Biol 203 Lecture #3

What is (Simple Carbohydrates) Monosaccharides?

(1 Sugar Unit) glucose, fructose, galactose.

What is (Simple Carbohydrates) Disaccharides?

(2 sugar Units) lactose, sucrose, maltose.

What is (Complex Carbohydrates) Polysaccharides?

(many sugar units) glycogen, starch, dietary fiber.

Why does Type 2 Diabetes happen?

-High sugar diet. Constant high blood sugar levels. Pancreas produces insulin constantly. Blood flooded with insulin. Cells become insensitive to it (they no longer respond to insulin). -Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes leads to pancreas shutting down. No more insulin. Badly controlled type 2 diabetes requires insulin shots.

What are the benefits of soluble fiber?

-Promoting bowel health. - You literally feed your bacteria food. -Reducing obesity risk because it promotes satiety (feeling full) how? by slowing gastric emptying. -Enhances blood glucose control. (soluble fibers traps glucose, releasing it slowly to be absorbed by the epithelial cells of the small intestine). -Reducing cholesterol absorption (soluble fibers carry some cholesterol out to the large intestine and then eliminated in feces).

What are the calories for carbohydrates and calories?

4 kcal per gram of carbohydrate (except fiber). 2 kcal per gram of fibre (soluble fibre only) including the energy from fiber is very new.

How many calories do protein have?

4 kcal per gram of protein.

How many calories do lipids have?

9 kcal per gram of fat.

What is the equation for total calories?

=(grams of fat X 9) + (grams of carbs X 4) + (grams of protein X 4).

What are food sources of starch?

Grains (wheat, oats, rice, barley) legumes (peas, beans, lentils) vegetables (potatoes, sweet potatoes, squashes).

What are energy yielding nutrients?

Carbohydrate: Glucose (or a carbohydrate that yields glucose).

What is sucrose?

Consists of glucose and fructose, sweeter than lactose and maltose, found in fruit, veggies, and grains. It is table sugar.

Why do we crave sweets so much?

Evolution selected for this trait, food hoarders were less likely to die during severe food shortages. Their bodies survived by using the stored nutrients to run the day to day business of cellular work. "We are what our ancestors ate and drank."

Fact or Fiction: Do canadians consume the equivalent of 12 teaspoons of sugar and syrup daily in 2009?

Fact

Fact or Fiction? Is sucrose toxic? Is raw sugar, or brown sugar better? Is honey better? Does sugar cause misbehavior in kids?

Fact: Table sugar does not contain toxic substances; in fact it is almost 100% carbohydrates. Other forms of sugar are less processed, maintaing minerals a vitamins.

What is the digestion of carbohydrates in the liver?

Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose. It makes glycogen, your liver releases glucose by breaking down glycogen to maintain your cellular needs for energy. Any remaining glucose is stored as fat in adipose tissue.

What is starch?

Plants build this out of many units of glucose. It is the storage form of glucose. It is made entirely of glucose molecules bonded together. Supplies 4kcal per gram.

What is the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

Salivary amylase converts some starch into maltose. Starch digestions stops as bolus enters acid environment of stomach.

For Information on artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols?

See slide 24 and 25.

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.

Information

Slide 14

What is fructose?

Sweetest tasting of all natural occurring sugars. Found in fruits, veggies, honey. It is not needed by the body so the liver converts it into glucose or fat.

What are examples of simple carbohydrates (the sugars)?

Table sugar: sucrose, milk sugar: lactose blood sugar: glucose.

How does making creme fraiche work?

The bacteria in the buttermilk begin to grow using the lactose as food. The lactose content of milk varies between 3.6-5.5%. It breaks down the lactose, to get energy for this own metabolism, and release lactic acid as a waste product. This acid makes to solution acidic. the acidity inhibits growth of other bad bacteria.

How to make creme fraiche?

1 cup of 35% cream and mix it with 1 tablespoon of buttermilk. Sit on the countertop for 24 hours.

What is starch and potatoes?

1. High-starch potatoes are mealy potatoes, good for baking, mashing, french frying. They absorb water, so they fall apart when boiled. 2. Medium-starch potatoes are called all purpose potatoes. 3. Low starch or waxy potatoes are best for salads, hold shape.

How do we distinguish between calories, Calories, Kilocalories, Joules?

