BIOL 152 FINAL EXAM

Which of the following is true? A. plants leaves have higher C12:C13 ratio than the atmosphere. B. fossil fuels have a lower C12:C13 ratio than the atmosphere. C. plant leaves have a lower C12:C14 ratio than the atmosphere D. Fossil fuels have a lower C12:C14 ratio than the atmosphere

A

What is the specific name for the category of behavior displayed by digger wasps when using landmarks to find their nests? A) Associative learning B) Fixed action pattern C) Habituation D) Non-associative learning E) Ultimate

A is correct. Associative learning. The wasp learned to associate specific features of the environment with its nest. It linked those two things.

How can sperm get to the egg in seed plants? (Select all that apply) A. swims in water B. floats in air C. carried by animals D. the plant moves by growing E. the sperm forms next to the egg so does not need to travel.

A, B

You are surveying a population. At first, it has a population size of 100. At the end of 10 yrs, it has a pop size of 700. which of the following do we know to be true? Select all that apply A. N(at the end of 10yrs) = 700 B. Change of N= 600 C. rmax= 0.7 D. After 10 years, pop is near K E. we know there is no competition in this pop

A, B

Which of the following is/are TRUE? (Select ALL that apply.) A) Most gas exchange in plants occurs directly through their cuticle. B) The plant cuticle evolved in the common ancestor of land plants. C) Stomata are microscopic holes controlled by guard cells that are found in the outermost layer of cells on leaves. D) In a typical leaf cross section, the plant cells are evenly spaced across the entire leaf from top to bottom. E) It is usually more humid (i.e., with a higher water vapor concentration) inside of a terrestrial leaf compared to its external environment.

B, C, and E are correct. The stomata are the main location of gas exchange in and out of most plants, the cuticle instead forms a boundary that LIMITS gas exchange. The cuticle is a synapmorphy for land plants, and it helped with the transition to terrestrial habitats because it greatly decreases water loss by evaporation. The cells in a typical leaf are arranged densely in the top half of the leaf and as a spongy layer in the lower half. The top half often functions primarily to perform photosynthesis; the bottom half functions for gas exchange between cells and the spaces in between cells. With terrestrial organisms, there is more water inside the body than in the surrounding environment. {About 50 - 90% of a plant body is water!}. Water molecules evaporate from the cells inside a leaf into the gaps between the cells in the spongy layer. Water then diffuses out of stomata because of this higher concentration of water vapor inside the leaf.

How does stabilizing selection tend to affect the level of diversity for a continuous trait in a population? A. It inc the level of diversity B. It dec the level of diversity C. No effect on the level of diversity

B.

Which of the following is true of the timeline of life? A. Eukaryotes appeared before prokaryotes B. The Cambrian explosion was a mass extinction C. The first land plants evolved after the appearance of animals D. The first living organisms lived 4.6 bya. E. The evolution of primates caused an adaptive radiation in dinosaurs.

C

is it adaptive to have many offspring rather than a few? A. Yes, always B. No, never C. It depends, sometimes

C

Which of the following would most likely be an example of complex multicellularity? (select all that apply) A. a multicellular body that is one cell thick B. A body that is multicellular sometimes, but is unicellular for much of its life cycle. C. a 3D multicellular body with diffusion acting between adjacent cells. D. A multicellular body with many specialized cell types

C,D

Which of the following is an invasive species? A. a species that is intentionally introduced into an area to help control the numbers of another species B. A species that is only known from one geographic area C. a species that has moved a little farther west than its typical for its range D. a species that has become established in a new region and is significantly changing local ecosystems. E. A species that has co-evolved within ecosystem since its speciation.

D

Which of the following is true in regards to the pigment melanin? A. One way that some animal species recognize potential mates is by color patterns produced by melanin. B. Clusters of melanin molecules form a protective cover inside skin cells, reducing the amount of UV radiation that can reach the DNA inside the nucleus. C. The relative concentrations of different types of melanin determine human skin and hair color. D. All of these option are true. E. None of these option are true.

D. All of these option are true.

A variation on the leaf cross section what is the adapted for? Wet, dry, or intermediate habits

Dry habitats

Where do most plants get nitrogen? A. from atmosphere B. from photosynthesis C. from consuming animals D. From weathered rocks E. from bacteria

E

Which of the following could be evolution? A. Change in Allele frequencies B. Change in genotype proportions C. Change in which version of a genetic trait is. most common D. The addition of a new allele into a population E. All of these options are true

E

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cellular receptors? A) Phagocytes have cellular receptors that recognize common pathogen-related molecules. B) Plant cells have receptors that recognize common pathogen-related molecules. C) Chemoreceptor cells have receptors that can recognize specific chemical compounds. D) Cellular receptors are proteins embedded in a cell membrane that trigger a reaction after a specific molecule or group of molecules bind to it. E) All of these options are true.

E

Match each of the following senses with their correct category of receptors. Hearing Sensing pain Sensing pressure Smell Taste

Hearing, Mechanoreceptor Sensing pain, Nociceptor Sensing pressure, Mechanoreceptor Smell, Chemoreceptor Taste, Chemoreceptor

Salmon spend most of their time in the ocean, but they travel to freshwater habitats to spawn. It is rare for aquatic organisms to live in both of these habitats because the osmotic conditions are so different. You do not need to know exactly how salmon do this, but you should know some ways they might cope with this change. Which of the following could potentially be useful when switching from marine to freshwater habitats? A) Change between drinking water versus not drinking water. B) Change between actively secreting ions out of the body versus into the body. C) Change between retaining more water versus secreting more water in their urine. D) All of these options could potentially be used to maintain water homeostasis despite a change from marine to freshwater habitats.

The answer is D. Freshwater and saltwater environments present very different osmotic conditions. Most animals are adapted to survive in just one, rather than having built-in mechanisms for dealing with both. Fish will lose water by osmosis in marine environments and gain it in freshwater environments. Some things that salmon might have to change to survive the change in habitat could be: -Whether or not to drink water. -Whether to secrete or take in salts. -Whether or not to trigger more retention of water in their kidneys.

Which of the following is a non-random mechanism of evolution? A. Genetic drift B. Genetic recombination C. Mutations in alleles D. Natural selection

"Natural selection" is correct. Natural selection and non-random mating are the two non-random mechanisms of evolution. Migration of a given gene is usually random, but not always. For example, consider a population that has birds that are either yellow or blue and they have longer or shorter wings, all of which is genetically inherited. If a pregnant yellow bird happens to be blown off course and starts a new colony of all-yellow birds, that migration-enabled evolution of color in the new population was random. However, if a long-winged bird is able to fly farther because of its long wings, and thus starts a far-flung population of all long-winged birds, the connection between migration and the evolution of wing length in this new population is not random.

