BIOL 235 (Rev 12): Ch. 20: The CVS: The Heart -- A&P (Unit #4)

Fill-in-the-Blanks: The ________ (right/left/anterior) Surface faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. The ______ (right/left/anterior) Surface faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex. (Chapter 20.1)

RIGHT Surface is a distinct surface of the heart which faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. The LEFT Surface is a distinct surface of the heart, which faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex.

T/F: The heart beats approximately 100,000x per day = 35 million beats a year = 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. (Chapter 20 - Intro)

TRUE The heart beats approximately 100,000 times each day. This adds up to be approximately 35 million beats per year = 2.5 billion times in an average lifespan.

Describe the mediastinum. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

The anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column (from the first rib to the diaphragm) and separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments: left and right lungs.

Define the pericardium. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart -- Pericardium)

The outermost layer of the heart. The membrane helps protect the heart by limiting the heart's position to be in the mediastinum, while still allowing enough freedom of movement for vigorous and rapid contractions to occur at the heart.

What is the pericardial cavity? (Chapter 20.1)

The space that stores a few mLs of pericardial fluid.

T/F: The heart is an organ that is considered to be relatively small. Although does not compare in terms of shape, the size of a heart can be compared a closed fist. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

True. A heart is relatively small and while one should not think that its shape resembles to this, the size of an average adult heart can be compared to a closed fist.

T/F: The average mass of an adult male's heart is usually heavier than the average mass of the heart of a female adult. Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart

True. Between the two biological sexes, the average mass of a heart is often heavier in male adults with an average mass of 300 g (10 oz), whereas female adults have an average mass of 250 g (8 oz).

T/F: The endocardium is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart Chapter 20.1 -- layers of the heart wall

True... endocardium is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart.

In the diagram, which labeled structure is the pulmonary semilunar valve? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) not featured on this figure as a label (Chapter 19.1: Anatomy of the Heart... Figure 20.4: Structure of the Heart: Internal Anatomy)

a) A On Figure 20.4 (blank), label A is the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve = Opening of the superior vena cava

[REVIEW/REMINDER from Chapter 19] Which of the following describes a hematocrit? a) The percentage of blood made up of red blood cells. Usually measured by centrifuging a blood sample in a graduated tube and then reading the volume of red blood cells and dividing it by the total volume of blood in the sample. b) A substance in red blood cells consisting of the protein globin and the iron-containing red pigment heme that transports most of the oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood. c) Bloodcell production, which occurs in red bone marrow after birth. Also called hematopoiesis d) The flow of blood from the digestive canal organs to the liver before returning to the heart. e) none of the above (Chapter 19)

a) The percentage of blood made up of red blood cells. Usually measured by centrifuging a blood sample in a graduated tube and then reading the volume of red blood cells and dividing it by the total volume of blood in the sample.

Which of the two tissues found beneath the mesothelium of the epicardium predominates and becomes the thickest kind, which allows for it to store major coronary and cardiac vessels of the heart? a) adipose tissue b) muscle tissue c) fibroelastic tissue d) connective tissue e) both A & C f) none of the above Chapter 20.1 -- Layers of the heart wall

a) adipose tissue ...predominates and becomes thickest over the ventricular surfaces, where it houses the major coronary and cardiac vessels of the heart

In addition to the apex and base, the heart has several distinct surfaces. Which of the following describes the anterior surface? a) deep to the sternum and ribs b) faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. c) part of the heart between the apex and the right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm d) faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex (Chapter 20.1)

a) deep to the sternum and ribs

Which of the following layers of the heart wall is the innermost layer that overlays a thin layer of connective tissue and provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart. This smooth lining minimizes the surface friction as blood passes through the heart. a) endocardium b) epicardium c) myocardium (Ch. 20.1 --- layers of the heart wall)

a) endocardium

The _________ provides a smooth lining to help minimize the surface friction that can occur as blood passes through the heart. The ____ contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium. a) endocardium b) epicardium (Ch. 20.1 -- layers of the heart)

a) endocardium provides smooth lining... b) epicardium contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium.

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also considered to be the a) epicardium b) endocardium c) pericardial fluid d) myocardium fibrous pericardium e) None of the answer selections is correct (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart -- Layers of the Heart Wall)

a) epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart? a) myocardium b) pericardium c) epicardium d) hypocardium e) endocardium (Chapter 20.1)

a) myocardium ... is the layer of the heart wall that consists of cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.

