendicular e) fenestrate; reticulate

b) parallel; reticulate

Secondary plant growth a) is more common in monocots than in eudicots. b) requires mitosis by the lateral meristems. c) takes place only in stems. d) occurs in the apical meristems. e) results only in the formation of additional vascular tissue.

b) requires mitosis by the lateral meristems.

A paleobotanist's discovery of a layer of sediment from the Quaternary containing fossilized seed fern seeds would be unexpected because a) no such plants ever existed. b) seed ferns were extinct by the Quaternary. c) all material from the Quaternary should be rock, not sediment. d) seed fern seeds are too soft to fossilize. e) Quaternary sediments do not have fossils.

b) seed ferns were extinct by the Quaternary.

Meristems are a) major sites of photosynthesis. b) the location in which mitosis takes place throughout the life of a plant. c) supporting tissues. d) dead cells. e) present only at the shoot apex.

b) the location in which mitosis takes place throughout the life of a plant.

Which of the following does not correctly match a plant with a drug derived from that plant plus a description of what that drug does? a) Foxglove: digitalin to strengthen the contractions of heart muscle b) Belladonna: atropine to dilate pupils for eye exams c) Cinchona: quinine to treat cholera d) Opium poppy: morphine for pain relief e) Ephedra: ephedrine for easing nasal congestion

c) Cinchona: quinine to treat cholera

You observe a cell that is elongated, with characteristically thickened corners of the primary cell wall. What type of cell are you observing? a) Epidermal b) Sclereid c) Collenchyma d) Parenchyma e) Sclerenchyma

c) Collenchyma

A scientist discovers a fossil branch having typical conifer leaves and a fruit. What is unusual about this? a) Conifers rarely form fruits. b) Conifer leaves and fruits are not formed on the same branch. c) Conifers do not have fruits. d) Conifer fruits do not fossilize. e) Conifer fruits cannot be distinguished from their leaves.

c) Conifers do not have fruits.

Which of the following represents the developmental sequence of an individual root cell? a) Elongation → differentiation → division b) Differentiation → elongation → division c) Division → elongation → differentiation d) Division → differentiation → elongation e) Elongation → division → differentiation

c) Division → elongation → differentiation

Which living group was the earliest to evolutionarily diverge from all other living vascular plants? a) Rhyniophytes (now extinct) b) Monilophytes (horsetails and ferns) c) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts) d) Gymnosperms e) Angiosperms

c) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between animals and pollination? a) Without insect pollinators, most gymnosperms would be unable to reproduce. b) One of the defining features of all seed plants is the phenomenon of double fertilization—a direct result of insect pollination. c) Many plants and their pollinators have coevolved, forming elaborately specialized mutualisms with one another. d) Most angiosperms are wind pollinated. e) The role of pollinators is to disperse seeds.

c) Many plants and their pollinators have coevolved, forming elaborately specialized mutualisms with one another.

A scientist discovers what she thinks is a new monocot with a taproot system and reticulate veins in its leaves. Which of the following best explains this unusual combination? a) It is a hybrid between carrots and ferns. b) This is an orchid. c) She is mistaken; this cannot be a monocot. It is a eudicot. d) This is an unusual development induced by extreme cold. e) There are mutations due to radiation.

c) She is mistaken; this cannot be a monocot. It is a eudicot.

You are studying an insect related to aphids that feeds on plant sap. This insect bores a hole in the plant until it can feed using an appendage on its front legs called a "spile." What specific plant structure does the spile bore into? a) Companion cell b) Guard cell c) Sieve tube element d) Parenchyma e) Vessel element

c) Sieve tube element

Which is the correct order of development in a moss gametophyte? a) Spiral leafy gametophyte, spore, bud, branched filamentous protonema, gametangia b) Spore, spiral leafy gametophyte, branched filamentous protonema, bud, gametangia c) Spore, branched filamentous protonema, bud, spiral leafy gametophyte, gametangia d) Gametangia, spore, branched filamentous protonema, bud, spiral leafy gametophyte e) Spore, bud, branched filamentous protonema, spiral leafy gametophyte, gametangia

c) Spore, branched filamentous protonema, bud, spiral leafy gametophyte, gametangia