If you have a fern sporophyte that is homozygous at 25% of its genes, and its gametophytes can only self-fertilize, what percentage of homozygous genes would you find in the next generation of sporophytes? 100% homozygous 50% homozygous 25% homozygous 12.5% homozygous 0% homozygous

100% homozygous

A(n) ____ density pattern likely reflects a pop with ___ interactions among individuals. A. Overdispersed, negative B. Uniform, positive C. random, positive D. clumped, negaive

A

Consider a hospital in which MOST of the bacterial individuals have evolved resistance to antibiotic-H, because they have one type of cell wall that blocks the drug. If the hospital continues t use this antibiotic, what type of selection will most likely occur in those populations of bacteria. A. Stability B. Directional C. Disruptive/diversifying

A

How does inflammation work? A. BV widen and release phagocytes into infected tissues B. A pathogen releases toxins which cause part of the body to swell up and ache. C. the adaptive immune system triggers an inflammatory response when triggered by a specific antigens D. Mast cells attack host cells that are labeled with specific antigens E. antihistamines cause redness, heat, swelling, and pain

A

Some fruit flies will only mate if the male does the "correct" type of dance. What type of barrier to gene flow is this? A. Pre-zygotic B. Post-zygotic C. Allopatric D. Mechanical (or physical) E. Ecological

A

There are many strengths at which we use our muscles. How is the level of force controlled? A) Muscles that need to be used for delicate, controlled work have motor units with relatively few muscle fibers each. B) Muscles that require more force for their function have motor units with relatively few muscle fibers each. C) The controlling motor neurons can stimulate a muscle at varying frequencies. Higher frequencies result in a more powerful muscular movement. D) A given neuron can communicate via a stronger or weaker action potential, resulting in a stronger or weaker muscular contraction. E) A & C are correct.

A & C are correct. The muscles in our fingers have motor units with relatively few muscle fibers each. That allows our nervous system more control; it can pick and choose which small sections of the muscle to activate. The level of force produced can also be controlled by the frequency of stimulation from neurons. Lower frequencies result in a lower force. Remember that a given neuron will always have the same size and shape of action potential; they only change in their frequency.

Which of the following is TRUE for Carbon, but FALSE for Nitrogen? A) It is bound to and separated from other molecules by respiration and photosynthesis. B) Most or all life forms on earth require it to live. C) It is primarily made available to living organisms through weathering or mining of rocks. D) Most species cannot use it unless prokaryotes have placed it into specific molecules. E) None of the above.

A - This is the correct answer. B - true for both. C - false for both (true for Phosphorous) D - true for Nitrogen, false for Carbon.

Which of the following conclusions is/are supported by the results described in the module for the study of alcohol abuse? (Select ALL that apply.) A) More boys abused alcohol as adults if they had a biological parent who abused alcohol. B) More boys abused alcohol as adults if they had an adoptive parent who abused alcohol. C) More boys abused alcohol as adults if they had a biological parent who did not abuse alcohol. D) More boys abused alcohol as adults if they had an adoptive parent who did not abuse alcohol.

A and B are correct. In both cases, more boys with a parent who abused alcohol also abused alcohol themselves as adults. However, the difference in regards to adoptive parents (option B) was NOT found to be significant.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding outcrossing? (select ALL that apply). A. Outcrossing leads to higher levels of genetic variation within sets of offspring. B. It refers to a type of migration that always occurs across bodies of water, such as dispersal to form new populations on islands. C. Separation of genetically related male and female gametes (in time or space) tends to increase levels of outcrossing. D. Outcrossing most often decreases fitness. Answer, E. Outcrossing tends to be decreased by high levels of dispersal.

A and C are correct: outcrossing tends to increase genetic variation and separating related male and female gametes leads to more outcrossing. There are many levels of separation of gametes - from none (hermaphroditic, gametes in the same place, same time, same individual) to organisms that have genetic incompatibility such that they cannot form zygotes even with somewhat related individuals. (Outcrossing often increases fitness because it adds genetic variation, but there are less-common cases where a population may be so well adapted to local conditions that outcrossing with some other population could decrease fitness.)

After death, muscles remain stiff for up to several days. This is known as rigor mortis and occurs because dead cells stop producing ATP. The myosin head specifically uses the binding of ATP to _____. A) detach from actin B) cock backwards and become ready to reattach to actin C) bind to actin D) produce the power stroke that moves the actin filament relative to the myosin filament

A is correct. ATP is needed to power the movement of myosin and actin. This figure shows that the binding of ATP specifically causes the myosin head to detach from actin. For these filaments to move alongside each other, myosin must repeatedly bind to, move, and release from actin. Each power stroke causes a microscopic movement of the filaments. Really, the lack of ATP halts all of these steps, but it's binding most directly affects the detachment of myosin from actin. As noted in the module, you do not need to memorize exactly how each of these steps works, which is why the question notes that you can use the figure to answer the question. You do need to understand this general process and be able to interpret the figure.

You buy a large potted fern to keep you company while social distancing. Which of the following is TRUE of that individual organism? A) It can potentially produce sporangia on its leaves. B) It is haploid. C) It does not have TRUE leaves. D) Some of its cells can undergo mitosis to produce gametes. E) It does not have vascular tissue.

A is correct. Any large potted fern would be a sporophyte; sporophytes produce sporangia. In the case of ferns and lycophytes, they produce sporangia on their leaves.

Boysen-Jensen also conducted an experiment where he inserted mica plates halfway into the sides of coleoptile shoots. Treatment 1 had the mica inserted on the illuminated side and grew towards the light. Treatment 2 had it inserted on the shaded side and grew straight up. What could explain these results? A) Auxin travels down the shaded side B) Auxin travels down the illuminated side. C) Auxin travels equally down both sides. D) Auxin travels down the center.

A is correct. Auxin travels down the shaded side of the shoot. Remember that auxin elongates cells. As auxin travels down the shaded side it elongates those cells, which allows the plant to bend towards the light. When the mica plate is inserted into the shaded side, the flow of auxin is blocked; this is why the plant is growing straight up. When the mica plate is inserted into the illuminated side, the auxin can still move down the shaded side and elongate those cells.

Homeostasis _____. A) requires a regular supply of energy B) is only needed during periods of growth C) generally acts to amplify a stimulus D) uses positive feedback loops to maintain a stable internal physiological state E) All of these options are true.

A is correct. Homeostasis requires a regular supply of energy because living organisms must continually work to maintain their internal balance. It is not just during growth that we need to have an internal environment that is different from the external environment. Homeostasis often use NEGATIVE feedback loops, because they act to bring a system back to a set point, which is usually the opposite of amplifying a stimulus and the opposite of a positive feedback loop.

The difference between a fundamental and realized niche for a species may be determined by whether or not ____ in part of the area. A) a major predator is present B) the temperature is survivable for that species C) there is intraspecific competition D) the amount of water is sufficient E) All of these options are correct.

A is correct. If a habitat is suitable for a species, but it does not live there because it is driven out by ecological interactions such as competition with or predation by other species, that area is part of the fundamental niche but not part of the realized niche. Abiotic factors, such as temperature and water, influence both niches but do not determine the difference between the two types. Intraspecific competition (within a single species) does not influence niches.

If a pathogen has a/an _____, it can evade a plant's _____, unless the plant also has an appropriate _____. A) AVR protein, basal resistance, R protein B) AVR protein, specific resistance, R protein C) R protein, basal resistance, AVR protein D) R protein, specific resistance, AVR protein

A is correct. If a plant does have an R protein, it gives the plant specific resistance against that particular pathogen.This allows the plant to recognize that pathogen and also potentially mount tailored defenses against it.

Which of these represents the diversity of MC1R in equatorial African populations? A. 3 alleles of the MC1R gene. B. 16 alleles of the MC1R gene.

A is correct. On average, there are fewer types of MC1R alleles in people that live near the equator than those that live at higher latitudes.

