BIOL 1408 Test 4

Describe the steps that it takes for a human gene to be cloned.

1. Restriction enzyme cleaves DNA 2. DNA ligase seals the gene into the plasmid 3. Bacterium takes up recombinant plasmid 4a. Gene clone occurs 4b. Bacteria produce a protein

List the three ribosome binding sites:

1. A site- tRNA with amino acid bonds 2. P site- tRNA has growing peptide 3. E site- empty tRNA exits

Describe the procedure for making clones to produce human growth hormones?

1. Micro-injection of human gene 2. Development within a host goat 3. Transgenic goat producing human growth hormone 4. fusion of enucleated eggs with 2n 5. Cloned transgenic goats producing human growth hormone 6. Milk of cloned GM female contains human growth hormone

What are the purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine (DNA) and Uracil (RNA)

On the DNA replication model. What does the strand on the left represent?

A template strand

The bacterial vector used for human genes is the: A. Plasmid B. Retrovirus C. Protoplast D. Virus E. Silicon-carbide needles

A. Plasmid

Which of the following best describes the chemical composition of a nucleotide? A. A nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate, and a pentose sugar B. A phosphate and a pentose sugar C. A nitrogen-containing base and a pentose sugar D. A phosphate and a hexose sugar E. A nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate, and a hexose sugar

A. a nitrogen-containing base, a aphosphate and a pentose sugar

Plants are expected to be genetically engineered to have: A. An increased susceptibility to insects B. An increased water requirement C. A decreased susceptibility to herbicides D. A requirement for more fertilizer E. The ability to produce human proteins including hormones and clotting factors

A. an increased susceptibility to insects

Transgenic ____________ are used to help clean up beaches after a massive oil spill. A. Bacteria B. Plants C. Animals D. Humans E. Viruses

A. bacteria

Which of the following is not an example of a genetic modification in a plant? A. Corn that has a built in nitrogen fertilizer B. Soybeans which make a desired fatty acid (oleic acid) C. Strawberries which are resistant to freezing D. Potatoes which are resistant to blight disease and beetles E. Tomato that is tolerant of high salt conditions in soil

A. corn that has built in nitrogen fertilizer

The manipulation of a person's gene(s) is also called A. Gene therapy B. Xenotransplantation C. Gene injection D. Gene doubling E. Gene cloning

A. gene therapy

Which of the following is not a problem about cloning animals? A. It increases the genetic variability of a species B. There are ethical concerns associated with it C. Mutation rate is higher in clones D. It is very expensive E. It has a high failure rate

A. it increased the genetic variability of a species

Which of the following is not a biotechnology product which is produced by bacteria for human medical use? A. Pesticides B. Insulin C. Hepatitis B vaccine D. Human growth hormone E. Clotting factor VIII

A. pesticides

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is not correct? A. Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it B. The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is DNA polymerase C. Complementary base pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds D. The process is known as semiconservative replication because one old strand is conserved in the new molecule E. Unwinding of the DNA molecules occurs as hydrogen bonds break

A. replication occurs as each base in paired with another exactly like it

The X-ray diffraction of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence: A. That indicated that DNA has a double helix structure B. That showed that the bases of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds C. That showed that there was an equal numbers of purines and pyrimidines in DNA D. Showed the location of each adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine E. Revealed the structure of deoxyribose sugar

A. that indicated that DNA has a double helix structure

How much coding DNA is found in the human genome? A. 9% B. 2% C. 28% D. 98% E. 72%

B. 2%

If 23% of a species' DNA contains adenine, how much guanine is in this species' DNA? A. 23% B. 27% C. 25% D. 44% E. 46%

B. 27%

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are correctly paired in DNA? A. Adenine-adenine, guanine-guanine B. Adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine C. Adenine-cytosine, guanine-thymine D. Adenine-guanine, thymine-cytosine E. Adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine

B. Adenine-thymine, Guanine-cytosine

The enzyme that is used to join complementary DNA nucleotides together is: A. Ribozyme B. DNA polymerase C. Lipase D. Helicase E. RNA polymerase

B. DNA polymerase

For treating children with familial hypercholesterolemia, a piece of the liver is surgically removed from the patient. A virus with the normal needed gene is used to infect the liver. Then the liver is replaced back into the patient. What type of treatment is this called? A. In vivo gene therapy B. Ex vivo gene therapy C. Functional gene therapy D. Germline gene therapy E. Xenotransplantation gene therapy

B. Ex vivo gene therapy

Whose DNA was used for the Human Genome Project? A. males from Asia and the Americas B. males and females from Europe, Africa, Asia, Americas C. males from Europe and Africa D. males from Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas E. females from North and South America

B. males and females from Europe, Africa, Asia, Americas

Which technique would a biologist use to insert genes into eggs by hand? A. Restriction enzyme insertion B. Microinjection C. Polymerase chain reaction D. DNA ligase insertion E. Vortex mixing

B. microinjection

What is gene pharming? A. The production of insecticides by animals B. The production of pharmaceuticals by animals C. The production of insecticides by plants D. The production of pesticides by animals E. The production of pesticides by plants

B. the production of pharmaceuticals by animals

What automated laboratory equipment was needed for the Human Genome Project? A. high-speed DNA sequencer B. thermocycler to perform PCR and high-speed DNA sequencer C. bacterial enzymes for restriction digest and plasmids for recombinant DNA D. thermocycler to perform PCR E. gene pharming machine and gel electrophoresis

B. thermocycler to perform PCR and high-speed DNA sequencer

The scientists credited with the discovery of the helix structure of DNA and later won the Nobel Prize are: A. Edwin Chargaff B. Watson and Crick C. Hershey and Chase D. Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel E. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

B. watson and crick

If a scientist wanted to determine which genes are being expressed in a cell of a specific tissue at a specific time, what technology would she use? A. restriction digest B. polymerase chain reaction C. DNA microarray D. thermocycling E. DNA sequencing

C. DNA microarray

If a scientist wanted to determine which genes are being expressed in a cell of a specific tissue at a specific time, what technology would she use? A. thermocycling B. polymerase chain reaction C. DNA microarray D. DNA sequencing E. restriction digest

C. DNA microarray

Which of the following is NOT true about RNA? A. RNA contains adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine B. RNA contains the sugar ribose C. RNA forms a helix D. RNA transfers messages from DNA to ribosomes E. RNA is single stranded

C. RNA forms a helix

Which of the following is false about in vivo gene therapy? A. A gene is delivered directly into the body B. A virus or liposome are used to deliver the gene C. Cells or tissues are removed from the body, given the new gene, and then returned to the body D. Cystic fibrous is treated with this method E. This type of gene therapy has very limited success

C. cells or tissues are removed from the body, given the new gene, and then returned to the body

Which of the following food product has not been improved by the use of biotechnology? A. NutraSweet by bacteria that makes phenylalanine B. bananas that now contain the hepatitis B vaccine C. cheese with chymosin that used to be collected from calf stomach cells D. ice cream with anti-freeze protein from ocean fish E. strawberries by bacteria that cause ice crystals to form

C. cheese with chymosin that used to be collected from calf stomach cells

Which of the following would not be a trait that genetic engineers would want to put into plants? A. Increased resistance to disease B. Increased resistance to insects C. Decreased tolerance of salt in the soil D. Decreased amount of water needed to grow E. Increased resistance to herbicides

C. decreased tolerance of salt in the soil

In a new treatment of skin cancer, viruses are used to deliver the p53 gene directly into cancer cells, which then causes apoptosis of these infected cells. What type of treatment is this?. A. Ex vivo gene therapy B. Translational gene therapy C. In vivo gene therapy D. Transcriptional gene therapy E. Xenotransplantation gene therapy

C. in vivo gene therapy

What is the function of DNA ligase in genetic engineering? A. Cut DNA into many fragments B. Carry DNA into a new cell C. Link together newly joined fragments of DNA D. Make millions of copies of specific segments of DNA E. Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charge

C. link together newly joined fragments of DNA

If you were studying DNA which comes from two or more different sources, you would be studying: A. Polymerase DNA B. Proteomic DNA C. Recombinant DNA D. Polymorphic DNA E. Combined DNA

C. recombinant DNA

What is the main use of the transgenic mice created in the past decade? A. Feeding transgenic cats B. Producing cures for human diseases C. Scientific and medical research D. Producing human growth hormones E. Producing tissue for transplantation

C. scientific and medical research

Which repetitive DNA is a standard for DNA fingerprinting analysis of criminal cases? A. unique nondoing DNA B. tranpsosons C. short tandem repeats D. introns E. interspersed repeats

C. short tandem repeats

What aspect of the DNA structure allows to have so much genetic variability? A. All organisms follow Chargaff's rules of A =T and G =C. B. There is complementary base pairing between the two strands. C. The bases connected to the sugar-phosphate backbone can be in any order. D. There are 4 different nucleotide building blocks. E. The nucleotides are joined and produces a sugar-phosphate backbone.

C. the bases connected to the sugar-phosphate backbone can be in any order

If you were studying functional genomics, you would be most interested in: A. The structure, function, and interactions of noncoding genes B. The application of computer technologies to study the genome C. The role of the genome in cells or organisms D. The evolution of a species and how genes and noncoding regions function E. The application of computer technologies to study human proteins

C. the role of the genome in cells or organisms

Which of the following is not a desired characteristic of a model organism for studying genetics? A. Short generation time B. Small size C. Very large genome D. Produces many offspring

C. very large genome

A doctor studying in the field of gene therapy has removed tissue from the patient, inserted normal genes into the tissue and then reinserted the tissue back into the patient's body. Based on this information, you would conclude that the doctor is studying: A. Translational gene therapy B. In vivo gene therapy C. Xenotransplantation gene therapy D. Ex vivo gene therapy E. Transcriptional gene therapy

D. Ex vivo gene therapy

A scientist is using cloning techniques to repair tissues and fight cancer. Which of the following cloning techniques would he or she be using? A. Structural cloning B. Reproductive cloning C. Morphogenic cloning D. Therapeutic cloning E. Proto-oncogene cloning

D. Therapeutic cloning

Which best describes transgenic organisms? A. One which contains a foreign gene and is free-living in the environment B. One produced through polymerase chain reaction C. One which acts as the donor for DNA to be moved into another organism D. A genetically modified organism resulting from laboratory research E. One produced by cloning a mutant cell

D. a genetically modified organism resulting from laboratory research

Which statement is not true about the recombinant DNA technique? A. A vector can be used to bring the recombinant DNA into the host cell B. Foreign DNA is inserted into the host cell C. A product that is not normally produced by the host cell is synthesized D. A vector is used to release the product from the host cell E. The foreign gene is replicated whenever the cell duplicates

D. a vector is used to release the product from the host cell

How was the cloning of Dolly the sheep first performed? A. A sperm nucleus was inserted into an enucleated egg cell B. A sperm and egg nucleus was inserted into an enucleated egg cell C. A sperm nucleus was inserted into an enucleated adult cell D. An adult nucleus was inserted into an enucleated egg cell E. An egg nucleus was inserted into an enucleated adult cell

D. an adult nucleus was inserted into an enucleated egg cell

What is the function of a restriction enzyme in genetic engineering? A. Make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA B. Carry DNA into a new cell C. Link together newly joined fragments of DNA D. Cut DNA into many fragments E. Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charge

D. cut DNA into many fragments

Making identical copies of the same gene is referred to as: A. Proteome cloning B. Polymorphic cloning C. Plasmid cloning D. Gene cloning E. Genome cloning

D. gene cloning

Which of the following is not a benefit of cloning in animals? A. Increased knowledge of genetic information B. Increased knowledge of embryonic development C. It could be used to save endangered species D. It could be used to bring back extinct species of organisms E. It could be used to fight cancer

D. it could be used to bring back extinct species of organisms

If you were a biologist and wanted to perform recombinant DNA experiments, which of the following enzymes would you need? A. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase B. DNA polymerase and restriction enzymes C. RNA polymerase and restriction enzymes D. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase E. RNA polymerase and DNA ligase

D. restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

A biologist wants to major in bioinformatics. Which of the following would he or she be studying? A. The structure, function, and interactions of cellular proteins B. The evolution of a species and how genes and noncoding regions function C. The application of computer technologies to study human proteins D. The application of computer technologies to study the genome E. The structure, function, and interactions of genes

D. the application of computer technologies to study the genome

A plant physiologist has taken some specific cells from a plant and through various steps has produced a whole new plant. He or she can accomplish this due to the fact that: A. All plant cell types are the same B. Plants are very simple organisms C. The DNA of plants is very simple D. The nucleus of each cell contains all of the genes needed to produce a plant E. Plant cells can exchange genetic information

D. the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genes needed to produce a plant

Which of the following is not a concern with respect to genetic engineering? A. There are ethical concerns B. There are environmental concerns C. There are financial concerns D. There are concerns about bringing extinct organisms back to life E. There are legal concerns

D. there are concerns about bringing extinct organisms back to life

A new technique puts animal eggs and DNA together in an agitator with tiny silicon-carbide needles. After fertilization of these treated eggs, what would be produced? A. reproductively cloned animals B. microinjected animals C. therapeutically cloned animals D. transgenic animals E. xenotransplanted animals

D. transgenic animals

What is the estimated number of protein-coding genes found in the human genome? A. 46 B. 1,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 100,000 E. 25,000

E. 25,000

A biologist is studying the process of how DNA is copied. What is she studying? A. DNA translocation B. DNA elongation C. DNA polymerase D. DNA transcription E. DNA replication

E. DNA replication

Which process results in mature cells of various tissue types? A. Nucleosome cloning B. Totipotent cloning C. Homeotic cloning D. Reproductive cloning E. Therapeutic cloning

E. Therapeutic cloning

Which of the following is not a nucleotide found in DNA? A. Cytosine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Adenine E. Uracil

E. Uracil

To avoid some of the legal and ethical concerns about using embryonic stem cells, scientists are trying to use _______ to accomplish the desired result. A. Angiogenic stem cells B. Inducible stem cells C. Morphogenic stem cells D. Operator stem cells E. Adult stem cells

E. adult stem cells

Which of the following is a reason why the genetic modification of organisms works? A. All species produce the same proteins B. All species are genetically the same C. It is easy to genetically modify an organism D. Different species of organisms freely swap genetic information E. All species share many similar genes and proteins

E. all species share many similar genes and proteins

What is the function of a vector in genetic engineering? A. Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charge B. Cut DNA into many fragments C. Link together newly joined fragments of DNA D. Make millions of copies of specific segments of DNA E. Carry DNA into a new cell

E. carry DNA into a new cell

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? A. determine the number of genes in a human cell B. determine the number of proteins in a human cell C. determine the amino acid sequence of all proteins in a human cell D. determine the number of nucleotide differences between humans of different ethnic groups E. determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in a human cell

E. determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in a human cell

In clinical trials of cystic fibrosis patients, liposomes or viruses are used to carry the needed gene directly into the nose and lung cells. What type of treatment is this?. A. Xenotransplantation gene therapy B. Transcriptional gene therapy C. Translational gene therapy D. Ex vivo gene therapy E. In vivo gene therapy

E. in vivo gene therapy

Which noncoding DNA are found in between the exons of genes, and may serve as regulators of gene expression? A. interspersed repeats B. repetitive DNA C. transposons D. tandem repeated DNA E. introns

E. introns

Which of the following is not true of DNA? A. It can be replicated B. It stores information C. It has variability between species D. It undergoes mutation E. It remains constant among different species

E. it remains constant among different species

Which of the following plants has not been engineered to be resistant to insect predation and herbicides? A. Corn B. Potatoes C. Soybeans D. Cotton E. Oranges

E. oranges

The goal of comparative genomics is A. The application of computer technologies to study the genome B. The structure, function, and interactions of cellular proteins C. The structure, function, and interactions of genes D. The application of computer technologies to study human proteins E. The determination of how species are related

E. the determination of how species are related

Which of the following is not a nucleotide found in RNA? A. Guanine B. Uracil C. Adenine D. Cytosine E. Thymine

E. thymine

Xenotransplants: A. Are animal or plant clones B. Involve the replacement of whole sets of chromosomes in humans C. Involve the injection of viruses into humans D. Involve the injection of plasmids into humans E. Use animal organs for transplants

E. use animal organs for transplants

True / False Gene therapy is when a foreign gene is inserted into the genome of an extinct organism to bring it back to life.

False

True / False In general, people tend to think that genetically modified food is safe and will have no long-term health effects.

False

True / False The human proteome is the complete collection of proteins that humans produce.

False

What is the poly-A-tail?

The "extra" adenines for corrections - the other en recieves

What is a Barr body?

Second inactive X in female

True / False The main goal behind therapeutic cloning is to provide cells that can be used to treat human illnesses

True

What is translation?

making a code into a protein

What is transcription?

making a copy of DNA to mRNA