Which statement about alternation of generations in land plants is true? a) The haploid zygote divides by mitosis to form the gametophyte. b) The sporophyte produces haploid spores by mitosis. c) The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis. d) Spores germinate and divide by mitosis to form the diploid sporophyte. e) Diploid gametes fuse to form a zygote.

c) The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

Why are plants such as the Pacific yew not harvested as extensively as they were in the past? a) The active ingredient from Pacific yew is no longer effective. b) Pacific yew plants have evolved to produce less of the active ingredient. c) The medically active ingredient can now be synthesized. d) Nearly all Pacific yew plants have already been harvested. e) The relevant medical conditions are no longer a problem.

c) The medically active ingredient can now be synthesized.

The unique feature of angiosperms that is directly dependent on their ability to perform double fertilization is a) a germinating pollen tube. b) an embryo. c) a nutritive triploid endosperm. d) an enlarged gametophyte e) the seed.

c) a nutritive triploid endosperm.

In gymnosperms, a female cone is made up of modified _______, and a male cone is composed of _______ along a central axis. a) leaves; herbaceous scales b) branches; woody scales c) branches; modified leaves d) leaves; modified branches e) branches; modified branches

c) branches; modified leaves

You are given two slides, each of a different cell but both derived from ground tissue. The first cell is elongated with thick, secondary cell walls and likely provides a plant rigid support. The second cell is also somewhat elongated, but has thickened primary cell walls at the corners and also provides support. The first cell is a _______ cell and the second is a _______ cell. a) vessel element; parenchyma b) sclerenchyma; parenchyma c) fiber; collenchyma d) tracheid; collenchyma e) sclereid; parenchyma

c) fiber; collenchyma

The leaf blades are attached to their respective stems by a) bud scales. b) veins. c) petioles. d) buds. e) nodes.

c) petioles.

You examine material from an unidentified plant and notice features indicating it is a woody gymnosperm. You can safely guess that the woody stems are the product _______ growth? a) primary b) tubal c) secondary d) tertiary e) laminar

c) secondary

Sporophytes and gametophytes differ from each other genetically because a) mitosis leads to larger gametophytes than sporophytes in mosses but to larger sporophytes than gametophytes in ferns. b) mitosis produces the gametes in plants, but meiosis produces gametes in animals. c) the sporophytes have one set of chromosomes from each parent, while gametophytes have only one set of chromosomes. d) the chromosomes in the spores come from both parents, but the gametes only have one set of chromosomes. e) gametophytes are evolutionarily more ancient than sporophytes, so their sequences have diverged.

c) the sporophytes have one set of chromosomes from each parent, while gametophytes have only one set of chromosomes.

Despite lacking tracheids, nonvascular plants possess structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain and transport water and minerals on land. These include all of the following except a) small size, which allows minerals to be distributed evenly by diffusion. b) cells specialized for water transport. c) thick spore walls to prevent dessication. d) growth in dense masses through which water can move by capillary action. e) association with mycorrhizae—fungi that form a mutualistic partnership with plants.

c) thick spore walls to prevent dessication.

You are looking at a slide of vascular tissue. You recognize long, spindle-shaped cells with open pits between them. You can be certain that this tissue came from a gymnosperm because it is a _______ in the _______. a) vessel element; phloem b) vessel element; xylem c) tracheid; xylem d) tracheid; phloem e) sieve tube element; phloem

c) tracheid; xylem

Which of the following does not correctly match a plant with a drug derived from that plant? a) Pacific yew: taxol to treat ovarian and breast cancers b) Ephedra: ephedrine for easing nasal congestion c) Foxglove: digitalin to strengthen the contractions of heart muscle d) Cinchona: bromelain to control inflammation e) Japanese mint: menthol for relief of coughing

d) Cinchona: bromelain to control inflammation

Which is the correct order of appearance of features during plant evolution? a) Endosymbiotic chloroplasts, protected embryo, retention of egg on parental tissue, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls, heterospory b) Retention of egg on parental tissue, endosymbiotic chloroplasts, protected embryo, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls, tracheids, heterospory c) Endosymbiotic chloroplasts, retention of egg on parental tissue, protected embryo, tracheids, megaphylls, stomata, heterospory d) Endosymbiotic chloroplasts, retention of egg on parental tissue, protected embryo, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls, heterospory e) Heterospory, endosymbiotic chloroplasts, retention of egg on parental tissue, protected embryo, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls

d) Endosymbiotic chloroplasts, retention of egg on parental tissue, protected embryo, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls, heterospory