Which of the following correctly matches part of a nephron with its function? A) The proximal convoluted tubule is a site of reabsorption of useful molecules. B) The distal convoluted tubule is primarily responsible for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the kidney. C) The Bowman's capsule is the primary site of water reabsorption. D) The loop of Henle is the site of filtration of blood to produce the filtrate. E) All of these options correctly match a part of a nephron with its function.

A is correct. The distal convoluted tubule will reabsorb some useful molecules and also actively move some waste molecules into the filtrate. The Bowman's capsule is the site of blood filtration. The loop of Henle is important for conserving water.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) The receptor cells (rods and cones) of the retina communicate with the brain using action potentials. B) Rod cells allow us to distinguish colors. C) Rod and cone cells are in the iris of the eye. D) The SWS gene encodes the S opsin protein, which absorbs relatively long wavelengths of light. E) Within the range of light wavelengths that are typically visible to humans (red to purple), mantis shrimp can distinguish more types of colors than we can.

A is correct. The rods and cones in the retina communicate with the brain via action potentials sent through neurons. For B, it is cones that allow us to distinguish colors. For C, the iris is what gives your eyes their color (black, brown, blue, green, etc.); it lets more or less light in, it does NOT hold the rods and cones - they are in the retina. For D, the SWS gene does encode the S opsin protein, but it absorbs relatively SHORT wavelengths; S is for "Short." For E, mantis shrimp have more types of photoreceptors, but our brain allows us to distinguish more actual colors within the "red to purple" range of wavelengths.

If each of the following preserves had the SAME total area, which would best reduce the amount of edge habitat? A preserve shaped like a _____. A) square B) rectangle C) long, narrow strip D) These options would all be equivalent in relation to edge habitat.

A is correct. This is a surface area : volume ratio question! A square would have less edge relative to its internal area, compared to the other shapes. As natural areas become smaller and more fragmented, we see more and more of the edge habitats. That gives us another reason to want to reduce edge habitats in any given preserve: those species from the central habitats are the ones that are becoming most endangered.

Cell-1 and Cell-2 are next to each other. Which way will WATER move, if Cell-1 has 7 mM glucose and 5 mM salt and Cell-2 has 40 mM glucose and 2 mM salt? Each cell membrane is currently blocking the movement of both of these solutes and you can assume everything else is equal between these two cells. A) The net movement of WATER will be from Cell-1 to Cell-2. B) The net movement of WATER will be from Cell-2 to Cell-1. C) There will be no net movement of water between these cells.

A is correct. Water moves toward higher TOTAL solute concentration = toward cell 2

How is growth different in plants compared to most animals? A. adult plants have man totipotent cells B. Plants have modular body plan, with many repeating units and they can lose some of those modules without major harm C. early on, a plant embryo forms a ball of call known as blastula D. Plants develop from a single cell known as a zygote E. None of the above

A, B

Which of the following is/are true? (Select all the apply) A. all major groups of plants produce spores B. heterosporous plants produce two different types of spores. C. all plant spores develop in gametophytes D. ovules hold male gametophytes E. seed plants are homosporous

A, B

Which of these distinguish animals from plants and fungi? A. Individual cells can migrate to new locations within the organism during development. B. the entire organism can move itself at some point C. ALl stages of the life cycle are mobile D. the body can move using environmental or ecological forces E. None of the above

A, B

"Prokaryotes" include species that fall into which of the following nutritional categories? (select ALL that apply). A. Photoautotrophs. B. Chemoautotrophs. C. Photoheterotrophs. D. Chemoheterotrophs. E. No species of "prokaryotes" fall into any of the nutritional categories listed here.

A, B, C, D

Which of the following is true regarding feedback loop? select all that apply A. The feedback loop maintaining blood sugar levels had the pancreas as the sensor. B. Positive feedback loops are key in the maintaining homeostasis C. negative feedback loops oppose the stimulus D. Only negative feedback loops occur in biological systems E. Energy is not required for feedback loops that are connected to homeostasis

A, C

Which of the following do we KNOW based just on the two plots comparing kelp density to urchin biomass? This question asks you to interpret the plots. Avoid drawing conclusions that are not directly shown, although they may be consistent with the data. Each shape represents a specific geographic site in these two general regions. (Select ALL that apply.) A) On average, the kelp are growing at higher densities at Amchitka, Adak, Surge, and Torch than at the other sites. B) Many sites in Southeast Alaska have kelps at high density and urchins at high biomass at the same site. C) There is more variation in kelp densities when sea urchin biomass is low. D) Those sites with higher kelp densities also have otters present. E) The absence of otters causes an increase in sea urchins and loss of kelps.

A, C, and D are correct. B is just false; populations with high urchin biomass do not have high kelp density in either plot. E is a reasonable conclusion that is SUPPORTED by these data, but it is not absolutely shown by these results alone.

How does UV light influence and interact with people? Select all that apply. A. It can cause cancer. B. It is visible to humans. C. It is able to enter into our cells. D. It can cause changes in our DNA. E. It has no effect on humans.

A, C, and D are true.

Each of the following statements is true for the cell type given. Which one is a DIFFERENCE between T cells and B cells? That is, which one is NOT true for the other type of cell? A) B cells are produced by the adaptive immune system. B) B cells can bind to free-floating antigens or pathogens that have not entered a host cell. C) T cells are a type of white blood cell. D) T cells are able to recognize antigens. E) Many copies of one type of T cell are produced after binding to an antigen.

A, C, and E are true for both B and T cells. D is also true for both B and T cells, although it is only true for T cells if that antigen is bound to an MHC. B is the correct answer: B cells can bind to free-floating antigens or pathogens that have not entered a host cell. T cells can only bind to antigens that are displayed in a MHC. Group work

Which is true regarding electrical and chemical signaling? (select all that apply) A. Chemical signals can move by bulk flow and electrical signals can move by action potentials. B. Both electrical and chemical signals are long lived. C. Plants only make use of chemical signals, not electrical. D. Both electrical and chemical signaling can be used in response to an external stimulus. E. Neurons only make use of electrical signals, not chemical.

A, D

Which of the following are TRUE? select all that apply. A. "Did the behavior of chasing lasers evolve at the base of the vertebrate clade?" is an ultimate question B. "Digger wasps have photoreceptors that help them identify landmarks" relates to the ultimate factors of a behavior. C. Imprinting is a completely innate behavior D. Many animal behaviors are at least partially controlled by genetic factors. E. Altruism is impossible, according to the theory of natural selection

A, D

Which of the following happens during the cross bridge cycle? select all that apply A. thick filament is moved by a thick filament B. free floating actin filaments are captured by myosin filaments C. the overlap b/w thin and thick filaments decreases D. Myosin binds to and uses ATP E. None of the above.

A, D

How does the life cycle of bryophytes DIFFER from ALL of the other major groups of land plants? (Select ALL that apply.) A) Most of the moss life cycle is spent in the haploid phase. B) Mosses produce gametes by mitosis in the gametophyte stage. C) Moss sporophytes often cannot do photosynthesis and so are dependent on gametophytes for survival. D) Moss sperm need to swim through the external environment to get to egg cells. E) In mosses, specialized cells within sporangia undergo meiosis.

