Biology 1020 Chapter 34

About how many new individuals are added to the world's population per day?

220,000

About how many new individuals are added to the world's population per year?

80 million

Community

Assemblage of species interacting with one another within the same environment.

Ecosystem

Biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients.

Which of the following is an example of a type III survivorship curve?

Dandelions produce lots of seeds but only a few survive to maturity.

The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment is called?

Ecology

Describe the central goal of modern ecology.

Ecology seeks to better understand how organisms interact with other organisms within their physical environmnt.

True or false: In a population that is growing exponentially, the number of individuals added to the population each generation remains the same.

False

Select all that apply Select the examples of species with equilibrium life history patterns.

Florida panthers / bears / whales

Select all that apply Select the conditions that are components of environmental resistance.

Food supply / competition / predation

population

Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool.

Species

Group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; organisms that share a common gene pool; the taxon at the lowest level of classification.

The type of growth curve expected for a population undergoing exponential growth is -- shaped.

J or j

Select all that apply Select the examples of more-developed countries.

Japan / Australia / United Kingdom / United States

A country experiencing severe poverty and a rapid population growth rate would be considered a(n)

LDC

--succession can be caused by a major disturbance such as a volcanic eruption.

Primary

The growth curve for logistic growth is -- shaped

S

--succession is the return of a community to its natural vegetation following a disturbance.

Secondary

A community is different from a population because?

The community includes multiple species interacting.

Select all that apply What are the two conditions that predict cycling of predator and prey populations instead of maintenance of a steady state?

The prey population overshoots the carrying capacity and suffers a crash / The predator population overkills the prey

True or false: Competition is always greatest between member of the same species.

True

Bald eagles have 1-2 offspring, and both parents are involved in caring for the young. These animals mostly likely exhibit which survivorship curve?

Type I

Biosphere

Zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth, in which living organisms are found.

An ecosystem is

a community with all of the living and nonliving components.

Select the example of commensalism.

a hawk perched on a tree branch looking for prey

Coevolution occurs when two species

adapt in response to selective pressures imposed on each other

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of mutualism?

ants and acacia trees / cleaning fish and larger fish with mouth parasites / flowers and their pollinators

A cohort is a group of individuals that

are the same age

Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which both members-.

benefit

All of the ecosystems of Earth, including their biotic components, are collectively known as the--

biosphere

Click and drag on elements in order from largest to smallest with respect to ecological organization.

biosphere ecosystem community population organism

Density-dependent factors that affect populations tend to be

biotic

The absolute highest possible per capita growth rate that would only be obtained if each individual was able to maximize reproductive output is called the -- --.

biotic potential

Which of the following is an example of a community?

butterflies and bees feeding on flowers in a garden

The number of individuals that a particular environment can support is called the -- --.

carrying / capacity

The best way to limit the growth of a pest population is to decrease the -- -- of the environment for that pest population.

carrying capacity

When each of two species adapts in response to selective pressure imposed by each other, it is called

coevolution

In a symbiotic relationship if one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed the relationship is called

commensalism

Demographic transition is characterized by decreased -- rate followed by decreased rate of --. (The order in which these events occur is important)

death / birth

Resource partitioning

decreases competition between two species for a resource.

If a population experiences a decreased death rate followed by a decreased birthrate, this is referred to as a(n) -- transition.

demographic

/A symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit is called

mutualism

The symbiotic relationship that exists between pollinators and the plants that they visit is called--.

mutualism

The ecological -- of a species is the role it plays in the community.

niche

The competitive exclusion principle predicts that

no two species can occupy the same niche

Carrying capacity refers to the?

number of individuals an environment can support.

Populations of insects and weeds often grow very rapidly and individuals provide no parental care to their offspring. These are characteristics of an -- life history pattern.

opportunistic

Tapeworms, mistletoe, and infectious bacteria are all examples of symbiotic organisms called

parasites

When an organism of one species derives nourishment from an organism of another species (called the host) that is harmed as a result the symbiotic relationship is called

parasitism

All of the organisms of the same species interacting with the environment in a given area is referred to as a(n)--.

population

The type of succession that is begun in an area after a volcanic eruption is called -- succession.

primary

The division of feeding niches, called -- -- decreases competition between two species and allows occupancy of different niches, and thereby survival.

resource partitioning

The type of succession that returns a community to its natural composition after a disturbance is called -- succession.

secondary

Ecological -- is a change in a community's composition that is directional and follows a continuous pattern of extinction and colonization by new species.

succession

If a population of 500 individuals has a birth rate of 40 per year and a death rate of 80 per year the per capita growth rate is?

