Biol K-103 Exam 2

Human skull characteristics

- foreman magnum is centered in skull base, positions head for erect walking - Supraorbital ridge is flatter - Jaw is rounded/ U-shaped

Class Petromyzontida

- jawless - craniate -parasitic - oldest living vertebrate - cartilage skeleton - lamprey

Class Myxini characteristics

- jawless - partial cranium - lack vertebrate - craniate - isotonic - notochord is its only axial support - hagfish

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

- keratinocytes in stratum spinosum

left hemisphere of brain

- language - decision making - fact recovery

Theria

- live young - include Metatheria and Eutheria

Wernicke's area

- located in temporal lobe - important center for language comprehension

Broca's area

- located near motor area of left frontal lobe - controls ability to speak

Papillary Layer

- loose connective tissue - upper layer - thinner

Protheria

- monotremes - lack nipples - lay eggs - ex. duck billed platypus, echidnas

Basal Cell Carcinoma

- most common - keratinocytes in stratum basale

Malignant melanoma

- most lethal - rare

Autonomic

- parasympathetic and sympathetic - regulate internal environment such as heart muscle contraction

Metatheria

- pouch - marsupials - ex. Kangaroos, opposums

Paleognaths

- ratites - flightless - ridge-less sternum - ex. ostrich, emu

continuous conduction

- slow bc un-myelinated (gray matter) - action potential at entire length

Class Amphibia Characteristics

- some undergo paedamorphosis: larval traits retained - some undergo metamorphosis: change from aquatic to terrestrial larval to adult traits

simple squamous epithelium

- thin flat cell shaped like flag stones - lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs - Functions for rapid to diffusion

Eutheria

- well-developed placenta - more developed at birth than metatheria - Ex. humans

Ovoviviparous

- young enclosed in egg and incubated within mothers body - feed from yolk - ex. great white shark

Voltage of threshold potential

-55 mV

Depolarization voltage

-55 mV to +40 mV (less negative) - excitatory - what's a neuron closer to transmitting a neural impulse

voltage of resting potential

-70mV

Hyperpolarization voltage

-80 mV (more negative than resting potential) - inhibitory - decreases the neurons ability to generate a neural impulse

Fibrous Joint

-Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue -Only slightly movable or immovable

Resting Potential depends mainly on the diffusion of ___ out of the cell

K+

Resting potential depends mainly on the diffusion of ______ out of the cell

K+

Corpus Callosum

Large bundle of nerve fibers in a connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Choroid Plexus

Special network of capillaries that produce CSF

Osteons

Spindle-shaped unit of bone composed of concentric layers of osteocytes surrounding a central Haversian Canal

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata

1st degree burn

Superficial, epidermis only, redness and minor pain

osteoclasts and osteoblasts are _____, together they shape bone

Synergistic

Types of cartilage

elastic, fibrous, hyaline

Epiphysis

end of long bone A

Dense connective tissue

found in dermis of skin, very strong but less flexible

4th degree burn

full-thickness burn extending to muscle or bone

Exocrine glands

goblet cells and sweat glands secrete their products onto a free epithelial surface through a duct

epiphysial plate

growth plate

epyphyseal line

grwoth stops; mature

Class Mammalia characteristics

hair mammary glands 3 bones in inner ear (malleus, incus, stapes) teeth differentiation

Mucous membrane

type of epithelial membranes which lines a body cavity that opens to the outside of the body. mucous is secreted to protect from drying. Ex. digestive and respiratory

simple epithelium

usually located where substances are secreted, excreted, or absorbed, or where materials diffused between compartments

CSF is found in ______

ventricles and subarachnoid space

irregular bone

vertebrae

Motor area of frontal lobe

controls voluntary movements

Stratums of Epidermis Superficial--> Deep

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Types of dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium found on

dry surface such as skin

Panician corpuscle

sense deep pressure and vibration

Class Chondrichthyes Characteristics

sharks, skates, rays - oil in liver helps keep afloat - lateral line organs helps detect vibrations in water - Cloaca (orifice for the opening of digestive, urinary, reproductive, and genital tract) "sewer" - Placoid sales "tooth like"

nonaxial synovial joint

slipping movements only

Depolarization depiction

sodium goes into cell; peak reached at 40 mV

Ependymal Cell

- CNS - ciliated cells, produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

- Column like cells with cilia lines the upper respiratory tract to move particles of dust and other materials away from the lungs - Function propulsion and secretion

Motor

- Efferent - CNS to effectors - transmit decisions of CNS to appropriate muscles and glands

Sympathetic

- Fight or flight - Stimulate adrenal gland to release epinephrine - decrease non-vital functions to use energy elsewhere

