Biology 102- Final (Czako)
A patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat will have a cardiac output of ________. 4,900 mL/minute 1,000 mL/minute 2,800 mL/minute 1,400 mL/minute
4,900 mL/minute
When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is ________. 40 mm Hg 4 mm Hg 400 mm Hg 82 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____. 5000 mL 4000 mL 1450 mL 4450 mL
5000 mL
Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on Mount Everest is approximately ________. 157 mm Hg 53 mm Hg 255 mm Hg 760 mm Hg
53 mm Hg
Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood? Diaphragm Epithelium Capillary Alveolus
Alveolus
_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up. An increase ... a drop A decrease ... a rise A decrease ... a drop An increase ... a rise Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that control
An increase ... a drop
Which of the following best describes an artery? Arteries carry blood away from capillaries Arteries carry oxygenated blood.Arteries contain valves Arteries have thin walls compared with veins Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) As carbonic acid As protons (H+) As carbon dioxide gas.
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−)
Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries? Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles. Because the narrow capillaries offer great resistance to blood flow. Because capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.
Select the correct statement about capillary beds. Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues. Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries. Capillary beds join arteries and veins.
Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
________ is a hormone that is released from the ________ to stimulate the production of red blood cells. Cortisol; adrenal gland Growth hormone; pancreas Erythropoietin; kidney Acetylcholine; bone marrow
Erythropoietin; kidney
True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
False
True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.
False
How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung.
Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.
Which statement about lipoproteins is correct? High-density lipoproteins are a form of cholesterol considered the "good" type to have in blood plasma. Low-density lipoproteins are the principal component of atherosclerotic plaques. High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.
High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.
Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles III) opening or closing precapillary sphincters only I and II only I and III I, II, and III only II and III
I, II, and III
Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria.
In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs
How are gases transported in insect bodies? In tracheal systems In open circulatory systems In closed circulatory systems
In tracheal systems
What is the function of a circulatory system? It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body. It is the site of blood cell production.
It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body
What is the function of the left ventricle? It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.
It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation
Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed? Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle. The amount of oxygen in venous blood will increase. Arterial blood entering the capillaries will carry more oxygen. Because of the change in blood pH, the blood can carry more oxygen.
Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle.
You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. There are too many antigens to allow clotting. Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.
Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.
Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output? The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle. The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart.
The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.
Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole? The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria
Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true? The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.
The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body.
The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals. The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.
The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.
A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.
Select the correct statement about the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. Pulmonary and systemic blood fully mixes in the ventricle of a three-chambered heart. The three-chambered heart is inferior to the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals, limiting the evolutionary success of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.
The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.
Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.
The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis? More blood is flowing through precapillary sphincters. The worms are blocking the lymph vessels. The infected human's immune system is fighting the worms. The worm infection is causing a decrease in cardiac output.
The worms are blocking the lymph vessels.
While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 ml/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. If their resting stroke volume was 70 ml/beat and resting heart rate was 60 beats per minute, how did this person's cardiac output change? During exercise, their cardiac output decreased by 11,400 ml/minute. Their cardiac output did not change. Only their respiratory rate changed. During exercise, their cardiac output increased by 60 ml/beat. Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging.
Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging.
True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.
True
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium.
Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures? Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant. When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse. A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary. Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs.
When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.
Stroke occurs when____. a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat
a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. branched tracheae a closed circulatory system a gastrovascular cavity an open circulatory system
a closed circulatory system
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. acidic basic thick low in oxygen concentration red
acidic
A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. activation of prothrombin to thrombin conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen synthesis of hemoglobin production of erythropoietin
activation of prothrombin to thrombin
Consider the following reaction. If the pH of the blood was decreased, then the ________.CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ amount of oxygen in the blood will decrease bicarbonate in the blood would increase amount of protons in the blood will increase amount of carbon dioxide would increase
amount of carbon dioxide would increase
An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the _____. animal had evolved from birds species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles
animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) combined with hemoglobin by the trachea as hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in blood plasma
as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____. be unaffected switch to anaerobic metabolism retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell
be unaffected
An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____. prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere clogs their bronchi interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries blocks the openings into the tracheal system
blocks the openings into the tracheal system
The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood percentage of blood volume made up of platelets measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic
In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________. arteries must be elastic capillaries must have a thick endothelium blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves pressure in all vessels must be equal
blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves
The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____. bronchiole bronchus trachea pharynx larynx
bronchiole
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries inability of the right ventricle to contract bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds destruction of red blood cells
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. oxygen carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nitrogen
carbon dioxide
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) combined with hemoglobin by the trachea water (H2O) dissolved in blood plasma
combined with hemoglobin
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________. transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid bound to hemoglobin converted to bicarbonate ions simply dissolved in the plasma
converted to bicarbonate ions
During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will ________, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ________. decrease; increase increase; decrease decrease; decrease not change; also not change
decrease; increase
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. loss of fluid from capillaries development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls increased diffusion of hemoglobin loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. osmosis diffusion active transport blood pressure
diffusion
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ________. have a negative effect on peripheral resistance disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta
disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures? salmon earthworms crabs ants alligators
earth worms
True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues.