-8%

Given a population of 1000 individuals that is growing exponentially with a per capita growth rate of 40%, what will the size of the population be after one year?

1400

If a population of 100 individuals has a birth rate of 40 per year and a death rate of 20 per year the per capita growth rate is?

20%

Currently, the doubling time for the human population is about?

35-60 years

Given a population of 300 individuals that is growing exponentially with a per capita growth rate of 50%, what will the size of the population be after one year?

450

Which of the following is the best example of a population?

A flock of starlings in a roost tree.

Distinguish between a population and a community.

A population is all of the organisms of the same species within a specific area. A community is all of the populations present in one location.

Match the letter on the left with the type of survivorship curve on the right.

A: I, B: II, C: III

The best way to limit the growth of a pest population is to decrease the -- -- of the environment for that pest population.

carrying / capacity

A group of individuals born at the same time that can be studied over their life span is called a(n)

cohort

A symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed is called

commensalism

Cattle egrets feeding on insects disturbed by cattle have what is technically considered a symbiotic relationship called -- with the cattle though this relationship and others like it often border on mutualism.

commensalism

Select all that apply Select the three types of symbiotic relationships.

commensalism / mutualism / parasitism

The ecological level that includes various populations, but is only one component of an ecosystem, it the--.

community

When members of two species try to utilize resources that are in limited supply, they are in -- with each other.

competition

According to the --- --- principle, no two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time.

competitive exclusion

Select all that apply Select adaptations that animals have evolved to avoid predation.

concealment / mimicry / poisons in their skin / warning coloration / flocking together

Competition is a density- factor that occurs when members of different species try to utilize a resource that is in limited supply.

dependent

Factors that have greater effects on larger populations are referred to as density- factors.

dependent

The length of time it takes a population to double in size is called the -- time.

doubling

Habitat is a component of the -- niche that a species fills.

ecological

The study of interactions between living things and all aspects of their environments is called?

ecology

A community and its physical environment including both living and nonliving components is call a(n)

ecosystem

A community and its physical environment including both living and nonliving components is called a(n)--.

ecosystem

The biosphere can be defined as the collection of all of the ____ on Earth.

ecosystems

The type of population growth experienced by a population with a J-shaped growth curve is called -- growth.

exponential

What type of population growth does this graph represent?

exponential

Select all that apply Select the phases of an exponential growth curve.

exponential / lag

Select all that apply Select the two types of population growth.

exponential / logistic

The two types of population growth are-- and --.

exponential / logistic

Select all that apply Select the two cycles that explain the cycling of Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare population numbers.

hare-food cycle / predator-hare cycle

Select all that apply Select all of the following that describe more-developed countries (MDCs).

have good standard of living / have low population growth rates

Density-independent factors

have roughly the same effect on different populations regardless of size.

Factors that have the same effect on population growth, no matter the size of the population, are referred to as density -- factors.

independent

The greatest competition for resources is always

intraspecific

Ecological succession

is a change in the composition of a community over time

The biotic potential for a species?

is the highest possible per capita rate of increase.

Select all that apply Select the characteristics of a species with an opportunistic life history pattern.

less likely to become extinct if environment is altered / generalists

What type of population growth curve does the tan line on this graph represent?

logistic

Select all that apply Select the phases of a logistic growth curve.

logistic / lag / stable equilibrium / exponential

A J-shaped curve can become an S-shaped curve when the population growth encounters environmental resistance, then the population growth is referred to as -- growth.

logistics

If humans wish to harvest large numbers of individuals from a population that is at the carrying capacity for its environment, they should

maintain the population at its exponential phase of growth.

Less-developed countries are countries in which -- growth is expanding rapidly and the majority of people live in

population / poverty

Predation occurs when one organism, the --, eats another organism, the --

predator / prey

If a snake eats a frog, the snake is the -- and the frog is the __ and this event would be an example of __.

predator / prey / predation

Environmental -- is all of the environmental conditions that prevent populations from achieving their biotic poetential.

resistance

Select all that apply Select the characteristics of species with an equilibrium life history pattern.

specialization / population at carrying capacity / long life span

Select all that apply Select adaptations that plants have evolved to avoid predation.

spines / poisonous compounds / tough leathery leaves

A close interaction between members of two different species is called

symbiosis

When the members of two different species have a relationship that involves close interactions between the organisms it is called

symbiosis

Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are the three main types of -- relationships, or close interactions between members of different species.

symbiotic

Parasitism is a(n) -- relationship in which the parasite derives nourishment from another organism called the --

symbiotic / host

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of parasitism?

tapeworm inside a dog / malaria in a human / strep infection of a human / mistletoe / athlete's foot on a human

Zero population growth requires that?

the birth rate equals the death rate.