Human Skeleton Characteristics

- First toe is non-opposable and aligned with others - Pelvis is shorter and broader allowing for better muscle attachment used for upright walking - Vertebral Column is complex in curvature for better balance and weight distribution for bipedal locomotion

Gorilla Skeleton Characteristics

- First toe is not aligned with others - Pelvis is tall and narrow - Vertebral column is simply and curved

Gorilla skull characteristics

- Foramen magnum at rear of skull - Supraorbital ridge prominent in apes - Jaw is rectangular with larger front teeth and canines

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

- Function absorption and secretion - Location male epididymis and urethra

stratified cuboidal epithelium

- Function for secretion -Location and ducts of larger gland such a salivary sweat and mammary

Subphylum Urochordata characteristics

- Invertebrates - "Tunicates" - marine animals - pharynx with slits - long muscular tail contains notochord only at larval stage and dorsal tubular nerve cord

Class Osteichthyes

- Jawed - bony fish - Oviparous (lay eggs)

Aerolar connective tissue

- Made of elastic and collagen fibers makes it tough and flexible -Location around organs, nerves, and blood vessels subcutaneous layer attaching skin

Elastic cartilage

- Made of more elastic than collagen fibers - Function: support and flexibility -Location: epiglottis, Pinna (e4ar)

Hyaline cartilage

- Mainly made of collagen - Function: support and stiffness, reduces friction, resist compression - Location: ribcage end of long bones, knee joints

stratified squamous epithelium

- Multiple layers of thin flat cells - Serve for protection only - Continuously sloughed off - Makes up outer layer of skin, mouth lining, vaginal lining

Biaxial Synovial (2 axes)

- Oval surface of one bone fits into complementary depression on another - condylar and saddle joints - ex. Finger

Satellite

- PNS - Provide support and nutrients

Elastic dense connective tissue

- Parallel elastic fibers that allow structures to return to original size and shape after expansion. -Found in lungs and wall of arteries

Subphylum Cephalochordata

- Prominent pharyngeal slits - notochord that extends from anterior tip to posterior tip - Dorsal/ tubular nerve chord also extends the full length - invertebrates - "lancelets" - marine animals - filter feeders - translucent fish shaped animals

Cartillaginous Joints

- Slightly moveable - more than Fibrous but less than synovial - example pubic symphisis or epipheseal plate

New World Monkeys

- South America and Central America - Arboreal long slender limbs that allow for movement between trees - Some have prehensile tails - Shorter to no thumbs - Flattened noses with nostrils opening to side

Synapse

- The junction between a synaptic terminal and another neuron - Where Neurons communicate

Spongy Bone

- Trabecular bone - consists of a network of thin strands of bone - provides mechanical strength - filled with red and white marrow

Sensory

- afferent - impulses to the CNS - continuously inform CNS of changing conditions

CNS

- brain - spinal cord (dorsal tubular nerve ccord)

Neognaths

- can fly - keeled sternum - 4 toes (passerine)

Order Urodela

- class amphibia - visible tail "caudata" - ex. salamanders which undergo paedamorphosis

Order Apoda

- class amphibia - no feet "gymnophiona" - ex. worm like caecilians

Order Anura

- class amphibia - no tail - ex. frogs, toads

Dense Bone

- compact - very dense and hard - lies near surface of bone - consists of osteons, osteocytes in lacunae around Haversian canals

temporal lobe

- contains hearing center - short term memory - speech - musical rhythm

Subphylum Vertebrata characteristics

- cranium - vertebral column - neural crest cells

Reticular Layer

- dense connective tissue - deeper, thicker, less cellular - composed of bundles of collagen fiber

Class Reptilia Characteristics

- ectotherms- regulate body temp by surrounding environment - separate oxygen rich and poor blood - shelled egg

Oviparity

- egg laying - ex. zebra shark

Viviparous

- embryo developed within uterus - nutrients and oxygen delivered to embryo by blood vessels and uterus

right hemisphere of brain

- emotional processing - visual spatial tasks (facial recognition)

Flat Bone

sternum

Short bone

trapezoid, wrist bone, tallus

Example of Subphylum Urochordata

tunicates or sea squirts

EPSP

An event that results in the depolarization and formation of an action potential

IPSP

An event that results in the hyper polarization of a neuron in the prevention of an action potential

Brachiation

Arm swing with weight supported by one arm at a time ex. gibbons

Phylum Echinodermata example organisms

Asteroida (sea star) Echinoidda (sea urchins, sand dollars) Crinoidea (leather stars, sea lillies) Ophiuroidea (basket stars, brittle stars) - largest clade of echinoderms Holothoroidea- sea cucumbers

absolute refractory period

Axon membrane cannot transmit another action potential no matter how great a stimulus is applied because the voltage activated and Na+ channels are inactivated