A-Correct, all other major groups of plants are sporophyte dominant (mostly diploid). B-All plant gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis. C-Correct, all other major groups of plants have sporophytes that can survive without a gametophyte. D-While seed plants protect their sperm within pollen grains, ferns and lycopods are similar to mosses in that their sperm needs to swim through the environment to get to the egg. E-Meiosis occurs in sporangia in all plants

Which of the following is TRUE? (Select ALL that apply.) A) The antibodies in your body are produced by foreign bacteria. B) Antibodies bind to antigens. C) Only B cells can travel through lymphatic vessels. D) The DNA sequence in each B cell in your body is different from other cells in your body. E) Adaptive immunity is a type of innate immunity.

A. Antibodies are produced by your B cells, antigens are produced by foreign cells. B is correct. C. Both B and T cells are known as lymphocytes. We do not discuss lymphatic vessels in detail in this course, but they are a pathway for both B and T cells to move (along with the blood stream). D is correct. Recombination, among other mechanisms, alters the genomes of B cells. E. Adaptive immunity and innate immunity are the two main parts of the immune system. Neither is a subcategory of the other.

Give your predicted outcomes for pollination interactions between a fly with a 3-cm-long tongue and the following plants. For a plant with longer floral tubes (6 cm long), is the plant pollinated? Yes For a plant with longer floral tubes (6 cm long), does the fly get nectar? No For a plant with floral tubes of similar length to the fly tongues (3 cm long), is the plant pollinated? yes For a plant with floral tubes of similar length to the fly tongues (3 cm long), does the fly get nectar? yes For a plant with shorter floral tubes (1 cm long), is the plant pollinated? no For a plant with shorter floral tubes (1 cm long), does the fly get nectar? yes

A. For a plant with longer floral tubes (6 cm long), is the plant pollinated? - YES B. For a plant with longer floral tubes (6 cm long), does the fly get nectar? - NO C. For a plant with floral tubes of similar length to the fly tongues (3 cm long), is the plant pollinated? - YES D. For a plant with floral tubes of similar length to the fly tongues (3 cm long), does the fly get nectar? - YES E. For a plant with shorter floral tubes (1 cm long), is the plant pollinated? - NO F. For a plant with shorter floral tubes (1 cm long), does the fly get nectar? - YES

What is a trait that distinguishes land plants from animals and fungi? This characterizes plants, but not the other two kingdoms. A. Alternation between a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid phase B. Collagen is a major component of their extracellular matrix C. Mitochondria within their cells D. Multicellular bodies E. Mycelium

Alternation of multicellular generations (A) is correct. Members of all three of these kingdoms are multicellular and have mitochondria. Collagen is only found in Animals and their sister group. A mycelium is the main filamentous body of a fungus.

In humans, higher melanin concentrations have been consistently selected for the equatorial regions but not in regions at higher altitudes. Why A. Natural selection is trying to match the perfect skin colors with each geographic region. B. The selection pressure to produce melanin for protection of folate is. lower at higher altitudes. C. Natural selection is causing genes to pool at higher latitudes D. Natural selection is working to produce skin colors that will most fit in the future.

B

Squirrels cache food to eat later. Young squirrels bury food, even if they have never watched another squirrel do it. Later they retrieve the food, and they use landmarks around the burial site to find it. Based on this description, the burial of food is a(n) ____ behavior, and the retrieval of food is ____. A. innate; fixed action pattern. B. innate; learned C. learned; learned D. learned; innate E. innate; innate

B

Which of the following is TRUE? A. An advantage of an exoskeleton is that it makes it easier for animals to grow larger. B. Voluntary muscles require some sort of skeleton to function properly. C. Skeletal muscles are responsible for the contraction and dilation of BV D. all muscles are directly triggered to contract by impulse from sensory neurons E. Muscles are a synapomorphy for all animals

B

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Within a given year, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 do not change much. B. Global photosynthesis rates decrease in the winter of the northern hemisphere. C. Global respiration rates are very different in the summer compared to the winter. D. Aerobic respiration removes CO2 from the atmosphere E. All of these options are true

B

Which of the following is required for skeletal muscles to contract? A. Acetylcholine must be released from a muscle cell. B. An action potential must run down a motor axon. C. Calcium must be removed from the muscle fiber. D. Regulatory proteins must bind to myosin E. All of these are required

B

Why and how might gene flow into a population of drumsticks change its evolutionary trajectory? A. this could not influence evolution B. it could potentially lead to the population becoming more or less adapted C. gene flow is not possible into a population D. it would not cause evolutionary change, but it might cause genetic drift

B

Which of the following is TRUE regarding auxin in plants? (Select ALL that apply.) A) Auxin's main role is to stimulate cellular division via mitosis. B) Auxin is produced in the shoot apical meristem. C) When an auxin molecule moves into a cell, the molecule gains a proton (H+), becomes positively charged, and can freely diffuse into any neighboring cell. D) The movement of auxin in a plant body is directed in a single-net direction by the placement of PIN proteins. E) Auxin effects the function of cells but does NOT affect the activity of genes.

B and D are correct. Yes, auxin is produced in the shoot apical meristem. So if you were to remove the meristem, you inhibit the supply of auxin to the plant. Because auxin can only leave a cell via a PIN protein, the placement of PINs directs the movement of auxin. This can create areas of auxin maxima, and ultimately directs where organs like leaves and flowers develop. For A, Auxin stimulates cell elongation, not cell division. For C, When auxin moves inside the cell, a proton (H+) is removed and the auxin molecule becomes negatively charged. As a result, it can no longer freely diffuse in and out of cells. For E, Auxin can directly affect gene expression. In fact, most hormones can affect gene expression: turning genes on and off. {More specifically, auxin increases the production of proton pumps}.

Each of the lines in this plot shows the change in the frequency of one allele over time, each in a different population. If these allele frequencies are only influenced by genetic drift, which of these lines is most likely recorded from a LARGE population of 10,000 individuals? (Worksheet 2; Question 2) Population A (highest allele frequency) Population B (stays relatively constant throughout generations) Population C (2nd lowest and gets greater over generations.) Population D (lowest allele frequency and then crashes to 0.)

B is correct. C is impossible with just drift, because that allele was lost and then reappeared. A and D could happen, but are less likely than B in a large population. Drift is likely to act more quickly in smaller populations than in larger populations, with faster increases and decreases in allele frequencies. This leads to a higher probability of loss and fixation of alleles in small populations. B is the most likely answer.

Can water molecules be actively transported from one cell to another? That is: are there proteins in cell membranes that can use ATP to directly move water molecules into a cell? A) Yes, cells can use active transport of water molecules to directly move them across a cell membrane. B) No, living cells are not able to use ATP to directly move water molecules. C) It depends on the type of cell.

B is correct. Cells can NEVER actively pump water molecules through their membranes! They can control the movement of water in and out of a cell indirectly, by moving solutes and so triggering water to move by osmosis.

What would likely happen to a neuron if all of its voltage-gated potassium (K+) ion channels were attacked by a neurotoxin and could not open? The neuron would _____. A) not depolarize B) depolarize but not repolarize C) not reach the threshold potential D) return to resting potential E) no longer have a threshold potential

B is correct. During the repolarization phase of an action potential, voltage-gated potassium channels allow potassium to move out of the cell, shifting the charge inside the cell to be more negative compared to the outside. If the channel is attacked, the potassium cannot move out.

