Biological Principles II - Chapter 46

A

1) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells B) bound to hemoglobin C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid D) simply dissolved in the plasma

D

2) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. A) the partial pressure of oxygen B) hemoglobin concentration C) temperature D) pH

C

3) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) carbon monoxide

C

4) A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? A) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. B) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. C) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. D) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

C

5) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air B) the overproduction of surfactants C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant D) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

B

6) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____. A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively D) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively

Hemocyanin

A copper-containing protein in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods

Myoglobin

A form of hemoglobin found in muscle fibers

Advantages

Air contains a higher concentration of oxygen, Oxygen diffuses faster in air than water, Less energy is needed to move air over a gas exchange surface

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein found in red blood cells of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Carbonic Anhydrase

CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid - catalyzed in red blood cells by _____.

Pleural Membrane

Each lung is covered with a _____, which forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung

Fick's Law

Gas diffuses faster is the difference in pressure of the surface area increase

Dalton's Law

In a mixture of gases, total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

Hyperventilaton

Reduces CO2 content of alveolar air and blood, Prolonged may lower BP, resulting in dizziness or unconsciousness

Disadvantages

Respiratory surfaces must be kept moist because O2 and CO2 dissolve in fluid

Hypoxia

Shallow breathing due to anxiety or respiratory disease causes _____, a deficiency of oxygen.

Simple Diffusion

Sponges, hydras, flatworms, and other small, aquatic organisms exchange gases entirely by _____.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each normal resting breath

Inhalation

The diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity; Air moves into the lungs.

Exhalation

The diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity; Air moves out of the lungs.

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs to the maximum

Residual Volume

The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration