BIOL 2261 Exam 1 Nguyen

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How to calculate total magnification?

(ocular X objective) = total

Gram +

90% peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids in cell wall, lipoteichoic acids attached to membrane lipids

Koch's postulates developed from his STUDY of __________?

Anthrax

What domains have pili?

Bacteria (Type IV) and Archaea

What domains have peptidoglycan?

Bacteria ONLY

What type of microscope allows you to see 3D?

DIC (no staining)

Penicillin are effective against...

Gram +

False

In an endospore, the protein coat forms a layer external to the exosporium.

nucleocapsid

In an enveloped virus, the part of the virus including the nucleic acid genome and the surrounding protein coat but not the envelope is called the

mother cell

In endospore formation, when DNA condenses and aligns itself in the center of the cell, the cell is called a(n) ______.

False

Like prokaryotic cells, most eukaryotic cells have an external cell wall.

What macromolecule produces the most ENERGY?

Lipid (lipid > carb > protein)

amphipathic

Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be

Diplococci

Pairs of spherical cells

Protein

RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to ________.

What species fixes N2 in symbiosis with leguminous plants?

Rhizobium sp.

What species is in symbiosis with cattle? (allows cattle to eat grass and break down cellulose in the grass)

Ruminococcus sp.

True

Some archaeal cells lack a cell wall.

True

Spirillum is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria that move by flagella.

False

The Gram stain can only be performed on cultures grown in liquid media.

cell wall

The Gram stain of a bacterial cell is based on the chemical properties of its ________.

Resolution

The ability to distinguish between two separate structures that are very close to one another

Magnification

The apparent increase in size of an image

True

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of two eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Stroma

The formation of carbohydrate (CO2 fixation) in the dark reaction of photosynthesis, takes place in the

endotoxin

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is also known as

True

The membrane bound structure that contains the chromosomes of eukaryotes is called the nucleus.

What organism causes syphillus in humans?

Treponema pallidum

Polyphosphate

accumulations of inorganic phosphate

What type of microscope allows you to see CELL MOTILITY?

dark-field (no staining)

Bacteria and Eukarya

ester linkages

What is one way that microbes are genetically engineered?

human insulin (genetically engineered bacteria)... today engineered yeast is used to make insulin

Gram -

~10% peptidoglycan, nutrient transporter proteins and hydrolytic enzymes, LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Lipid A (endotoxin - released when bacteria dies), porins and TonB proteins in membrane to allow diffusion of molecules into periplasmic space

When was the light microscope invented?

1600s

Virion

A complete virus particle is called a

consist of a lipid monolayer

A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may

an archaeon

A newly discovered microorganism has a circular chromosome that is complexed with histones, but not enclosed within a membrane. The plasma membrane lipids include glycerol dietethers and diglycerol tetraethers. There are no mitochondria or chloroplasts, but the cells do contain 70s ribosomes. This microbe most likely is

The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has undergone a mutation and is no longer able to make pili. Predict the most likely outcome.

False

A temperate phage always lyses its host cell.

3 different types of active transport?

ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Systems, Secondary Active Transport, Group Translocation

Contrast

Ability to be distinguished from the surroundings

Pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells

After performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, you shout: "Oops, I forgot the iodine step!" What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope?

What domains have flagella?

All (Bacteria - grow from tip, Archaea - grow from base, Eukarya - wave-like motion)

True

All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.

False (larger)

Although similar in function, the eukaryotic ribosome is generally smaller and more complex than the prokaryotic ribosome.

Lister

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

bonds between N-acetyl group sugars?

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds (can be destroyed by lysozyme)

What can break the crosslinked bonds between peptidoglycan layers?

B-lactam (penicillin) - inhibits transpeptidase (crosslinks the peptides)

S-layers can be found in which domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

pleomorphic

Bacterial cells that are variable in shape are called

Carboxysomes

CO2 fixing bacteria contain Rubisco for CO2 fixation (cyanobacteria)

False

Cell walls of most Archaea and Bacteria contain peptidoglycan.

Prokaryotes

Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

Production of breads, cheeses, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes used for many different industrial applications

Check all of the following that showcases how microbes can be used by people.

example organism for Algae

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - two flagella (good for studying)

True

Chloroplasts are the site for both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis.

False

Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.

rough, smooth

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with many ribosomes attached is called __________ ER, whereas endoplasmic reticulum that is mostly devoid of ribosomes is called __________ ER.

False

Endospores are reproductive structures.

dipicolinic acid

Endospores are resistant to most environmental stressors because they have _____ complexed with calcium ions which stabilize DNA.

lysosomes

Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in

What domains have cilia?

