Biology 101 (Chapter #1 & #2)

negative control

Group with no response expected

A research team designs an experiment to increase the speed of athletes. The athletes' diet and sleep routines are altered for two weeks. Is this an example of a controlled study?

No. a controlled study only changes one variable at a time.

single-blind

Subject does not know which group (control or experimental) they are in

What makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins?

The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function

positive control

Treatment with known response

Why are viruses NOT Considered to be living organisms?

Viruses do not have their own cells, and they do not reproduce on their own

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments.

ionic

bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom

The four classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include __________.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

controlled experiment

involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same.

covalent bond

involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms , also known as a molecular bond

Inhibitor

is a molecule that can bind to an enzyme and prevent the enzyme from working.

trace elements

micronutrients, are any chemical element required bylining organisms in minuscule amounts, but cells require them to survive

which 4 elements make up the bulk of living cells?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

During digestion, __________ are broken down into __________ through __________ reactions.

proteins; amino acids; hydrolysis

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table

Properties of LIVING things:

-reproduces its own kind -responds to the environment -complex, but well-ordered, structure -populations evolve over time -Takes in, converts, and expels energy -composed of one or more cells

NOT properties of all living things

-requires another individual to reproduce -eats other organisms to gain energy -individuals evolve over time -composed of many cells

Zinc

1 of 14 trace elements and is a component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins

Nitrogen

1 of 4 elements that make up 96.3% of living cells

Calcium

1 of 7 elements that make up a small fraction (3.7%) of living cells

Imagine that you have been employed as a technical consultant for a new television program in which the main character is a doctor who works with anabolic steroids. The writers have asked you for a short description to provide them with background about this class of drugs. How would you best describe them?

Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. They can increase muscle mass and strength, but they also have dangerous side effects and are illegal without a prescription.

The steps of the process of science in the correct order

Any order of the following: observation, communications, testing, and outcomes

How might rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations lower the pH of the oceans?

As CO2 concentrations rise, excess CO2 is absorbed by the oceans. CO2 in the oceans can react chemically with water to form acid.

Why are all living organisms based on molecules that contain carbon?

Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to four other atoms.

A scientists has collected data on the stomach contents of raccoons. He finds that they eat marsh grasses, crayfish, clams, insects, and food items discarded by people. What graph is best to show the percentages of each component of the raccoon's diet?

Pie Chart

Food processors are phasing out the use of which types of fats, because research has shown them to be particularly unhealthy?

Saturated fats and trans fats

In all muscle cells, two kinds of protein filaments slide past each other to shorten the muscle cell and generate force. What broad theme of biology does muscle illustrate?

Structure and Function

What do you think might happen if you put a mixture of proteins and starch in a solution containing trypsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins?

The protein would be broken down into amino acids

atom

The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n)

active site

The specific location within an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds

controlled experiment

The type of test that changes only one variable at a time in order to isolate the results

When you drink a glass of water, what is the effect on the pH of the acid in your stomach?

The water will dilute the acid, decreasing the concentration of H+ ions and increasing the pH.

What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water

Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another

nonpolar bond

atoms equally share electrons, there is no charge separation to the molecule

ions

atoms or molecules with a. net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

Which of the following features would be useful in identifying pseudoscience?

beliefs

noncompetitive inhibitor

binds elsewhere on the enzyme.

competitive inhibitor

binds to the active site of the enzyme

polar covalent bonds

bonds hold the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water together

double-blind

both the patient and the doctor are blind as to whether the patient is receiving a placebo or not

Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ molecules.

glucose

polar bond

is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge

Matter

is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance.

theory

is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses

Theory

is supported by a large body of evidence

All sodium atoms have 11 protons. The nuclei of some sodium atoms contain 12 neutrons and others contain 11. These different forms of sodium are called __________.

isotopes

Each spring, high school students, college interns, and retirees count and weigh tiny glass eels in streams that feed into the Hudson River. They report their observations to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, who depend on volunteers to help build a database of information about glass eels. The observations that these volunteers make would best be described as __________.

observational studies

Elements

substances that cannot be broken down chemically into other substances by chemical reactions

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

atomic weight

the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, represented as an average of all naturally occurring forms of the element

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

hydrogen bond

weak bond, results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.

single bond

when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms

double bond

when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

How is a community different from an ecosystem?

A community consists of all of the interacting populations in an ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the non-living components that affect life as well as all of the interacting populations in a given area

scientific method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Enzyme

A type of PROTEIN that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

molecules

If two or more atoms are bonded together

You see a display for a new diet pill in a grocery store. The display includes a stack of color-printed handouts claiming the average user of the product loses five pounds per week while taking the product. Which of the following would indicate that the handout is not a reliable source?

The intent of the handout is to convince the consumer to buy the diet pills

Chemistry

The scientific study of matter