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Triaxial Synovial (3 axes)

Ball shaped projection of one bone fits into complementary depression of another - ex. arm - Ball and socket

Antagonist

Binding blocks normal effector molecules

Upright Walking

Bipedal, 2 footed posture ex. Humans

occipital lobe

Contains visual centers that interpret visual stimuli from the retina of the eye

Reflex action

Coordinated involuntary motor response to a stimulus

Intermembrane bone formation

Develop within connective tissue

Synovial Joint

Encapsulated Fluid filled Reinforced with ligaments Freely movable

Synarthrosis Fibrous Joint

Fixed; immoveable ex. suture

mechanically gated channels

Found in dendrites are activated by pressure and vibrations

3rd degree burn

Full thickness, epidermis dermis and subcutaneous tissue, fluid loss, infection, not painful at first because receptors are destroyed

Epithalamus

Functions to connect to limbic system to other parts of the brain Ex. pineal gland and production of melatonin

Node of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potential can be generated

Myelin Sheath

Insulating layers, allows for quicker transmission

Osteoblasts

Proteins collagen, which form strong fibers of bone

Old World Monkeys

- Africa, Asia, Europe - Most are arboreal but some spend a lot of time on the ground - Some are quadrupedal - walk on all fours - Short tails - Fully opposable thumb - Nostrils closer together and Director downward

Endochondral Bone Formation

- Bones with synovial joints - accounts for most of our skeleton - long bones develop from cartilage templates

Astrocyte

- CNS - Located near blood vessels, specialized macrophages, remove bacteria/cell debris -provide physical support and nutrients for neurons

Uniaxial Synovial (1 axis)

"Hinge" Cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another ex. elbow

Soma

"cell body" contains bulk og cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles

Stratum Basale

- "germinativum" - deepest layer - produce keratin

Passive channel

- A channel in the plasma membrane that permits the passage of specific ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ - Not controlled by gates

saltatory conduction

- Action potential leaps from one node to the other - Fast bc myelinated (white matter) - Action potential at notes - Needs less energy

3 derived characteristics of Echinoderms

- Adult pentaradial symmetry - Water vascular system for feeding, gas exchange, and hydrostatic support - Calcium carbonate endoskeleton covered in ciliated epidermis with spines

Oligodendrocyte

- CNS - Form myelin sheath around neurons in CNS - important in learning and memory

Regular dense connective tissue

-Collagen fibers are densely packed -Found in ligaments and tendons. -Function to support and transmit force

Elastic Fibers

-Composed of elastin that forms branched networks -Can be stretched and returns to original size

Irregular dense connective tissue

-Dense woven network of collagen and elastic fibers -Found in joint capsules and dermis of skin -Impact resistant

Pseudostrastified columnar epithelium

-Found in some of the respiratory passageways -Serves for protection, secretion, moves layer of mucus -Appears layered but is not -Not every cell expense to the top -Cell arrangement makes it look like more than one layer

serous membrane

-Lines a body cavity that does not open to outside the body - Secretes fluid into the cavity of lines Ex. lining of pleural cavities around the lungs and lining of pericardial cavity around the heart

simple cuboidal epithelium

-Lines kidney tubules -Functions for secretion and rapid absorption -Cube shaped short cylinders -Hexagonal in cross-section

Adipose connective tissue

-Made of adipocytes that store fat for energy metabolism, insulating, and cushioning. -Has reticular fibers not seen

Fibrous Cartilage

-Mostly collagen fibers makes it very strong -Location: intervertebral discs

Schwann cells

-PNS - provide support and produce myelin sheath around peripheral neurons

Reticular fibers

-Thin branched fibers made of collagen and some glycoprotein. -Supporting meshwork for joining other tissues are holding organs together

Reticular connective tissue

-Thin collagen -Helps support internal framework for many organs ex. spleen

2 types of stratified squamous epithelium

1. Keratinized 2. Non-keratinized

4 derived characteristics from chordates

1. Notochord 2. Dorsal/Tubular nerve cord 3. Postanal tail 4. Endostyle/ Thyroid gland

Layers of the dermis

1. papillary layer 2. reticular layer

___ Na+ go ___ of neuron , ___ K+ go ___ Requires ____

3; out 2; in ATP

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from each side of the brain Helps regulate respiratiom

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

sodium-potassium pump

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports Na+ sodium out of the cell and K+ potassium into the cell.

Reflex steps (condensed)

Afferent neuron --> interneuron--> efferent neuron (goes to brain AFTER reflex)

Dendrites

Branched processes that receives stimuli and send signals to cell body

Microglia

CNS phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

Haversian cannal

Channels extending through the matrix of bone; contain blood vessels and nerves

What ape is closest relative to humans?