True roots are a synapomorphy of which of the following groups of plants? a) Bryophyta, hepatophyta, anthocerophyta b) Rhyniophytes, bryophyta, lycophytes c) Rhyniophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, seed plants d) Lycophytes, monilophytes, seed plants e) Streptophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes

d) Lycophytes, monilophytes, seed plants

Which of the following regarding the two leaf types (microphylls and megaphylls) is false? a) The first megaphylls arose in the Devonian period. b) Microphylls arose from small sterile sporangia. c) Both microphylls and megaphylls have stomata. d) Megaphylls arose from the flattening of a dichotomous branching system. e) Lycophytes are living examples of plants with microphylls.

d) Megaphylls arose from the flattening of a dichotomous branching system

Which proposal as one reason for the prevalence of seed plants is false? a) Seeds may form a seed bank as a buffer against environmental disasters. b) Seeds may remain dormant for years if conditions are not right for germination. c) Many seed plants have structural adaptations that promote the dispersal of seeds by wind, water, or animals d) Seed plants do not produce many seeds, but those that are produced are almost always successful. e) Seeds provide nutrition for the growing embryo.

d) Seed plants do not produce many seeds, but those that are produced are almost always successful.

Which statement about ginkgos is false? a) They have separate male and female trees. b) They have swimming sperm. c) They have fan-shaped leaves. d) They have fleshy fruits. e) They have sex chromosomes.

d) They have fleshy fruits.

Which statement correctly describes the vasculature found in angiosperms and gymnosperms? a) Angiosperms contain secondary xylem, whereas gymnosperms rely on primary xylem alone for structural support and water conduction. b) The presence of phloem companion cells in angiosperms indicates that they evolved before gymnosperms—a group that subsequently lost this feature. c) Both angiosperm and gymnosperm vascular cells contain fiber to support secondary growth—a trait that distinguishes them from their seed fern ancestors. d) With the exception of the gnetophytes, living gymnosperms have only tracheids for conducting water and providing structural support, whereas angiosperms typically contain vessel elements and fibers. e) Vessel elements in the xylem of angiosperms have allowed members of this group to surpass gymnosperms in terms of both life span and height.

d) With the exception of the gnetophytes, living gymnosperms have only tracheids for conducting water and providing structural support, whereas angiosperms typically contain vessel elements and fibers.

When the aboveground portions of a woody eudicot are undergoing secondary growth, the root system a) performs only primary growth. b) is reducing in size. c) lignifies without secondary growth. d) also undergoes secondary growth. e) elongates dramatically.

d) also undergoes secondary growth.

The _______ meristems in roots and shoots are responsible for the _______ of all plants, and the _______ meristems are responsible for the _______ growth of woody plants. a) apical; primary growth; bud; lateral b) lateral; primary growth; apical; secondary c) apical; secondary growth; lateral; primary d) apical; primary growth; lateral; secondary e) bud; shoot growth; apical; primary

d) apical; primary growth; lateral; secondary

Magnolia flowers differ from orchid flowers in that magnolia flowers a) are bilaterally symmetric. b) include petals but not sepals. c) are more derived than orchid flowers. d) are radially symmetric. e) are asymmetric.

d) are radially symmetric.

You have discovered a living fossilized plant that is a relative of magnolias and had been thought to be extinct for the past five million years. The plant has rounded leaves, aerial roots, and a woody trunk. From this information, you expect to find two _______ in the stem of the tree. a) initials b) vessel elements c) vessels d) cambium layers e) rays

d) cambium layers

A flower is considered imperfect if _______ are absent. a) carpels or petals b) stamens or sepals c) petals or stamens d) carpels or stamens e) sepals or carpels

d) carpels or stamens

Protection of the embryo by parental tissue was a defining step in the evolution of a) gymnosperms. b) green algae. c) coleochaetophytes. d) embryophytes. e) streptophytes.

d) embryophytes

The most peripheral layer of cells of the plant body is the a) apical meristem. b) vascular tissue. c) stele. d) epidermis. e) cortex.

d) epidermis.