Eukarya ONLY

hami

External structures that are found in Archaea but not Bacteria are _________.

What type of microscope allows you to see MOLECULES?

Fluorescence

What type of Eukaryotic organism is penicillin made from?

Fungi (Penicillium notatum)

oncogenes

Genes whose expression (or abnormal expression) causes cancer are called

example organism for Protists

Giardia lambia - lacks mitochondria (has mitosome), causes disease, two nuclei, genetically "old"

Specialized cell-surface proteins and slimy polysaccharides

Gliding motility in bacteria involves which of the following?

False

Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.

False

Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria.

False

Gram-positive bacteria have flagella with four basal body rings, while those of Gram-negative bacteria have only two.

Organelles

Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called

False

Microbiologists study a variety of organisms, but all are considered either Bacteria or Archaea.

hydrophilic

Molecules or regions of molecules that readily interact with water are said to be __________, whereas molecules or regions of molecules that are insoluble in water or do not readily interact with water are said to be hydrophobic.

plasma

Most enveloped viruses use the host __________ membrane as their envelope source.

Koch and ________________? Organism grows very slowly, is hard to stain due to lipid content in cell wall

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

True

Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a cell wall and are pleomorphic in shape.

What is the most IMPORTANT macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids

What is the use of moderate heat to reduce number of microorganisms in foods (milk, wine, etc.)?

Pasteurization

Most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidoglycan.

Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking during peptidoglycan synthesis. Why does penicillin not inhibit growth of archaeal cells?

Two structures that can be used for attachment in Bacteria?

Pili and Fimbraie

domestic animals and humans.

Prions are of significance because they cause infections of

What is the most ABUNDANT macromolecule?

Proteins

both catalysts and structural elements.

Proteins function in modern cells as

example organism for Fungi

Saccharomyces cerevisiae - production of bread, beer, wine via fermentation

What type of microscope allows you to see SURFACE CELL STRUCTURES?

Scanning Electron

invasion of host cells

Select a harmful effect that can result from bacterial colonization of the human body.

True

Spirochetes move in a screw-like manner that is mediated by bundles of flagella located in the cell's periplasmic space.

True

Spore formation is initiated when there is a scarcity of nutrients.

True

Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.

A complex peptidoglycan network, Outer membrane, Lipopolysaccharide

The Archaea generally lack which of the following that are normally found in gram-negative bacteria?

packaging of materials for excretion.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the

by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force

The bacterial flagellum moves ______.

run

The bacterium E. coli swims in a straight line, called a __________, for a few seconds; then it stops, tumbles, then swims away in a new direction.

plasma membrane, peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space

The cell wall of Gram-negative bacterial cells is external to the _____________. This structure contains only a thin layer of _____________. In addition, there is an ___________________ external to the Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan layer. The two layer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is separated from the plasma membrane by the _________________.

Spontaneous generation

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

either DNA or RNA

The nucleic acids carried by viruses usually consist of

peptidoglycan

The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT phosphoglycerides peptidoglycan sphingolipids sterols

proton motive force (PMF)

The power used by most bacterial flagellar motors is produced by

crystal violet, iodine, ethanol, safranin.

The proper sequence of reagents in the Gram stain procedure is

RNA or DNA in a protein coat

The simplest viruses consist of

Cortex

The spore layer containing peptidoglycan is the ______.

vibrio

The term used to describe bacteria that are shaped like curved rods is

Eukarya

The three domain system, comprising the bacteria, the _________, and the archaea, was devised in the 1970s by Carl Woese.

What type of microscope allows you to see VIRUSES/PROTEINS/NUCLEIC ACIDS?

Transmission Electron

Type IV pili

Twitching motility involves

plants

Viroids are of economic significance because they cause disease in

Organisms that can't be grown in a lab are?

Viruses (HIV), Treponema pallidum

False

Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.

False

Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.

False

Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.

False

Viruses have typical cellular structure like other living organisms.

DNA molecules are more chemically stable than RNA molecules.

What is the most compelling reason why DNA, rather than RNA, evolved to be the storage repository for genetic information in cellular life forms?

Scanning electron

What microscope would be the best to use to view cell surface features of a specimen?

Transmission electron microscopy

What would be the best technique to prepare and view the internal structures of fungal hyphae?

Fungi

Which group of microbes contains organisms necessary for production of wine and bread?

Satellite Viruses

Which of the following encodes its own capsid proteins?

Algae (cellulose), Fungi (chitin)

Which of the following eukaryotes typically have cell walls?

Koch's postulates

Which of the following experiments is used to identify new pathogens?

Fluorescence microscope

Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies?