What is the specific name for the category of behavior displayed by herring gull chicks when they peck on their parent's bill? A) Associative learning B) Fixed action pattern C) Habituation D) Non-associative learning E) Ultimate

B is correct. Fixed action pattern. The chicks show a set of innate behaviors that are instinctively triggered and that go to completion after being triggered. A, C, and D are all types of learned behaviors, not innate behaviors. E is not a type of behavior but is related to a set of questions about behaviors.

In humans, sperm is _____. A. diploid (2n) and produced by the testes. B. haploid (1n) and produced via meiosis. C. haploid (1n) and produced via fertilization. D. haploid (1n) and multicellular until fertilization occurs. E. haploid (1n) and form a tetraploid (4n) zygote if united with an egg.

B is correct. Sperm are haploid and produced by meiosis in animals.

Which of the following is TRUE? A. SWS is an opsin encoded by the S gene. B. The S opsin protein is a photopigment. C. A photopigment is a molecule that absorbs specific frequencies of light. D. The S opsin absorbs relatively short wavelengths of light in the human visual spectrum . E. None of these options are true.

B, C, D

How does a population gain phenotypes that are NEW to that group of individuals? (select ALL that apply) A. Genetic drift B. Genetic recombination C. Migration D. Mutations in alleles C. Natural selection

B, C, D; Recombination, migration, and mutation are correct. Only mutation and recombination can create entirely new phenotypes, but migration can additionally move phenotypes into a population that were not there before. Drift and natural selection just alter the frequency of current phenotypes.

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Predators are a type of pathogen B. Hairs can be a mechanical defense against herbivores C. The fitness of a plant is always improved if it produces more defensive compounds. D. Most herbivores attacks are fatal. E. Plants sometimes use animals to defend themselves

B,E

Is the following an example of biological evolution in humans? You develop immunity to COVID after receiving two shots of a COVID vaccine. A. This is biological evolution of the human species. B. This is NOT biological evolution of the human species.

B. This is NOT biological evolution. There are two problems here. One is a repeat from the cheetah question: this is an acquired trait. The other is that we are talking just about one individual. Part of the definition of evolution is that it is the change in the frequency of a genetic trait; it cannot happen in just one individual. That individual either has the trait or it doesn't. For an actual inherited trait, a group of individuals can have a particular frequency or proportion for that trait, and that frequency can then change.

Consider a population were some individuals can extract oxygen from the air and some cannot. I that ability adaptive? A. Yes, always B. No, never C. It depends, sometimes

C

Endoderm is A. Found in all members of the animals clade. B. A characteristic of certain groups of plants C. One type of germ layer D. A subcategory of mesoderm E. A and B are correct

C

How does basal resistance work? A. Basal resistance allows the plant to recognize a specific pathogens after a previous attack. B. Specialized neurons recognize pathogen molecules C. Common pathogen molecules are recognized by receptors, which signals for a defensive response. D. it allow recognition of rare pathogens that would otherwise be missed. E. None of the options are true.

C

If two species have overlapping niches, they ___. A. Will definitely undergo resource partitioning. B. Will definitely undergo competitive exclusion. C. will be competing for at least one resource D. will have larger realized niches compared to their fundamental niches

C

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Gene flow is the most random change in allele frequencies over generations B. Genetic drift is interchangeable with migration C. A gene pool is the all of the genes present in every individual in a population D. ALl of these options are true.

C

Which of the following is most closely related to fungi? A. Plants B. All protists C. Animals D. Green Algae E. All of these options are equally closely related to fungi.

C

Which of the following is true of fungal life cycles? A. Fungi are either male or female B. fungi are unable to reproduce sexually C. in fungi, meiosis happens quickly after formation of a diploid cell D. Karyogamy produces heterokaryotic hyphae E. Fungi can only move into new areas of their habitat by producing spores

C

Which of the following is true? A. Reciprocal altruism could potentially evolve in any animal B. Kin selection explains all examples of altruism C. Inclusive fitness includes the fitness gained from genes being passed on by relatives D. All of these options are true.

C

Which of the following statements is true? A. Only ferns have cuticles B. Gymnosperms are non-vascular plants C. Lycophytes are characterized by their small, single-veined leaves D. Angiosperms primarily reproduce asexually E. Bryophytes usually produce ovules

C

Choose the best option to fill in the blank: _____ has likely provided the selective pressure for specific alleles of MC1R in geographic regions with high UV radiation. A. The risk of skin cancer. B. The need to protect Vitamin D C. The need to protect folate

C is correct (folate). High UV radiation has selected for a form of MC1R that leads to darker skin, which inhibits vitamin D production but protects folate. Folate is the driving force rather than skin cancer, because getting skin cancer does not stop people from passing on their genes. So, in regions with high UV radiation, individuals with the allele for darker skin were better able to produce healthy offspring, and so more offspring inherited that particular MC1R allele.

Which of the following has the LARGEST surface area to volume ratio? A) A box with a surface area of 24 mm2 and a volume of 8 mm3. B) A box with a surface area of 96 mm2 and a volume of 64 mm3. C) A box with a surface area of 12 mm2 and a volume of 2 mm3. D) It is impossible to tell without more information.

C is correct. For A: 24 / 8 = 3 For B: 96 / 64 = 1.5 For C: 12 / 2 = 6, this is the largest SA:V

How do ecosystems differ from communities? A) They have more species. B) They are larger in size. C) They take abiotic factors into account. D) All of the above are correct. E) None of these options are correct; ecosystem and community can be used interchangeably.

C is correct. An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms and the physical environment that those organisms occupy. It adds abiotic factors into consideration.

What type of behavior is described in this scenario? Step I. A snail retreats into its shell when tapped. Step II. The snail is tapped frequently for several weeks, with no good or bad consequences. Step III. After a period of time, the snail retreats less often when tapped compared to before. A) This behavior is not influenced by learning, it is completely innate. B) This behavior shows associative learning. C) This behavior shows non-associative learning.

C is correct. The snail's behavior was changed by its experience, so it is a type of learned behavior. The behavior did not result in a reward or punishment for the snail, and so it is non-associative learning.

Given what you know about the two categories of natural selection discussed in the module prior to this question, the third category not yet mentioned must _____. A. select for both extreme phenotypes (i.e., the extremes are more fit than the intermediate phenotypes) B. select for one extreme phenotype C. select for intermediate phenotypes

C is correct. The third category is stabilizing selection, which selects for intermediate phenotypes. The mean phenotype often stays the same over generations with stabilizing selection, but it can lead to less variation around that mean. Option A (selection for both extremes) refers to disruptive selection, and Option B (selection for one extreme phenotype) refers to directional selection.

Which of the following is TRUE of relatively diverse clades of organisms? A. They usually have high extinction rates. B. They usually have low speciation rates. C. They may have traits that allow them to better survive in a variety of environmental conditions. D. They most often evolve without being influenced by close interactions with other species. E. None of these options are true of diverse clades of organisms.

C is correct: Many diverse clades have traits that have allowed them to be more successful than related clades, and also to be more successful when faced with a variety of conditions. The opposite of A, B, and D are true.

Why is it a bad idea to take antibiotics if we are not sick? A. We will build up immunity to the drugs. B. Viruses will become more harmful in response to the use of antibiotics. C. Resistant bacteria will become more common due to natural selection. D. A & B are correct (we build immunity and viruses become more harmful). E. B & C are correct (viruses become more harmful and resistant bacteria become more common).