In a plant species that has alternation of generations, a) gametophyte and sporophyte generations alternate obtaining nutrition to support the other generation. b) gametes are produced by meiosis in the diploid stage and by mitosis in the haploid stage of the life cycle. c) certain genes are expressed only in every other generation of offspring. d) haploid and diploid stages of the life cycle alternate and both have a multicellular stage. e) progeny are dispersed as both gametes and zygotes during the life cycle.

d) haploid and diploid stages of the life cycle alternate and both have a multicellular stage.

The development of modern corn from teosinte a) was achieved by biotechnological approaches. b) was achieved by asexual propagation. c) began recently. d) illustrates the wealth of genetic diversity in the genomes of crop plants. e) was achieved by natural selection.

d) illustrates the wealth of genetic diversity in the genomes of crop plants.

Carpels most likely evolved from a) seeds. b) roots. c) stamens. d) leaves. e) stems.

d) leaves

Bark is a) present in nonwoody plants. b) interior to the xylem. c) derived exclusively from the vascular cambium. d) made up of secondary phloem and cork cells. e) made up of cork cells only.

d) made up of secondary phloem and cork cells.

Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that a) microphylls are derived from female tissues, and megaphylls are derived from male tissues. b) microphylls have small xylem cells in their vascular tissue, whereas megaphylls have large xylem cells. c) microphylls evolved before stomata, and megaphylls evolved after stomata. d) microphylls are thought to have evolved from sterile sporangia, whereas megaphylls evolved from modified branches. e) microphylls are thought to have evolved from small flaps of photosynthetic tissue between branches, whereas megaphylls evolved from large flaps of tissue between branches.

d) microphylls are thought to have evolved from sterile sporangia, whereas megaphylls evolved from modified branches.

You find a plant near the edge of a forest that seems to be related to a wild species of nut tree that produces edible fruit. This new tree has larger nuts and a more compact stature, which would make it ideal for cultivation and harvesting in an orchard. If the new tree is a mutant of a known species, these _______observed differences in the two nut trees could be due to _______ genetic factors. a) minor; large b) pronounced; large c) minor; small d) pronounced; small e) recent; old

d) pronounced; small

Major floral organs usually attach to the a) carpel. b) petal. c) stamen. d) receptacle. e) sepal.

d) receptacle

More than half of the world's human population obtains most of its daily calories from a) wheat. b) corn. c) beans. d) rice. e) oats.

d) rice.

If sugar travels from a tuber to a developing leaf, the tuber is a(n) _______, and the leaf is a _______. a) origin; sink b) origin; reservoir c) sink; reservoir d) source; sink e) sink; source

d) source; sink

Morphological structures, both micro- and macroscopic, have been used as evidence to support the idea that land plants arose from a green algae clade. Of these structures, the one that contributed most to the success of plants on land was a) plasmodesmata. b) a multicellular sporophyte. c) the presence of tracheids. d) the cuticle. e) the use of flagellated sperm.

d) the cuticle

You are working with a mutant plant, and the cells in this plant adhere poorly to one another. You conclude that the mutation is due to a defect in the formation of a) the secondary cell wall. b) lignin. c) the cuticle. d) the middle lamella. e) the primary cell wall.

d) the middle lamella.

You examine the roots of a newly-discovered species of bean plant and notice an area of the root that contains cells differentiating to assume their final fates. You have found the _______ of the root. a) apical meristem b) zone of cell elongation c) zone of cell division d) zone of cell maturation e) root cap

d) zone of cell maturation

Land plants likely arose from a green alga, such as an ancient stonewort species. If you could go back in time and examine them, what feature would you look for to distinguish an early land plant from a stonewort? a) Chlorophyll b) Cell walls that are rich in cellulose c) Tracheids d) Nuclei e) A cuticle