The base of the heart is ________ the apex and is its posterior aspect. a) opposite b) behind c) adjacent to d) dorsal e) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

a) opposite

Which part of the serous pericardium fuzes to the fibrous pericardium? a) parietal layer of the serous pericardium b) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (A.K.A., epicardium) c) pericardial fluid d) pericardial cavity e) none of the above Chapter 20.1

a) parietal layer of the serous pericardium... fuzes to the fibrous pericardium

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the a) pericardium. b) pleura. c) myocardium. d) mediastinum. e) endocardium. (Chapter 20.1)

a) pericardium

The ______ side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide. a) right (side of the heart) b) left (side of the heart) c) none of the above - both sides of the heart is responsible for pumping blood through the lungs enabling blood to pick up O2 and unload CO2 (Chapter 19 - Intro)

a) right (side of the heart) The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, which promotes blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide.

How does the heart contribute to homeostasis? a) pumps blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and removes waste b) it is considered to be one of the components necessary to establish the cardiovascular system (CVS) c) pumps blood which contains cells and cell fragments that are surrounded by (blood) plasma d) transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide from the lungs and pumps it to body cells throughout the body. (Chapter 20 - Introduction)

a) the heart pumps blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body to delivery oxygen and nutrients and removes waste.

What forms the apex of the heart? a) the tip of the left ventricle (a lower chamber of the heart) b) the thoracic cavity c) by the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the left atrium d) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

a) the tip of the left ventricle (a lower chamber of the heart) forms the apex of the heart

Which of the serous pericardium layers of the heart is considered to be the inner portion? a) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (A.K.A., epicardium) b) parietal layer of the serous pericardium (Chapter 20.1)

a) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (AKA: Epicardium)... is the inner layer.

The epicardium is one of the three layers of the heart wall and has multiple tissue layers. Identify which of the following is not a tissue layer for the epicardium. a) visceral layer of the serous pericardium b) fibroelastic tissue c) adipose tissue d) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart -- Layers of the Heart Wall)

a) visceral layer of the serous pericardium... this is another name for the epicardium and describes its depth for the serous pericardium. The epicardium is composed of a thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall known as the mesothelium. Underneath the mesothelium are a forms of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue.

Which of the following parts of the heart prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium, has multiple names, and this valve is composed of dense connective tissue covered by endocardium? a) bicuspid (mitral) valve (or left atrioventricular valve) b) tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) c) aortic valve (or aortic semilunar valve) d) none of the above (Chapter 19.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

b) tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) - One of its name is because it consists of 3 cusps or leaflets - These cusps or leaflets are made of dense connective tissue covered by endocardium. - It helps prevent blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium.

Which part of the serous pericardium is one of the layers of the heart wall and sticks tightly to the surface of the heart? a) parietal layer of the serous pericardium b) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (A.K.A., epicardium) c) pericardial fluid d) pericardial cavity e) none of the above Chapter 20.1

b) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (A.K.A. epicardium) is one of the layers of the heart wall which sticks tightly to the surface of the wall.

It is believed that the left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated ___________ km of blood vessels. a) 1,000,000 km b) 45,000 km c) 100,000 km d) 10,000 km e) 250,000 km f) none of the above (Chapter 20 - Intro)

c) 100,000 km (60,000 miles) The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 km (60,000 miles) worth of blood vessels, which is equivalent to traveling around the earth's equator about 3x.

Which of the three layers of the heart wall provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart? a) epicardium b) myocardium c) endocardium d) fibrous pericardium (Chapter 20.1)

c) endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall that provides a smooth lining for the heart chambers and covers the valve of the heart. This smooth endothelial lining minimizes surface friction as blood passes through the heart.

The epicardium is composed of mesothelium. What kinds of tissues are situated under the mesothelium? a) muscle and connective tissue b) connective tissue and fibroelastic tissue c) fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue d) adipose tissue and connective tissue e) none of the above (Chapter 20.1 --- Layers of the heart wall)

c) fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue

What are the two main parts of the pericardium of the heart? a) parietal cavity and pericardial fluid b) epicardium and serous pericardium c) fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium d) serous pericardium and the myocardium e) anterior interventricular sulcus and atria (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart: Pericardium)

c) fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Which directional plane is this figure of the heart is it? a) anterior b) lateral c) frontal d) midsagital e) none of the above (Chapter 20.1, Figure 20.4)

c) frontal plane (Figure 20.4)

Which of the following layers of the heart wall is the middle layer and is responsible for pumping action of the heart and consists of cardiac muscle tissue? a) endocardium b) epicardium c) myocardium (Ch. 20.1)

c) myocardium

In addition to the apex and base, the heart has several distinct surfaces. Which of the following describes the inferior surface? a) deep to the sternum and ribs b) faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. c) part of the heart between the apex and the right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm d) faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex (Chapter 20.1)

c) part of the heart between the apex and the right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm.