C is correct: it creates selection for antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibiotics affect bacteria. They provide a selection pressure on bacteria, and so cause natural selection in bacterial populations. Those populations might be living in our body, but the antibiotics are not affecting us directly. We do not build up immunity to antibiotics, because our immune system is not fighting against antibiotics. Viruses are also unaffected by antibiotics, because antibiotics specifically attack features of bacterial cells.

Why would higher genetic variation in offspring likely lead to more success? A set of offspring with higher genetic variation would _____ compared to a set of offspring with lower genetic variation. A. always be larger (have more individuals) B. always be better adapted to the current environment C. likely be able to better adapt to changes in the environment D. have effectively no genetic drift E. be more likely to be able to reproduce asexually.

C is correct: they can better adapt. Natural selection can only select among alleles that are available in a population. More genetic variation means more options and a greater likelihood that one of those individuals will be able to survive and reproduce.

Which of the following is/are TRUE? (Select ALL that apply.) A) There are only five types of senses in the animal kingdom. B) Plants are completely unable to sense their environment. C) Receptor cells are the same thing as sensors in the sensory system. D) Sensory transduction involves changing a signal into a form that can be processed by the nervous system. E) None of these options are true.

C, D

Pollinator interactions b/w a plant and pollinator species ____. Select all that apply A. are always for plants to have offspring B. Are often antagonistic C. Are usually mutualistic D. must benefit both species E. May require specific behavior and morphology in each species in order to successfully result in pollination

C, E

Sponges have which of the following traits? Select all that apply A. digestive cavity B. muscles C. a mobile phase D. nerves E. mitochondria

C, E

How do healthy ecosystems benefit humans? select all that apply A. ocean acidification B. eutrophication of bodies of water C. soil production and protection D. pollination of some crops E. None of these options qualify as ecosystem services

C,D

Which of the following is NOT ONLY found in animals? A. Blastula B. Chitin C. Gastrula D. Muscle Cells E. Neurons

Chitin (B) is correct. Chitin is also found in fungal cell walls and that is a defining feature of fungi when compared with animals and plants.

Each of these is connected to the plant immune system. Which one is correctly matched? A. Specific resistance = A symptom of one defense for plants is injury to plant leaves due to blocked transport tissues. B. Hypersensitive response = Recognizes specific pathogens that have mechanisms to avoid broader plant defenses C. Vascular wilt = a defensive response that triggers cell death in infected cells D. Systemic acquired resistance = plant cells that are NOT exposed to a pathogen will often still resist future attacks by that pathogen.

D

How and where is auxin transported? A. It is produced in the xylem and transported in the phloem. B. it diffuses freely into and out of cells. C. Its movement is powered primarily by transpiration. D. It moves by polar transport with the help of PIN proteins E. It is produced in all plant cells and used within the same cell.

D

Sea urchins just toss their gametes into the water, but only gametes from the same species are able to fertilize each other. What type of barrier is this? A. Hybrid inviability B. Post-zygotic C. Ecological D. Pre-zygotic E. Temporal (time)

D

Which of the following is TRUE? A. all protozoa are multicellular B. all algae are unicellular C. All protists are aquatic D. All protists are eukaryotes. E. none of these options are true

D

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? Your immune system is A. Attacking non-pathogenic cells on your skin B. attacking pathogenic cells that have moved into your lungs C. Attacking a non-pathogenic substance in your digestive system D. Attacking part of your neurons E. not effective at halting pathogens that usually do not causes serious disease

D

Which of the following is not an arthropod? A. spiders B. centipedes C. snails D. crabs E. beetles

D

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of genes in prokaryotes? A. horizontal gene transfer is very rare in prokaryotes. B. Populations of prokaryotes usually have very low genetic diversity C. Prokaryotes can form gametes using meiosis D. Viruses sometimes move prokaryotic DNA from one individual to another E. All of these options are true.

D

Which of the following is true? A. Sensory systems are independent from nervous system in animals. B. Mechanoreceptors are only used to sense physical pressure on the skin C. Only animals and plants can sense aspects of the environment. D. Sensory receptor cells trigger a change in voltage. E. We sense hot and cold through chemoreceptor

D

Which of the following is true? A. meiosis is sometimes involved in asexual reproduction B. mitosis is never involved in sexual reproduction C. one mitotic division produces four cells from one cell D. only eukaryotes have sexual reproduction E. Meiosis directly results in gamete cells, in all organisms

D

Which of the following is true? A. there can be no more than 5 trophic connections in a food web. B. Most the energy from one trophic level is transferred up to the next trophic level. C. Members of one trophic level always have a negative effect on members of other trophic levels. D. Predation is an example of a trophic interaction E. Trophic cascades occur when any plant species is removed from an ecosystem.

D

Within the vascular plants, which lineage first separated from the other members of the vascular plant clade? That is: which of these is sister to the rest of the vascular plants? A. angiosperm B. ferns C. gymnosperms D. lycophytes E. mosses

D

Which of the following is TRUE in relation to growth? A. All cells in a mature plant body are totipotent. B. Fungi are characterized by apical meristems and plants are characterized by apical growth. C. Individual plant cells can migrate (move themselves) to new locations within the organism during development even though adult plants are typically immobile. D. A totipotent cell can potentially develop into any cell type of an organism, which means that it can potentially develop into an entire individual. E. Early on, a fungal embryo forms a ball of cells known as a blastula.

D is correct. A totipotent cell can potentially develop into any of the cell types of an organism, which means that a totipotent cell can also potentially develop into an entire individual by the processes of cellular division, expansion, and differentiation. In plants, these totipotent cells are primarily found in meristems. Animal cells can move during development through the animal body, plant and fungal cells cannot. Also, blastulas are only found in animals.

Each of the following traits is important in classifying major groups within the multicellular kingdoms. Which is CORRECTLY matched with its kingdom? A. Some animal groups can be distinguished based on whether their early embryo has two or three germ layers. B. Some plant groups can be distinguished based on whether their vascular system has a single or multiple veins in certain parts of the body. C. Some fungal groups can be distinguished based on whether their spores form in rows within microscopic sacs or grow out from the tip of club-like structures. D. All of these traits are correctly matched with their kingdom. E. None of these traits are correctly matched with their kingdom.

D is correct. Each of those options is true, with a key trait correctly matched with its kingdom.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Fungi cannot transport nutrients directly through their hyphae and so produce specialized transport cells. B) A negative pressure powers the vertebrate circulatory system. C) Smaller animals always require a specialized respiratory organ, like lungs, whereas larger animals can sometimes just absorb oxygen through their skin. D) Alveoli in the lungs are surrounded by capillaries, to facilitate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. E) In humans, blood that is exiting the heart always moves to other parts of the body (such as the legs or head) before going to the lungs.

D is correct. For A: hyphae do provide transport of nutrients through a fungal mycelium, among other tasks. For B: The positive (pushing) pressure of the heart powers vertebrate circulatory systems. For C: The opposite is true. Smaller animals can sometimes survive just using diffusion of oxygen through the body surface. For E: Oxygenated blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body (except the lungs) and then back to the heart as deoxygenated blood (the body tissues have taken the oxygen). It then travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart with a new supply of oxygen.