e) A cuticle

Which structures function even when they are no longer alive? a) Companion cells b) Sclerenchyma cells c) Collenchyma cells d) Tracheary elements e) Both a and c

e) Both a and c

Which of the following is/are found in the leaf of a eudicot but not in the leaves of all flowering plants? a) Stomata b) Cuticle c) Guard cells d) Mesophyll e) Branched veins

e) Branched veins

Scientists have recently begun exploring green algae as a source of biofuels. Which is not a reason these photosynthetic eukaryotes are attractive targets for petroleum production? a) The use of algae is sustainable. b) Most of the petroleum from the ocean depths originated from photosynthetic eukaryotes. c) Algae can remove CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the amount of greenhouse gas present in the air. d) Algae can use wastewater as a source of nutrients, providing a dual benefit of biofuel production and water remediation. e) Efficient growing facilities have already been established.

e) Efficient growing facilities have already been established.

Which of the following is not a feature of the plant cell type that contains phloem sap? a) It has sieve-like endplates that allow phloem sap to flow from cell to cell. b) It is alive at maturity. c) Some have adjacent companion cells. d) It transports food from sources to sinks. e) It is nucleated.

e) It is nucleated.

Which statement best describes the roles of male and female cones in conifers? a) Female cones are composed of herbaceous scales that protect the female gametophytes until pollination occurs. Male cones produce pollen to attract insects to aid in seed dispersal. b) Both male and female cones are designed to attract pollinators. Once fertilization occurs, female cones open to attract animals to aid in seed dispersal. c) Male cones are composed of woody scales that protect the male gametophytes from pollen until it is fully mature. Female cones serve as an enticement to recruit animals for seed dispersal. d) Male cones are composed of tightly sealed herbaceous scales that protect the pollen grains from insects. Female cones are composed of woody scales to protect the female gametophytes from animals. e) Meiosis occurs in male cones, which generate male gametophytes that are dispersed by wind to female cones where female gametophytes are housed.

e) Meiosis occurs in male cones, which generate male gametophytes that are dispersed by wind to female cones where female gametophytes are housed.

Which structure forms the swollen basal part of the pistil that becomes the fruit? a) Style b) Stigma c) Ovule d) Integument e) Ovary

e) Ovary

What two types of flowers are characteristic of aster family inflorescences? a) Compound umbel and disc b) Umbel and spikelet c) Ray and compound umbel d) Spikelet and disc e) Ray and disc

e) Ray and disc

Which statement about primary growth of the root is false? a) The procambium is interior to the ground meristem. b) There is no clear delineation between the three growth zones of the root. c) The procambium produces xylem and phloem. d) The root apical meristem produces the root primary meristems. e) Root hairs are derived from the procambium via the pericycle.

e) Root hairs are derived from the procambium via the pericycle.

Which of the following is not a feature or function of parenchyma cells? a) Photosynthesis b) Contain leucoplasts c) Starch and lipid storage d) Large central vacuole e) Supporting the stem

e) Supporting the stem

Which drug is a chemotherapeutic agent derived from Pacific yew that is used in fighting breast and ovarian cancers? a) Atropine b) Bromelain c) Digitalin d) Menthol e) Taxol

e) Taxol

Which of the following regarding vascular plant evolution is false? a) It is hypothesized that vascular plants evolved from a single evolutionary event. b) The evolution of an effective cuticle and protective layers for the gametangia (archegonia and antheridia) contributed to the success of the first vascular plants. c) The earliest vascular plants lacked roots and leaves. d) The tracheid is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in all early vascular plants. e) The fossil record shows that vascular plants appeared on land after the first land animals.

e) The fossil record shows that vascular plants appeared on land after the first land animals

You are performing developmental studies during which you extract mesophyll cells from an unusual-looking leaf. In laboratory culture, individual mesophyll cells from this leaf can be induced to regenerate entire plants. How would these cells be classified? a) Omnipotent b) Semipotent c) Pluripotent d) Omniscient e) Totipotent

e) Totipotent

The evolution of pollen has enabled seed plants to thrive on Earth because it a) maintains the genetic material of a plant, in some cases even over thousands of years. b) has eliminated the need for a male gametophyte, allowing sporophytes to grow taller. c) has eliminated the need for a female gametophyte, allowing embryos to obtain nutrients directly from the sporophyte. d) has provided a source of food for foraging insects. e) has eliminated the need for liquid water in the fertilization process, allowing plants to colonize drier areas.

e) has eliminated the need for liquid water in the fertilization process, allowing plants to colonize drier areas

The complex carbon-containing compound known as lignin a) is digested by animals. b) is a major component of nonwoody plants. c) may be present in large amounts in primary cell walls. d) is a polysaccharide. e) is a rigid polymer.

e) is a rigid polymer.