What forms the base of the heart? a) the tip of the left ventricle (a lower chamber of the heart) b) the thoracic cavity c) the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the left atrium d) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

c) the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the left atrium is what forms the base of the heart.

Which statement is not true about the external features of the heart? a) the anterior interventricular sulcus separates the anterior border of the ventricles b) the ventricles are located inferior to the atria c) the auricles allow increased blood capacity in the ventricles d) none of the above

c) the auricles allow increased blood capacity in the ventricles is FALSE statement... **auricles can either refer to structure from the ear OR be another term for atrium FYI In this case, auricles (for the heart) is meant to refer to a projection shaped like an auricle located on the two upper chambers of the heart.

Which organ or tissue is the pump that circulates blood throughout the body? a) blood vessels b) veins and arteries c) the heart d) lungs e) capillaries, veins, arteries and blood vessels f) none of the above (Chapter 20 - Intro)

c) the heart The heart is considered to be the pump that circulates blood through the body

Where does the heart rest? a) the mediastinum b) rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity c) inside the chest cavity d) Both A & B e) Both B & C f) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

d) Both A & B The heart lies on the mediastinum - which is an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs. The heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity.

Why is it that male adults will usually have a greater average mass for their heart in comparison to the mass of a female adult? a) males generally will have a larger sized heart in comparison to females b) differences in layers of the heart wall among each biological sex that influences size and mass of the heart c) adult males typically have more space needed to fill the thoracic region d) difference in blood volume among each biological sex due to differences in body sizes. e) none of the following (BOTH Chapter 19.1 and Chapter 20.1)

d) difference in blood volume among each biological sex due to differences in body sizes. An average adult male usually has a greater blood volume of 5-6 L, whereas adult females average blood volume is between 4-5 L. Due to the larger blood volume circulating in adult men, this results in the male heart to be slightly larger because it ejects more blood with each pump in comparison to women. Women's heart rates are usually faster than men.

What are the three layers of the heart wall? a) endocardium, myocardium, and pericardial fluid b) fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium c) apex, base, and the anterior surface d) epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium e) none of the above (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart -- Layers of the Heart Wall)

d) epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

In addition to the apex and base, the heart has several distinct surfaces. Which of the following describes the left surface? a) deep to the sternum and ribs b) faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. c) part of the heart between the apex and the right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm d) faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex (Chapter 20.1)

d) faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex.

Which part of the pericardium is the superficial made of tough, dense irregular connective tissue and resembles a bag that rests on and attaches to the diaphragm? a) myocardium b) serous pericardium c) epicardium (or the visceral layer of the serous pericardium) d) fibrous pericardium Chapter 20.1

d) fibrous pericardium

Which of the following organs is considered to be an organ of the cardiovascular system that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and is situated in the thoracic cavity superior to the diaphragm. a) lungs b) kidneys c) stomach d) heart e) liver (Chapter 19.1)

d) heart - organ of the CVS that pumps blood throughout the body and is situated in the thoracic cavity that is superior to the diaphragm

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm? a) Epicardium b) Abdominal cavity c) Pericardium d) Mediastinum e) Thoracic cavity (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

d) mediastinum

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart? a) Synovial fluid b) Endocardium c) Pleural fluid d) Pericardial fluid e) Capillary endothelium (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart -- Pericardium)

d) pericardial fluid is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart.

Which of the following identifies as a thin film of lubricating serous fluid whose slippery secretion of the pericardial cells helps reduce friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves? a) pericardial layer b) pericardial cavity c) fibrous pericardium d) pericardial fluid (Chapter 20.1)

d) pericardial fluid... thin film of lubricating serous fluid that helps reduce friction between layers of serous pericardium as the heart moves.

Cardiac tamponade may develop following a case of a) myocarditis b) endocarditis c) palpitation d) pericarditis e) tachycardia (Chapter 20.1)

d) pericarditis

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and occupies approximately ________ of the heart wall. a) 15% b) 25% c) 65% d) 88% e) 95% (Chapter 20.1)

e) 95% of the heart wall is occupied by the myocardium - the middle layer.