1000 calories = 1 Calorie = 1kcal (1kcal=4.2kJ). Food labels never give the amount of energy in calories. Rather it is given in Calories, kcal or even kilojoules in Europe.

What is insulin?

After a carb rich meal, blood glucose levels quickly rise, leading to hyperglycemia. Pancreas triggered to increase its release of insulin. Insulin allows your cells to take in glucose from across their cell membranes. Without insulin, glucose will not enter cells. it is like a key that opens the door to allow glucose to enter the cell. It enhances energy storage by promoting fat production, glycogen production, protein production. It decreases hunger.

Where do we get our Carbohydrates from?

All Plant Food (photosynthesis) and Milk.

What is nutritive vs. non-nutritive sweeteners?

All carbohydrates (except insoluble fiber) contribute energy. All carbohydrates contribute 4kcal/gram.

What has health canada approved of?

Aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, stevia (comes from plant).

What is energy in food?

It is the capacity of a physical system to do work, it is not a nutrient, the body uses energy found in foods to grow, develop, move and fuel the many chemical reactions required for life. Carbs, proteins, and lipids all contain this.

What is glycogen in your liver?

It is the epithelial cells in your small intestine absorb glucose. Travels to the liver where it is stored as this. When your cells need glucose for energy, the liver breaks this down to release glucose into the blood stream. Your cells then can pick it up.

What are side effects for lactose intolerance?

Intestinal cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

What happens when you slow cook sweet potatoes?

It activates the enzyme within the cells of the potato. Enzyme breaks down the starch into the disaccharide maltose.

What is lactose?

It consists of glucose and galactose molecules, referred to as milk sugar. Breast milk has very high amounts of it- more than cow's milk.

What is maltose?

It consists of two glucose molecules, referred to as malt sugar. It is not present in food we eat. It is a byproduct of our digestion of the food when starch breaks downs. It is used in beer production.

What is galactose?

It does not occur in our food, hardly tastes sweet, is a component of the disaccharide lactose that is found in milk, breastfeeding mothers convert their glucose into galactose in order to produce lactose.

What is amylose?

It is a straight chain, this limits the amount of surface area exposed for digestion.

What is lignin?

It is an insoluble, non-carbohdrate fibre. It is latin for wood, are found in the woody parts of plants. (wood, seed of fruits and berries, in bran layer of grains, carrots).

How is fiber built?

It is built from a variety of monosaccharides, indigestible (soluble fibers, insoluble fibers).

What is fiber?

It is complex carbohydrates that we cannot digest. It is indigestible in the humans small intestine. It is divided into 2 groups: soluble and insoluble.

What is amylopectin?

It is highly branched, leaving more surface area available for digestion. Its broken down quickly, which means it produces a larger rise in blood sugar (glucose).

What are group or metabolic disorders?

It is hyperglycemia.

What is cellulose?

It is insoluble fiber, each plant cell is protected by a thick cell wall that is made of cellulose.

What are starches?

It is storage form of glucose in plants, built entirely of glucose, our digestive system breaks it down into glucose units.

What is glycogen?

It is storage form of glucose in the body, built entirely of glucose, provides a rapid release of energy when needed.

What is lactose intolerance?

It is the inability to digest lactose completely. Does not produce enough lactase the enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose in the small intestine. Instead the bacteria residing in large intestine break down lactose and produce irritating gases and acids. as you get old 75% will become lactose intolerant.

What is dietary fiber?

It promotes the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, and inhibit the growth of disease-caushing (pathogenic) bacteria. Commonly classified on the basis of its solubility in water, they tend to dissolve or swell in water. Insoluble fiber remains relatively unchanged.

What is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)?

It sweetens food to satisfy your desire for sweets.

What is glucose?

Most common sugar in our food and bodies. Red blood cells, brain, nervous system cells rely on this for energy. It is found in fruits, veggies, and in every disaccharide and polysaccharide.

What are connection of lactose?

Noticing the way the two monosaccharides are connected. Many people lack the enzyme that is required to break this chemical bond.

What is glycogen in your liver and mouth?

Once your liver and muscle cells have reached maximum capacity for glycogen storage. Sugar is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue.

What are disaccharides?

Pairs of monosaccharides (glucose is always present in the pair) 2nd could be fructose, galactose or another glucose.