false
The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. amphibians mammals reptiles fishes
fishes
To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross ________. five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin four membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood one membrane that of the lining in the lungs and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood two membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin
If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ________. fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues hemoglobin will not release oxygen plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase
fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues
To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. hemocoel open circulatory system two-chambered heart four-chambered heart
four-chambered heart
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? annelids frogs insects fishes
frogs
Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? hippopotamus giraffe human mouse
giraffe
A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________. release all bound carbon dioxide molecules bind more oxygen molecules decrease its binding of H+ give up more of its oxygen molecules
give up more of its oxygen molecules
In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? dogs sparrows grasshoppers fishes jellyfish and cnidarians
grasshoppers
Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater ________. can hold 10-40 times more carbon dioxide than air has less dissolved oxygen than seawater has more dissolved oxygen than seawater can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air
has more dissolved oxygen than seawater
Pulse is a direct measure of____. heart rate breathing rate blood pressure cardiac output stroke volume
heart rate
Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a_____. lower pH greater bicarbonate concentration higher P(O2) higher P(CO2) lower osmotic pressure
higher P(O2)
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. blood sugar that is abnormally high increased activity of the immune system sodium depletion dehydration
increased activity of the immune system
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen is called the Bohr shift increases as the pH of tissues decreases
increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal? alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli
larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
Voice sounds are produced by the _____. trachea diaphragm bronchioles larynx lungs
larynx
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the_____. left atrium right atrium vena cava right ventricle left ventricle
left atrium
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
left atrium
Blood cells that function to fight infection are called ________. thrombi leukocytes platelets erythrocytes
leukocytes
Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air the overproduction of surfactants lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant mutations in the genes involved in lung formation
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant
he primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. lungs trachea bronchus nasal cavity alveoli
nasal cavity
In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
Atrial systole ________. only occurs in the left heart chambers pumps blood to the aorta refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole
occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta and pulmonary arteries aorta and pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ________. reduce efficiency of gas exchange change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out increase the efficiency of gas exchange
reduce efficiency of gas exchange
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
right atrium
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? rising O2 falling O2 falling CO2 rising CO2 rising CO2 and falling O2
rising CO2
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? systole of the left atrium diastole of the right atrium systole of the left ventricle diastole of the right ventricle
systole of the left ventricle
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is_____. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit the number of heart chambers a complete separation of circuits for circulation the number of circuits for circulation the type of gas exchange tissues
the number of circuits for circulation
The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water, causing some water to evaporate. Because the water has become warmer and saltier, ________. it will become more dense the carbon dioxide content will increase it will be better able to sustain aerobic organisms the oxygen content will decrease
the oxygen content will decrease
The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to _____. those of birds, with a four-chambered heart the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow
the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber
If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except_____. the right atrium the pulmonary vein an alveolus the trachea the right ventricle
the pulmonary vein
The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava the veins from the right and left legs the pulmonary vein and the aorta the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava
the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava
An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ________. the speed of blood flow through the blood vessels the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart the pressure of blood in the heart chambers the rhythm of heart contractions
the rhythm of heart contractions
Circulatory systems compensate for _____. temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances the need to cushion animals from trauma the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? the lungs of a vertebrate the skin of an earthworm the gills of a fish the parapodia of a polychaete worm the tracheal system of an insect
the tracheal system of an insect
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. three capillary beds two capillary beds four capillary beds one capillary bed
two capillary beds
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery
Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae
water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills
An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____. water is easier to move over the respiratory surface the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air ventilation requires less energy in water water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