Which labeled blood vessel in the diagram is an artery carrying deoxygenated blood? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F g) G (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart & Figure 20.3: Structure of the Heart: Surface Features)

e) E Pulmonary trunk

[REMINDER] What are the three components that makes the cardiovascular system (CVS)? (Chapter 19 and Chapter 20)

#1: Heart #2: Blood #3: Blood vessels

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium (of the heart)? (Chapter 20.1)

#1: Parietal layer of the serous pericardium #2: Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (AKA: epicardium)

Fill-in-the-Blanks: The ________ (right/left/anterior/inferior) Surface is one of the distinct surfaces of the heart that is situated deep to the sternum and ribs. The ______ (right/left/anterior/inferior) Surface is one of the distinct surfaces of the heart or part of the heart between the apex and right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm. (Chapter 20.1)

ANTERIOR Surface is one of the distinct surfaces of the heart that is situated deep to the sternum and ribs. INFERIOR Surface is one of the distinct surfaces of the heart or part of the heart between the apex and right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm.

Fill-in-the-Blanks: Blood vessels that carry _________ blood looks bright red and are coloured in _____ (throughout our textbook via Tortora & Derrickson, 2017). The blood vessels that carry _________ blood will appear to look dark red and will be coloured in ________ (throughout our textbook via Tortora & Derrickson, 2017). Chapter 20.1; Figure 20.3 ****Good to keep in mind when examining figures throughout the course ****

Blood vessels that looks bright red are the kinds that are carrying oxygenated blood. In our textbook, they will appear/coloured in red. Blood vessels that carry dark red blood are ones that carry deoxygenated blood. In our textbook, deoxygenated blood will be coloured in blue.

T/F: The midline of the thoracic cavity can be thought to be an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

FALSE. The midline of the thoracic cavity is thought as an imaginary vertical line but it divides the body into unequal left and right sides.

T/F: The endocardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall and the epicardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall. (Chapter 20.1)

False. - The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall - The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall.

T/F: The amount of fat varies from person to person, corresponds to the general extent of body fat in an individual, and typically decreases with age. (Chapter 20.1 -- Layers of the Heart Wall)

False... While it is true that fat can vary from person to person based on the general aspect of body fat stored in each individual, amounts of fat in people usually increases with age.

Define APEX of the heart. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

Inferior, pointed tip of the left ventricle (i.e., a lower chamber of the heart) and rests on the diaphragm. It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left. (general definition -- The pointed end of a conical structure) Reaches the fifth intercostal space

In the diagram, which labeled structure prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) not labeled on this figure. (Chapter 19.1: Anatomy of the Heart... Figure 20.4: Structure of the Heart: Internal Anatomy)

b) B Tricuspid valve = Right atrioventricular valve. The tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve is located on the right side and composed of dense connective tissues covered by the endocardium. This valve is what prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium

Fill-in-the-Blank: The ___________ are organized in bundles the swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping action of the heart. a) myocardium b) cardiac muscle fibres c) connective tissue sheaths d) striated skeletal muscle tissue (Chapter 20.1 -- Layers of the heart wall)

b) cardiac muscle fibres

Trauma to the pericardium associated with bleeding into the pericardial cavity, might cause a) rapid heart rate b) cardiac tamponade c) endocarditis d) myocarditis e) none of these (Chapter 20.1)

b) cardiac tamponade

In addition to the apex and base, the heart has several distinct surfaces. Which of the following describes the right surface? a) deep to the sternum and ribs b) faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base. c) part of the heart between the apex and the right surface and rests mostly on the diaphragm d) faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex (Chapter 20.1)

b) faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base

Approximately ⅔ (i.e., two-thirds) of the mass of the heart is rests to which side of the body's midline. a) right side of the body's midline b) left side of the body's midline c) neither options are correct as the mass of the heart rests equally between each side of the body's midline. Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart... Figure 20.1b Anterior view of the heart in the thoracic cavity

b) left side of the body's midline Approximately ⅔ of the mass of a heart lies to the left of the body's midline as demonstrated on Figure 20.1b.

What kind of cells are wrapped and bundled with connective tissue sheaths composed of endomysium and perimysium? For example of this kind of cells include: striated skeletal muscle tissue a) cardiac muscle fibres b) muscle fibres (cells) c) fibrous pericardium d) Type 2 fast touch/twitch fibres (Chapter 20.1 --- Layers of the heart wall)

b) muscle fibres (cells)

Which layer is the outer part of the serous pericardium of the heart? a) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (A.K.A. epicardium) b) parietal layer of the serous pericardium (Chapter 20.1)

b) parietal layer of the serous pericardium... is the outer part of the serous pericardium of the heart.

Which part of the pericardium is the deeper, thinner, and more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart? a) myocardium b) serous pericardium c) epicardium (or the visceral layer of the serous pericardium) d) fibrous pericardium Chapter 20.1

b) serous pericardium

The apex of the heart is normally pointed a) at the midline. b) to the left of the midline. c) to the right of the midline. d) is different for males and females e) posteriorly. (Chapter 20.1: Anatomy of the Heart)

b) to the left of the midline