What is the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylase breaks down remaining polysaccharides into maltose molecules. Maltase digests maltose into glucose molecules. Maltase finishes the job of starch digestion that began briefly in the mouth. Sucrose splits sucrose molecules into glucose and fructose. Lactase breaks lactose from milk into glucose and galactose.

What is the benefits of insoluble fiber?

Promoting bowel health: -Reduce/prevent constipation and hemorrhoids. -Prevent diverticula (bulging pockets that form on large intestine).

How does insoluble fiver prevent diverticula?

The insoluble fibre forms a large soft mass that applies pressure to the inner muscular walls of the large intestine, stimulating the muscles to push the residue quickly through the tract. Low fiber intake causes strained bowel movements that can cause diverticulosis.

How do we measure energy in food?

The standard unit is the joule but biologists measure this of metabolism in calories. Calories tell us how much there is in the food.

What are monosaccharides?

They all have 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygens. Only arrangement differs. Difference in arrangement accounts for varying sweetness.

What kind of carbohydrate is starch and fiber?

They are complex carbohydrates.

What are soluble fibers?

They are digested by bacteria in the large intestine. It dissolve in water where they swell and become viscous. It can break down and provide you with energy. It has thickening abilities.

What are carbohydrates?

They are energy-yielding macronutrients.

What are complex carbohydrates?

They are made of many many units of glucose linked together in straight or branched chains.

What is insoluble fibers?

They are not digested bacteria in the large intestine.

What are sugar alcohols, such as; sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol?

They are not fully absorbed by intestinal tract, and supply 2kcal/g. It may cause diarrhea when consumed in large amounts. They are considered alternative sweeteners, used to replace sucrose and other sugars.

What is nutritive sweeteners?

They are simple sugars that add calories to food.

What are simple carbohydrates?

They are sugar.

What are alternative non-nutritive sweeteners?

They are synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar but supple no energy per serving.

How do plants make carbohydrates?

They use the sun's energy, ie by photo-synthesizing. They take carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air, and water (H2O) from the ground and synthesize glucose. This chemical reaction is powered by the sun. Energy from the sun is then transferred to the glucose molecule. So we eat plants and use the carbohydrates to then power the chemical reactions within our cells.

What is branching of starch?

This molecule contains hundreds of glucose molecules in either occasionally branched chains (amylopectin) or unbranched chains (amylose). Plants contain a mixture of both types.

What is glycogen in your muscles?

We also store this in muscle tissue. When we exercise, our muscle cells break it down to release glucose for energy. Exercising: 2-4X the normal amount of glucose.

What is diverticulitis?

When this occurs, need surgery to remove the damaged section of the large intestine. Evidence suggests that fast transit time of feces reduces exposure of cancer causing compounds to the epithelial cells of the colon. Well fed bacteria can replace old epithelial cells of the colon faster.

What is type 2 diabetes?

Your cells become resistant or less responsive to insulin (they don't open up to allow glucose to enter), most common type. Risk groups: physically inactivity, over weight, genetically related to close family members with type 2.

What is type 1 diabetes?

•About 10% of people w/ diabetes have type 1. •Autoimmune disease. The body attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. •Person must take insulin injections several times a day. •Cause is unknown but may be related to genetics, environmental factors, or exposure to viral infections •Formerly known as juvenile diabetes because it is more commonly diagnosed in children and young adults. •No cure but eating nutritious meals at specific time of the day to control blood glucose levels, you can lead a very healthy productive life. •Some Olympic athletes have type 1 diabetes.

What are the recommendations for carbohydrate intake?

•DRIs -RDA - 130g for adults •This is the minimum amount your brain needs each day. -AMDR - 45 to 65% of total calorie intake. •Dietary fiber intake -14g per 1,000 kcal -Avoid sudden, large increase in fiber intake.

What is with carbohydrates and food labels?

•Total carbohydrate, sugars, and dietary fibre are listed in the nutrition facts table. •Foods high in fibre may indicate how much is soluble and insoluble. •Sugar content does not distinguish between added and natural sugars.

What is glucagon?

•When you haven't eaten for some time, your blood glucose levels decline. •Other specialized cells on your pancreas secrete glucagon into the blood stream. •The glucagon will reach the liver and the cells will respond to the glucagon and break down glycogen to make glucose. •Now blood sugar levels rise.