The mark-recapture method assumes marked and unmarked individuals are randomly mixed and randomly recaptured. When would this be true? A) If the tags hamper the ability of individuals to move. B) If unmarked individuals avoid marked individuals. C) If marked individuals are more conspicuous and so are more easily counted. D) If the tag does not change the behavior of individuals in the population. E) All of the above is consistent with those assumptions.

D is correct. For this to work, you need tagged and untagged individuals to act and be treated the same within the population. These assumptions are important to consider. They could lead to your estimate being less accurate for certain types of organisms.

You are studying a population that had 150 individuals and grew to 240 after two years. What is the population increase per year per individual? First, determine by how many individuals the population grew each year, on average (the growth rate), and then use this value to calculate the per capita growth rate. A) 2 B) 1.6 C) 0.6 D) 0.3 E) 0.188

D is correct. The growth rate = N2 - N0 = 240 - 150 = 90. The population gained 90 individuals over 2 years, 90/2 = 45 individuals per year. To change this to the per capita growth rate (r), we divide by the original number of individuals. r = 45 / 150 = 0.3

Which of the following would likely characterize an invasive species? A) Offspring do not disperse far from parents. B) Produces few offspring at a time. C) Slow life cycle and/or growth. D) Its major predators are endemic to its native habitat. E) Flourishes only if living in a specific, narrow set of environmental conditions.

D is correct. This ties back to invasive species often being removed from their ecological controls. A, B, C, and E are the opposite of what you would expect in many invasive species. Being able to disperse and being flexible in their ecological requirements allows invasive species to cause problems across large areas. They take over those areas through fast reproduction and/or growth.

Which of the following is TRUE of fungal life cycles? A. Fungi are diploid for most of their lives. B. Fungi are unable to reproduce asexually. C. In fungi, fertilization happens very quickly after meiosis. D. Plasmogamy produces heterokaryotic hyphae. E. Fungi can only disperse by growing their hyphae into new areas.

D is correct: Plasmogamy produces heterokaryotic hyphae because the cytoplasm merges but the nuclei do not. Fungi are only briefly diploid. Many fungal hyphae are haploid, but some may be heterokaryotic. In general, fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually, although only one phase or the other has been observed in some species. Meiosis often happens quickly after karyogamy in fungi. Fungi can spread by growing into new areas, but they can also disperse (sexually or asexually) by producing spores that are usually wind dispersed.

Which of the following is TRUE in regards to mitosis or meiosis? A. Meiosis produces two genetic clones from a single parent cell. B. Mitosis produces haploid cells from diploid cells. C. Mitosis only occurs as part of sexual reproduction or attempted sexual reproduction. D. Mitosis is one of the major mechanisms of growth in a multicellular organism. E. Mitosis always produces gametes

D is true. Mitosis is just another name for basic cell division in eukaryotes. It is one of the main ways that multicellular organisms grow.

Based only on the timeline and associated information that we covered with this module, what could have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? A. They were hunted to extinction by humans. B. They were globally out-competed by primates. C. They were not adapted to the first accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. D. All of these options are consistent with the timeline. E. None of the given options are consistent with the timeline.

E

In phylogeny containing all these taxa, to which group would sunflower mitochondria be sister? A. Sunflowers (as sequences from their nuclear DNA) B. Amoeba (a single celled eukaryote, as sequences from their nuclear DNA) C. a lineage of bacteria D. a lineage of archaea E. All the above

E

Which of the following are examples of bulk flow? A. blood flow through animals. B. The transport of water from roots to leaves. C. The transport of sugars from leaves to growing tissues D. movement of molecules using pressure differences E. All of these options are examples of bulk flow

E

Which of the following correctly describes the growth of our global human pop? A. The rate of growth has been stable across the last few hundred yrs B. there have been world wide inc in fertility rates in recent years C. our current rate of growth is likely to remain unchanged in the future D. All of the above are true E. non of the above are true.

E

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Malpighian tubules are used for communication across the body of insects B. Ectoderms do NOT have to maintain their body temperature within a set range. C. Aquatic organisms are all osmoconformers. D. No fish have to drink water. E. Nitrogenous wastes are also referred to as metabolic wastes

E

Why are OUR changes to the environment such a concern. A. there are so many of us B. we are changing environments very quickly C. we are changing environments very dramatically D. we rely on ecosystems that we are changing E. all of the above

E

Which of the following is TRUE regarding animal digestion? A) The first pore in an echinoderm gastrula becomes the mouth. B) Poriferans have a digestive cavity into which they secrete digestive enzymes. C) Mollusks primarily use external digestion to gain nutrition. D) Cnidarians have a tube-like digestive system with different segments specialized for different types of processing of food. E) Annelids include multiple species of filter feeders as well as other modes of nutrition.

E is correct. Annelids include some species that are filter feeders, and they also include things like earthworms and bristle worms that are scavengers for decaying matter. For A: Echinoderms are deuterostomes like us (anus first). For B: Poriferans have no digestive cavity; they use intracellular digestion. For C. Mollusks (like most animals) use internal digestion. For D: Cnidarians have a sac-like digestive system with only one opening.

If you have a fern sporophyte that is heterozygous for 50% of its genes, and its gametophytes can only self-fertilize, what percentage of heterozygous genes would you find in the next generation of sporophytes? 100% heterozygous 50% heterozygous 25% heterozygous 12.5% heterozygous 0% heterozygous

E is correct: 0% heterozygous. A gametophyte produces all of its gametes by mitosis, meaning that they are all genetic clones of each other. So, a selfing gametophyte would be bringing two of those genetically identical cells together by fertilization. That means that the resulting zygote would be 0% heterozygous (or 100% homozygous). It does not matter what level of heterozygosity was found in the sporophyte! It may help to think about this at the level of one gene. Consider a gene that is heterozygous in the sporophyte: Dd is its diploid (2n) genotype. When that sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, those alleles (D and d) will be split up: some spores will have the D allele and some will have d. Spores are haploid (1n), and so they only have one allele for the gene. The spores then grow by mitosis to produce a gametophyte. Let's look at a spore with the D allele. Every cell in its resulting gametophyte will also have that D allele, because it is just growing by mitosis. Like us: when we grow, we do not suddenly have different alleles, we just have more cells. The gametophyte's gametes are produced by mitosis (regular cell division), and so they also will all have the D allele. So, if a sperm and egg from that one gametophyte undergo fertilization, the resulting zygote will have the genotype DD for that gene. The same thing happens for every gene in that spore's genome, and so ALL of the genes in the resulting zygote will be homozygous.

Calculate the number of long-tubed (6 cm), medium-tubed (3 cm), and short-tubed plants (1 cm) after six generations. To do this, assume that they are again pollinated by flies with 3-cm long tongues and follow the rules below. See the module videos describing this system for more information and you can complete the table in the module to get to the answers. Rules: 1. If the fly does not pollinate the flower = no seeds produced by the plant. 2. If the fly pollinates and gets nectar = 2 seeds per plant on average. 3. If the fly pollinates but does not get nectar = 0.5 seeds per plant on average. 4. Round numbers down to the nearest integer. In the first generation, the population has 10 individuals of each type of plant (long, medium, short). In gen 6 of this pop, the number of long-tubed plants is ___, the number of medium-tubed plants is ___, and the number of short tubed plants is ___.

For generation 1 through 6 (respectively), there are: 10, 5, 2, 1, 0, 0 long-tubed individuals. 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 medium-tubed individuals. 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 short-tubed individuals.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Water molecules are considered adhesive because they stick to each other. B) Certain polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other. C) Cohesion is when a bond forms between two different types of molecules. D) Surface tension is a result of adhesive bonds between air molecules. E) All of these options are true.

General Feedback B is correct. A-When molecules of the same type stick together, it is known as COHESION, not adhesion. B-Certain polar molecules, such as water molecules, are slightly negative on one side and slightly positive on the other, and this difference is strong enough to result in hydrogen bonds because the negative and positive from different molecules attract each other. C-ADHESIVE bonds are between DIFFERENT types of molecules. D-Surface tension is a result of COHESIVE bonds between WATER molecules.

Can water be actively transported from one cell to another?

No, a cell can never actively transport water molecules.

Which of these distinguish animals from plants and fungi? That is, which of these is/are TRUE for all animals and FALSE for all plants and fungi? (Select ALL that apply) A. The organism can enter into new parts of their habitat. B. All stages of the life cycle are mobile. C. The body can move using environmental forces. D. The adult body develops from a single cell known as a zygote. E. None of these options characterize animals and are also not true of any plants or fungi.

Only E is correct (none of these options). A is true for all. Many plants and fungi can enter new habitats by growing into them. Some individuals can also disperse into new habitats. B is false for all; there are examples of animals that are sessile (immobile) as adults, such as corals and sea squirts. C is true for many plants and fungi - dispersing by wind or water. D is true for animals and plants.

What's the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

Osmosis is the type of diffusion where water molecules are moving across a membrane

What would expect to happen if you blocked all the stomata on a plant?

Photosynthesis would decrease because the leaf would no longer have a supply of oxygen.

Some plants are able to form hybrids, but the offspring of those hybrids are sterile or inviable. What type of barrier to gene flow is this? A. Behavioral B. Temporal (also known as a barrier in time) C. Post-zygotic D. Allopatric E. Mechanical (also known as a physical barrier)

Post-zygotic is correct. All of the other listed barriers are pre-zygotic barriers. In some cases, hybrids are successfully formed, they are viable (able to survive) and they are fertile (able to have offspring), and yet continued genetic exchange between the two species is still stopped because of something known as hybrid breakdown. With hybrid breakdown, the second, third, or other generations of the hybrids are inviable or infertile. This happens because the genes from the two species intermix and recombine in ways that cause problems in these later generation hybrids.

You have taken a water sample from a pond and are examining it under a microscope. You see a single-celled organism moving itself through the water. You can see intracellular structures, including a nucleus and mitochondria, but no chloroplasts. After watching it for a while, you even see it capture and ingest another small organism using a mouth-like opening. To which of these groups would the first organism most likely belong? (Select ALL that apply.) Algae Animals Bacteria Protozoa Protists

Protozoa (D) and Protists (E) are correct. Animals (B) are multicellular. Bacteria (C) do not have nuclei or mitochondria. Algae (A) have chloroplasts.

Which of the following is TRUE? (Select ALL that apply.) A) The global human population is currently experiencing exponential growth. B) The carrying capacity for a population is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a given area without degrading their resources. C) There are approximately 3 billion people on earth today. D) An ecological footprint estimates the total amount of land that is required to completely support all of the resource use by one person or one group of people. E) None of the above are true.

The correct answer is A,B,D. There are more than 7.6 billion people currently on the planet!

What are ecosystem services? A) Human processes that help sustain ecosystems. B) Natural processes that provide benefits to humans. C) The sum of the mutualistic interactions among members of an ecosystem. D) A & B E) A & C

The correct answer is B. The textbook's definition is: "benefits TO HUMANS provided by biodiversity, such as cleaner air and water, greater primary productivity, improved resilience to environmental disruption, and untapped sources of food and molecular compounds for use in medicine and agriculture."

How does basal resistance work? A) If a specific pathogen attacks a plant, basal resistance allows the plant to recognize that exact pathogen in the future B) The plant has specialized neurons that can recognize pathogen molecules. C) Molecules that are commonly produced by plant pathogens are recognized by cellular receptors, which then signal to the plant that some type of response is needed. D) Basal resistance allows a plant to recognize rare pathogens that would otherwise be missed by its immune system. E) None of these options are true.

The correct answer is C. All organisms produce molecules, and some of those molecules are distinctive to a species or a group of species. Basal resistance in plants involves cellular receptors on plant cells that can recognize some molecules commonly associated with plant pathogens. If one of those molecules binds to a basal resistance receptor, it triggers a defensive response of some sort by the plant cell. Those responses can include things like the hypersensitive response or blocking vascular tissue.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were stable until the 2000s. B) If two variables are correlated, it means that one of those variables is responsible for the changes in the other. C) When both are available for a given year, measurements of CO2 concentrations directly from the atmosphere and from ice core samples give similar results. D) Within any given year, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are constantly increasing. E) All of these options are true.

The correct answer is C. For A: Global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels began to significantly increase around the time of the industrial revolution, when humans began using fossil fuels at a high rate. For B: A correlation shows that two variables have been changing in a similar way; when one changes, the other tends to change. With positive correlations, they both increase at the same times. With negative correlations, one increases when the other decreases, and vice versa. It does not tell us why those changes happened. For D: atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase AND decrease substantially every year due to changes in global levels of plant activity.

A lower atmospheric 13C : 12C ratio means that there is now _____, compared to prior measurements. A) fewer total 13C atoms in the atmosphere B) more total 12C atoms in the atmosphere C) fewer 13C atoms for every 12C atom that is present D) more 13C atoms for every 12C atom that is present

The correct answer is C. Ratios are all about the relative proportions. This ratio does not tell you if there are five atoms of 13C in the atmosphere, or 500,000,000,000 atoms. It just tells you about the relative proportions of the two isotopes. A decreasing 13C to 12C ratio indicates that, over time, there are fewer 13C atoms relative to the number of 12C atoms.

Each of the following is a part and a function of the innate immune system. Which pair is CORRECTLY matched? A) The skin = secretes histamine to trigger an inflammatory response. B) Phagocytes = recognize and engulf foreign particles or cells. C) Mast cells = a barrier that stops many pathogens from entering the body. D) Natural killer cells = move foreign particles out of the body. E) Cilia in the lungs = kill abnormal host cells

The skin is a barrier that stops many pathogens from entering the body. Correct answer is B: Phagocytes recognize and engulf foreign particles or cells. Mast cells secrete histamine to trigger an inflammatory response. Natural killer cells kill abnormal host cells. Cilia in the lungs move foreign particles out of the body.

Which of the following is a possible result of allopatric division of a population? A. Different mutations accumulate in each new population. B. Selective pressures differ somewhat in the different populations. C. The effects of genetic drift are stronger in the new populations compared to the original population. D. Gene flow is slowed or stopped between the two new populations. E. All of these options are possible outcomes of one population being divided into two geographically separated populations.

"All options" is correct. A) Mutations occur randomly, and so different mutations would occur in each new population. B) Because the new populations are in at least somewhat different areas, they may also be subject to different selection pressures. For example, one source of allopatric division is the origin of a mountain range, which would create different weather conditions on its two sides. C) The two new populations will be smaller than the original and so the effects of genetic drift would be stronger. D) Greater geographic isolation means more genetic isolation as it becomes more difficult for individuals or gametes to move from one population to another.