Biology 101 - Chapter 21

Match the different types of anatomical evidence for evolution to an example.

Homology - Vertebrate forelimbs Embryonic development - Lanugo Vestigial structures - Human coccyx

How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths? a.) He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival. b.) He released marked dark moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival. c.) He released marked dark moths in polluted woods and marked light moths in unpolluted woods and determined their survival. d.) He released marked light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

a.) He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures? a.) Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function. b.) Homologous structures have the same function in all organisms, while vestigial structures have different functions in different species. c.) Homologous structures all look similar to an ancestral feature, while vestigial do not.

a.) Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.

How has the fossil record changed since Darwin? a.) Today the fossil record is far more complete. b.) Today the fossil record is just as incomplete as in Darwin's time. c.) Today the fossil record has improved only very slightly from the one in Darwin's time.

a.) Today the fossil record is far more complete.

Today, fossils have been found that link a.) all major groups of vertebrates b.) only some mammals such as whales and horses, to their ancestors c.) only a few groups of vertebrates

a.) all major groups of vertebrates

The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through a.) artificial selection b.) random genetic changes c.) natural selection

a.) artificial selection

Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include a.) cattle b.) fruit flies c.) corn d.) pigs

a.) cattle c.) corn d.) pigs

The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is a.) how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success) b.) where the organisms are growing (in a farm versus a natural habitat) c.) how the seeds of a plant are spread (by humans or by natural means, such as animals, wind, etc.) d.) that only natural selection can lead to change in organisms on which it is acting.

a.) how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)

The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for a.) natural selection b.) human-induced selection c.) industrial pollution d.) industrial selection

a.) natural selection

Galapagos finches with powerful thick beaks typically eat large a.) seeds b.) insects c.) fruits d.) grubs

a.) seeds

Some species, for example, frogs, are very sensitive to saltwater and therefore have almost no chance of island colonization. Why is saltwater so harmful to these animals? a.) It is toxic to the animals (due to he presence of ions, such as sulfate). b.) It increases the susceptibility of animals to UV light. c.) It causes those animals to dehydrate.

c.) It causes those animals to dehydrate.

Peter and Rosemary Grant studied natural selection in Galápagos finches for more than 40 years; which species was the focus of their research? a.) The greater ground finch b.) The tree finch c.) The medium ground finch d.) The cactus finch

c.) The medium ground finch

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called a.) natural melanism b.) artificial melanism c.) industrial melanism d.) pollution melanism

c.) industrial melanism

Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection? a.) Galápagos finches b.) oak trees c.) pigeons d.) corn e.) dogs f.) cats

c.) pigeons d.) corn e.) dogs f.) cats

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit _____________ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are ____________ structures.

convergent, homologous

Darwin noted that ___________ communities are often missing plants and animals typically found on continents.

island

The primary process responsible for evolution is ____________ ____________

natural selection

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA ___________ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have ___________ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.

sequences, independently

Fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a _________ body shape that minimizes ___________ in the water.

streamlined , friction

True or false: Darwin's theory of evolution is not universally accepted.

True

In ____________ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in ____________ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on

artificial, natural

Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution? a.) Homologous organs b.) Fossils c.) Marsupials in Australia d.) Darwin's finches

b.) Fossils

What is the preferred food of the Galápagos medium ground finch? a.) Large, dry seeds b.) Small, tender seeds c.) Medium seeds

b.) Small, tender seeds

What types of species are most likely to be able to disperse to an island (choose all that apply)? a.) Almost every species of fish b.) Species that float c.) Species that drift d.) Species that have four limbs e.) Species that have well developed impermeable skin f.) Species that fly

b.) Species that float c.) Species that drift f.) Species that fly

Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)? a.) Tree seeds reach isolated islands but it has been shown that they cannot germinate and grow b.) The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like c.) Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands

b.) The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like c.) Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies? a.) Traits produced by convergent evolution have evolved from a common ancestral trait, which is not always true for homologies. b.) Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have. c.) Traits produced by convergent evolution are always present in very closely related organisms, while that is not necessarily true for homologies.

b.) Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.

Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ______ until they made up ______ of some population. a.) increased; about 50% b.) increased; almost 100% c.) decreased; no more than 1%

b.) increased; almost 100%

Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing ________ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that __________ in each of the woods.

equal, survived

The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ____________ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a _____________ structure.

homologous, vestigial