Biol 2320 CH14
Which of the following virulence factors directly contributes to severe inflammation?
Coagulase
An axenic environment is one that __________.
Contains only one species
This map shows _______________ if it is showing new cases.
Incidence
What do we call the person determined to be the first case of a disease in an outbreak?
Index case
The term __________ refers to a successful invasion by microbes in the body.
Infection
In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur?
January of year three
A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed an __________.
Latent disease
Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections?
Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.
Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
Single-use
In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?
The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.
The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is __________.
The respiratory tract
The health of the patient
should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.
A bag of salad mix contaminated with E. coli would be a(n) _________________.
nonliving reservoir
Expected prevalence of a disease is
the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.
How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?
They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.
What is the role of epidemiology?
To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.
What structure present on Neisseria gonorrhoeae would allow this bacterium to attach to body cells?
Fimbriae
In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?
Five
Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?
Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.
Which of the following would be considered a communicable disease?
Herpes
Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?
Highly virulent organisms
Nosocomial infections can be contracted in which of the following settings?
Hospital
What additional information would you request from those who survived the disease?
How tall are they and were the misters on when they shopped the produce aisle?
What is the reservoir for this disease organism, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi?
Humans
A person's symptoms are most severe during the ______________ stage of disease.
Illness
Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
Tuberculosis bacterium
Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease?
West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.
A patient with West Nile viral encephalitis asks his nurse practitioner how he could have contracted the disease. The NP explains that the causative virus is carried by infected mosquitoes from birds to people. This is an example of disease transmission through
a biological vector.
An example of a mechanical vector is:
a housefly at a picnic.
A reservoir is
a source of microbial contamination.
A pathogen is best described as
any microorganism that causes disease.
Which of the following is a sign of infection?
Fever
During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus?
- An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus - An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission.
The capsule aids what step of infection?
Adhesion
The diagram shows the effects of ____________.
Hyaluronidase
What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern?
- West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. - West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. - West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.
The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is ________.
Adhesion
The nature of bacterial capsules ____________.
Affects the virulence of these bacteria.
Based on the data supplied, what was the approximate mortality rate for this outbreak?
14%
Which lettered stage of disease o the graph represents the incubation period?
A
Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease?
A disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols
An outbreak of food poisoning has occurred at a local restaurant. What factor(s) would public health agencies want to focus on?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The figure represents a Petri dish with a fungus (F), shown in darker gray, growing in the midst of bacterial lawn (B), shown in light gray. Both microbes were from the same patient sample. The relationship between the fungus and the bacteria would best be described as
Amensal
What type of epidemiological study is exemplified in this case?
Analytical
Which of the following types of epidemiologist is most likely a detective?
Analytical epidemiologist
When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically _____________.
Become avirulent
Which of the following is mismatched?
Direct contact: toys, cups, and toothbrushes
Coughing is considered _______________ transmission.
Droplet
How could this epidemic be stopped without firing the worker?
Educate the worker about personal hygiene; use an outhouse or designated bathroom. Instruct him to thoroughly wash his hands with clean soap and water after using the facilities.
The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals?
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.
If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be
Endemic
This map shows the _________ pattern of disease occurrence.
Endemic
A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly relate to the medication. Such infections are termed ______________.
Endogenous infection
How would you classify this abrupt jump in cases of Legionellosis in Louisiana?
Epidemic
All infections result in disease.
False
How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system
It can change the surface antigens frequently, preventing the immune system from tracking it.
Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease?
It is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent al the same time.
An infected papercut would be described as a _____________________.
Local infection
Which area of the human body should be axenic?
Lung alveoli
Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector?
Mosquito
Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminates?
Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm
In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?
Mutualism
What form of symbiosis does this picture exhibit?
Mutualism
Is Legionellosis contagious?
No. Legionellosis is not contagious.
How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?
The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign.
If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine?
The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.
How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?
They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host.
The normal microbiota consist of __________.
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans
If a flea bit you and passed a pathogen, it would be a ________________.
biological vector
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever?
fever and rose-spotted rash
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?
microbes crossing the placenta to the fetus
Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe?
the illness period
If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions,
they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.
How was this carrier identified?
urine culture
A patient is sickened after being infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) from consuming contaminated lettuce; this is a type of _______________ disease transmisson.
vehicle
Jerica takes her young son to the pediatrician for regular childhood immunizations. While there, they wait in a room full of sneezing, sniffling, coughing youngsters. Despite making sure that her son stays at least six feet (two meters) from the other children and doesn't touch any play toys in the waiting room, microbes could still spread to her son by
vehicle transmission.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of
where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.