A friend gives you a seed of unknown origin. After the seed germinates, you note that only one cotyledon has emerged. Based on this information you conclude that the plant a) is likely a eudicot. b) is likely a gymnosperm. c) is closely related to ancestral angiosperms. d) will most likely produce flowers with radial symmetry. e) is likely a monocot.

e) is likely a monocot.

A megaspore is generally _______ a microspore. a) made before b) more independent than c) the same size as d) smaller than e) larger than

e) larger than

A variety of morning glory vine has special epidermal cells which, though alive, lack most organelles and therefore permit maximal conduction of light to the ground tissue. These cells are kept alive by parenchyma cells that are attached to them by many plasmodesmata. These special epidermal cells are therefore like phloem cells, which a) are stacked end-to-end. b) occur in all plant organs. c) are dead at maturity. d) transport substances through the plant. e) often have companion cells.

e) often have companion cells.

While hiking in South America, a member of your group becomes ill with fever and chills after passing through a swampy area. A resident of the area removes bark from a nearby tree and has the ill person chew on it, which has a beneficial effect. The effective ingredient was likely _______ from the _______ tree. a) bromelain; pineapple b) atropine; hazel c) atropine; belladonna d) quinine; Pacific yew e) quinine; Cinchona

e) quinine; Cinchona

A fossil seed plant that dates to the earliest time that such plants are known to have existed is most likely a member of the a) hornworts. b) cycads. c) conifers. d) rhyniophytes. e) seed ferns.

e) seed ferns.

A botanist discovers a new family of flowering plants restricted to a small island. This family should be classified as an advanced family of angiosperms if it possesses a) companion cells. b) elongate tracheids. c) thick-walled fiber cells. d) sieve tube elements. e) short, stacked vessel elements.

e) short, stacked vessel elements.

Heterospory in a plant life cycle is characterized by two different kinds of a) spores that fuse into a zygote that matures into a single kind of gametophyte. b) gametophytes that make two different kinds of spores. c) sporophytes that make two different kinds of gametes. d) gametes made by a single kind of gametophyte. e) spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes.

e) spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes.

Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) may be distinguished from liverworts (Hepatophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta) by the fact that a) of these groups of plants, only hornworts have stomata. b) the gametophyte of hornworts may be several centimeters tall. c) they are vascular plants. d) they are heterosporous. e) their cells contain a single chloroplast.

e) their cells contain a single chloroplast

A euphyllophyte is defined as a plant with a) overtopping roots. b) true roots. c) dichotomous stems. d) true microphylls. e) true leaves.

e) true leaves

In a plant that produces large quantities of pollen that disperses over very large areas, _______ is/are most likely to transfer its pollen. a) mammals b) birds c) insects d) water e) wind

e) wind

Seed plants that have secondary growth are best characterized by the accumulation of additional a) petals. b) leaves. c) phloem. d) roots. e) xylem.

e) xylem

An adaptation of the lodgepole pine is that their cones open only after treatment with _______.

fire

Though _______ contain true roots, they differ from other members of the tracheophytes because of the arrangement of their vasculature.

lycophytes

You are lost in a wilderness and decide to make a raft to try to float downstream to safety. You are happy to find a monocot with large, aerial roots for making your raft, because the _______ in the center of the monocot's roots will be low-density and make your raft float well.

pith

The innovation that allowed seed plants to reproduce successfully across much of the terrestrial landscape was the use of _______ to distribute male gametes.

pollen

The Judean date palm provides us with a dramatic example of the ability of a seed to withstand the test of time as well as environmental extremes. The feature of this structure most likely responsible for this durability is its _______.

seed coat