Pili

Which of the following structures are external to both Bacterial and Archaeal cells?

Capsule

Which of the following structures is NOT found in an endospore?

The filament extends out of the cell.

Which statement about flagellar structure is TRUE?

Virulent phage

Which type of phage always lyses its host cell?

Budding

Which virion release process is most often used by enveloped viruses?

Koch

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?

Pasteur

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

Group translocation

You discover a new transport system used by a newly discovered bacterial species. The sugars that are transported using this system are phosphorylated as they enter the bacterial cell. You would describe this transport system as a(n) _____.

Ribosomes

_______ are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Sporulation

__________ is the process through which endospores are formed within a vegetative cell.

Cannulae, hami

__________________ are hollow tube-like structures that hold some archaeal daughter cells together after cell division while____________ are grappling hook-like structures that appear to attach archaeal cells to surfaces.

Why are proteins bonded to DNA?

adding proteins compacts DNA to take up a very small amount of space in a cell (allows it to fit)

Cytoskeleton

assists in cell division (FtsZ and MreB)

condenser lens

between light source and specimen

Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

carbon/energy source

Glycogen

carbon/energy source, polymer of glucose

objective lens

closest to specimen, 10x 40x or 100x

ocular lens

closest to the eye, typically magnify 10x

What are some downsides to forming a biofilm?

competing for nutrients, infections (viral), accumulate of waste products

S-layer

crystalline array of interlocking proteins, act as armor against predation or infection

Vibrio

curved rod

Taxis

directed movement in response to chemical or physical signals

Alexander Fleming 1929

discovered antimicrobial effects of penicillin (FIRST ANTIBIOTIC) on Staphylococcus

Louis Pasteur

disproved theory of spontaneous generation using the swan necked flask

Archaea

ether linkages

Fimbraie

filamentous protein structures, allow attachment

repellants

flagella fly apart, "tumble", clockwise rotation

Edward Jenner 1778

found that milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox... vaccinated people with cowpox (including his son) and they became resistant to smallpox FIRST VACCINATION

Joseph Lister 1864

found that survival rates of patients increased if surgeons wash hands, sterilize instruments and use disinfectants (carbolic acid/phenol) during surgery - Listerine

Symport

function as co-transporters

Gas vacuoles

gas-filled structures made of protein, buoyancy in photosynthetic microbes, impermeable to water

Two ways to increase resolution?

immersion oil and increase contrast

Where is the only place a virus can reproduce?

inside the host cell

What is one beneficial biofilm in humans?

intestinal tract - breaks down food

ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Systems

involved in uptake of organic compounds, inorganic nutrients, and trace metals, contain periplasmic binding proteins, have high substrate specificity

Mycoplasmas

lack cell wall, very small, easier to be pathogenic because our bodies recognize Bacteria from outer cell wall

Peptidoglycan

main component in bacterial cell walls, provides strength, polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Koch's postulates provided scientific basis for determining that a specific ___________ causes a specific ___________.

microbe, disease

peritrichous

more than 2 flagella extending from multiple sides of Bacteria

lophotrichous

more than 2 flagella on one end of Bacteria

Spirochetes

move by axial fibrils

False

obert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.

Robert Hooke

observes small eukaryotic organisms with a microscope (1st to describe molds)

monotrichous

one flagella

Under what condition would you expect a capsule to form?

optimal

What type of microscope allows you to see INTERNAL STRUCTURES/ORGANELLES?

phase contrast (no staining)

Capsules

polysaccharides and proteins, allow adhesion, defense against host immunity (phagocytosis), desiccation, formation of biofilm

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

published first drawings of bacteria (cocci, spiralli, bacilli)

Mot Protein

pumps H+ ions across the membrane creating a gradient to rotate flagella (more = faster rotation)

attractants

push cell forward, "run", counterclockwise rotation

Sulfur globules

some Gram - can store sulfur globules in the periplasm

Paul Ehrlich 1900s

speculated about a "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without hurting the host... CHEMOTHERAPY

Pasteur disproved _____________ ____________.

spontaneous generation

Group Translocation

substance transported is chemically modified during transport across the membrane, 5 protein transport system that results in phosphorylation of glucose

Pasteurs experiment used the "________-_______" flask.

swan-necked

What is the main purpose of an endospore?

to protect DNA

Antiport

transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously transporting another molecule in the opposite direction

Uniport

transport in one direction across the membrane

amphitrichous

two flagella, one on each end of Bacteria

Secondary Active Transport

use ion gradients to co-transport substances uniport symport antiport

Percentage of deaths caused by TB?

~1/7


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