BIOL 228 - Chapter 22 Connect
Interferons
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ______ also referred to as IFN
An MHC class II molecules presented by an APC
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______
Protein channels
A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______
An exogenous antigen
A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as ______
Antibody
A y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) ______ monomer
Specific
Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity
Memory b-lymphocytes
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______
Perforins and granzymes
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______
B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
Fc
All IgM antibodies have what region in common?
Cytokines
Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lymphocyte, specific type of ______released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching
Tag pathogens for destruction by other cells
Antibodies _______
Plasma
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ______ cells
Titer
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ______
Basophils
Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?
Immune privilege
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______
Release of chemicals -> vasodilation -> recruitment of immune cells -> deliver of plasma proteins
Correctly order the events of inflammation
Mad cow disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called ______
Proteins
Cytokines are ______
109 degrees F
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______
Interferons and complement
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______
When the patient develops an opportunistic infection
HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?
HIV antibodies
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ in the blood
CD4 cells
Helper t-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______
Memory B cells have a set life span
Hepatitis vaccinations often require more than one injection because ______
Seizures, irreversible brain damage, death, and denaturation of proteins
High fevers can cause ______
Size and complexity
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity
Macrophages, b-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
Identify the antigen-presenting cells
Lysozyme, sebum, immunoglobulin A
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by skin and mucous membranes
Histamine
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation
IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is produced during an allergic reaction and has a half life in blood of 2 days
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Lysozyme
Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria
Protozoans, multicellular parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
Identify the five major categories of infectious agents
Induce fever
Identify the function of pyrogens
Eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites
Defervescence
Identify the last event of a fever
Spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils
Identify the lymphatic tissues
igG
Identify the most predominant antibody in the blood and lymph
Macrophages and neutrophils
Identify the phagocytes
Diapedesis
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection
Pain, redness, swelling
Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation
Sebaceous (oil) gland secretions
Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids
It can neutralize snake venom, it can cross the placenta, and predominant antibody in the blood
Identify the true statements regarding IgG
Active immunity includes development of memory cells and may result from direct exposure to antigen
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity
Monocyte
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell
Classical pathway
Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta
1-2 mm in size and single-celled
Identify two characteristics of bacteria
Agglutination
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as ______
Acute hypersensitivities
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in ______
72
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury
Nonspecific
Innate immunity is ______
Thymus
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and ______ gland
Recirculation
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ______
A secondary lymphatic structure
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______
Glycoproteins
MHC class I molecules are ______
RER
MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the ______
Innate
Macrophages and NK cells are part of our ______ immunity
Protozoans
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by ______
Cytotoxic T cell - destroy infected cells via apoptosis Plasma cells - produces antibodies Helper T cells - release interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
Match each cell type with its effector response.
Fungal
Mycoses are ______ diseases
Immune
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called ______ surveillance
Innate
Nonspecific immunity is another name for ______ immunity
Opsonin
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an ______
Formation of lymphocytes -> activation of lymphocytes -> effector response
Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte
Sensitization phase, activation phase, and effector phase
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction
Lysozyme
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?
B cell binds free antigen -> B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell -> activated helper T cell releases IL-4 -> B cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order ______
APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule -> helper T cell binds APC -> helper T cell secretes IL-2 -> helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of activation of a T help cell in order
TCR
Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a t-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule
A fever
Pyrexia is the presence of ______
Inflammation
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ______
Lag
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-5 days until you produce antibodies because of the ______ phase
Major histocompatibility complex
The ______ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant
Circulating blood
The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ______
Alternative; classical
The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The ______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein. The ______ pathway is usually activated by antibodies
Antigen challenge
The first exposure to an antigen is called the ______
Hapten
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______
Class switching
The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______
Variable
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ______ region
Of the presence of memory B cells
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______
Anamnestic
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response
Neutrophils
The three types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, and ______
True i.e. normal flora that prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
True or false. Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals
Active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificial acquired ______ immunity
Parasites
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular ______
5.5 days
What is the half life of IgA in blood?
Autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ______ disorders occur
Vaccine
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ______, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles
Liver
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
Bone marrow
Where are lymphocytes formed?
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?
Multicellular parasites, protozoans, fungi
Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
Neutrophils
Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?
CD40 surface protein, CD154 protein, and cytokines
Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Eicosanoids
Which structure makes leukotrienes, a chemical of inflammation?
Cilia
______ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
Antigens
b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______
100,000
b-lymphocytes and t-lympocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes
Cellular
t-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity
Self tolerance
t-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______
Red
t-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow
Naïve
t-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ______ t-lymphocytes