Chimpanzees

Order Crocodilia

Class amphibia ex. crocodiles, alligators, caymans, gavials

Order Squamata

Class amphibia ex. lizards, snakes, worm lizards

Order Testudine

Class amphibia ex. turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Gray Matter

Contain cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

parietal lobe

Contains general sensory association areas related to touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

Lesser apes

Gibbons

Function of the dermis

Houses sweat glands, hair follicles, muscles, sensory neurons and blood vessels

Long Bone

Humerus

PNS

Made up of sensory receptors and nerves

Stratum corneum

Most superficial, flat and scale like, strong dead keratinocytes

Frontal Lobe

Motor area Association Area

ligand-gated channels

Open when a Neurotransmitter attaches to its receptor such as serotonin

2nd degree burn

Partial thickness, epidermis and dermis, painful with blistering impossible scarring

Association area of frontal lobe

Prefrontal cortex for evaluating information, making decisions, organizing, planning

Knuckle Walking

Quadrupedal walking in which the digits are flexed when moving ex. Gorillas, chimpanzees

Somatic

Receptors and nerves concerned with changes in external environment, coordinates body activities

Hypothalamus

Regulates pituitary gland, autonomic system, emotional responses, body temperature, water balance, and appetite

Thalamus

Relay center for motor and sensory messages between spinal cord and the cerebrum

Class Aves characteristics

Reproduction: lay eggs (oviparous) Scales: legs with scales Feathers: derived from scales Endothermic: constant body temp Nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Respiration: lungs with air sacs (one-way air flow) Heart: four chambered Bills: adapted for specific kinds of food Digestive system: • crop: food storage and quizzard for food grinding

Medulla

Respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure

Osteoclasts

Secrete hydrogen ions that dissolve the crystals and enzymes that digest the collagen

Diaphysis

Shaft C

Amphiarthortic Cartilaginous Joint

Slightly moveable

Amphiarthrosis Fibrous Joint

Slightly moveable ex. ligament connection

Lacunae

Small cavities containing osteocytes

Cerebrum

Term for learning, voluntary movement, and interpretation of sensation. Mostly made of white matter

Repolarization

The process of returning membrane potential to its resting state

Why does sodium potassium pump require ATP?

They go against concentration/electrical gradient

Collagen Fibers

Thick, tough, fibrous proteins that function to provide strength and resist stress. Remain intact when stretched

epithelial glands

consist of one or more epithelial cells specialized to produce and secrete a product such as sweat, milk, mucous, wax, saliva, hormones or enzymes. - exocrine - endocrine

Meninges

Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord 1 Dura Matter (TOUGH, OUTER) 2 Arachnoid (MIDDLE) 3 Pia Matter (THIN, VASCULAR, INNER)

Axon

Transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body

Joint

Turn between two or more bones, allows for flexibility and movement

Stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

Stratum Spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin - spiny - no good access to blood

Withdrawal reflex

a neural circuit consisting of 3 types of neurons carries out a response to a stimulus - spinal cord reflex

types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

The stratum basale is separated from the dermis by the ________

basement membrane "basal lamina"

Metaphysis

between diaphysis and epiphysis D

In Phylum Echinodermata Larvae are ____ in symmetry, adults are ____ in symmetry

bilateral, pentaradial

Agonist

binding causes a fact and target the same as normal activating molecule

Osteoblasts ________ bone and Osteoclasts ___________ bone

build, break down

Types of fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

epithelial membranes

consist of a sheet of epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue - Mucous - Serous

Endocrine glands

lack ducts, glands release products/hormones into interstitial fluid or blood

Canaliculi

little channels that connect lacunae

Axon Terminal

makes synaptic connections, releases neurotransmitters

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

moist surface such as mouth and esophagus

Resting potential

more negative inside, more positive charges from Na+ outside membrane

White Matter

myelinated axons

Neural Action Steps

neuron in resting state ➝ stimulus causes depolarization ➝ threshold reached ➝ action potential transmits signal ➝ repolarization and return to resting state

Stratum Lucidum

only seen in thick skin, contains protein eleiden

voltage gated channels

open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

Great apes

orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees

sesamoid bone

patella, hyoid - helps in attachment of ligaments or tendons

Repolarization depiction

potassium leaves the cell

stratified epithelium

protects underlyignn tissus; most continuously regenerate

Withdrawal reflex steps

reception by sensory receptor in skin ➝ sensory neuron transmits signal to CNS ➝ interneuron in CNS integrates information ➝ efferent (motor) neuron transmits signal to muscle ➝ muscle contracts

Parasympathetic

rest and digest neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

Lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae