BIOL 2020 Chapter 16 Study Guide

Parathyroid glands

Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.

Pancreas

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Thyroid gland

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Feedback pathways in the secretion and regulation of thyroid hormone. posterior pituitary hypothalamus anterior pituitary follicular cells of the thyroid gland

hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the release of several other hormones by producing releasing and inhibitory hormones, including TRH.

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin t/f

true

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. t/f

true

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses. true false

true The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.

no insulin is produced.

type 1 diabetes

target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2 diabetes,

homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall.

1. low blood glucose 2. cells in pancreas 3. glucagon 4. liver cells 5. glycogen breaks down; glucose released into blood

how the body keeps blood glucose at a normal level.

1. pancreas releases insulin 2. body cells take up more glucose 3. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen 4. blood glucose decreases to normal 5. pancreas releases glucagon 6. liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood. 7. blood glucose increases to normal

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? angiotensin II adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. t/f

False Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Adrenal medulla

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? pituitary thyroid adenoid adrenal

adenoid Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

What gland secretes growth hormone? Two individuals with height variations due to hormonal imbalances. thyroid gland anterior pituitary posterior pituitary adrenal cortex

anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary secretes a variety of hormones, including growth hormone.

Which hormone aids in water resorption? antidiuretic hormone thyroid hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone parathyroid hormone

antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water.

glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D? parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroid hormones glucocorticoids calcitonin

calcitonin These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it.

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? hormonal humoral neural enzymatic

enzymatic Enzymes are not triggers in the release of hormones.

Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. t/f

false

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones. true false

false

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. t/f

false The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the pituitary gland, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? (Giant dude) thyroid hormones (TH) growth hormone (GH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) aldosterone

growth hormone (GH) Growth hormone has effects on metabolism as well as growth. Hypersecretion can lead to gigantism

What type of cell is shown at letter C? parafollicular cells parathyroid cells follicular cells beta cells

Follicular cells of the thyroid line the follicles and manufacture the materials within them.

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? ADH oxytocin prolactin None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. None of the hormones given is produced by the posterior pituitary.

What area of the brain is designated by letter A? Structure of the pituitary gland with detail of the posterior lobe. pineal gland limbic system thalamus hypothalamus

The hypothalamus contains nuclei that produce hormones that are then secreted into the blood in the pituitary gland.

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which increases blood calcium levels.

Pituitary gland (hypophysis).

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?. neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) hormonal stimuli humoral stimuli All of the listed responses are correct.

hormonal stimuli The anterior pituitary requires hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? Parathyroid mediated feedback to hypocalcemia. neural humoral hormonal paracrine

humoral

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? neural humoral hormonal paracrine

humoral The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcium in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? permissiveness summation antagonism synergism

synergism Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

What allows a cell to respond to a hormone? the gland that releases the hormone the location of the cell the presence of a specific hormone receptor the structure of the hormone

the presence of a specific hormone receptor Every hormone has a specific receptor that causes as action for that cell.