Biology 104, Photosythesis

B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

- Occurs in the thylakoid membrane - Uses PS II and PS I - P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a - P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a - Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Generates O2, ATP and NADPH ADP + ATP (reduced) NADP+ + H NADPH (build up) (reduced) -Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+ (Oxiized) it go to one portion to the next and the next to the photosystem 2 and then to made ATP this one being energized by the sun test: what are the end projects of the noncyclic cell oxygen- ATP-NADPH reask- what are the primary products of noncyclic cell what the name o the enzyme that helps split the water called waterspilting enzme

Chemiosmosis (making ATP)

- Powers ATP synthesis. - Located in the thylakoid membranes. - Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. - Photophosphorylation: addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

Redox Reaction

- The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. 1. Oxidation: loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen from a substance 2. Reduction: gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen from a substance test: where does the oxygen come from photosyntesis? WATER plant need to get elections from something so its going to get it from splitting of water and it going to steal it from the two hydrogens

Photosynthesis

-An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose). Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis: Its 6 co2 (Carbon dioxide) + 6 H20 (water) ------ drive by light energy to promote (PHOTONS ) and water h2o to produce organic macromolecules (going to make glucose and water)side notes PRODUCE SUGAR. *the equation is balanced* on the test, there might be a question saying which one is this photosynthesis or Cellular Respiration fix it Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants algae (which are protists) and certain bacteria transform light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water as starting materials and releasing oxygen gas as a by-product. -the chemical energy produced via Photosynthesis is stored in the bonds of sugar molecule - Autotrophs: self-producers (plants and cyanobacteria). -Location: 1.Leaves a. stoma (stomata or stomate) b. mesophyll cells where does Photosynthesis take place? *where chlorophyll pigment are located which is primarily in plants (rent) the leaves Notice that the reaction of photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are the same as the waste products of cellular respiration. Also notice that photosynthesis produces what respiration uses___ glucose (C6H12O16) and oxygen(O2). In other words photosynthesis recycled that exhaust of cellular respiration and rearranges it's atoms to produce food and oxygen. Photosynthesis is a chemical transformation that requires a lot of energy, and sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll provides that energy The Opposite occurs with photosynthesis electrons are boosted uphill and added to carbon dioxide to produce sugar. Hydrogen is moved how long with the electron being transferred from water to carbon dioxide. This transfer of hydrogen requires the chloroplast to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is transferred along with electrons to you carbon dioxide to form sugar.

Calvin Cycle

-Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction). -C3 plants (80% of plants on earth). -Occurs in the stroma. -Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction. -Uses CO2. -To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH. -The Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reaction to power the production of sugar from carbon dioxide (the synthesis part of photosynthesis). The enzymes that Drive the Calvin cycle or dissolved in the stroma. ATP generated by The light reaction provides The energy for sugar synthesis. And the NADPH produced by the light reaction provides The high energy electrons that drive the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide what going to have a greater Ph? the out side or inside.... outside because there hydrogen ions so inside a lower PH more proteins

Fall Colors

-In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present. -During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments. Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or yellow the selective absorption of light by leaves explains why they appear green to us light of that color is poorly absorbed by chloroplasts and is thus reflected or transmitted toward the observer. energy cannot be destroyed, so the absorbed energy must be converted to other forms chloroplasts contain several different pigments that absorb light of different wavelengths

Chlorophyll Molecules

-Located in the thylakoid membranes. -Chlorophyll have Mg++ in the center. -Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-440 nm and red-660 nm are most important). -Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed. Their green color is from chlorophyll a pigment (light-absorbing molecule) in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. blue and green TEST bule and red drive photosynthesis plants are green because you see the wavelength reflect back at you

Stomata (stoma)

-Pores in a plant's cuticle through which water and gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere chloroplasts are concentrated in the interior cells of leaves with a typical cell containing 30-40 chloroplasts Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters a leaf and oxygen (o2) exits by way of tiny pores called the Stomata (singular Stoma meaning "mouth") -like a mitochondrion, a chloroplast has a double-membrane envelope. the chloroplast's inner membrane encloses a compartment filled with stroma a thick fluid stomata the opening of either side of the guard and as they close what is not exchange anymore? carbon dioxide is able to come in an Oxygen not coming out on a hot day,(losing water fast so closing) plants have to close their stomata have to closet it can no longer stuck co2and no longer release the oxygen that is made ATP and NADPH what do you think happened it fixate oxygen they made 2 carbon molecules instead of 3 so you get photorespiration no sugar

Question: Calvin Cycle (carbon fixation) - know amount of energy needed for the reaction

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Question: What's chloroplast, its parts, and where the reactions occur

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Question: what's light reaction (cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow) know their parts and end products

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Question: what's redox reactions (oxidation and reduction)

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Question: why do we see green and chlorophyll (what ion is at the center of this molecule)

... Their green color is from chlorophyll a pigment (light-absorbing molecule) in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. -Chlorophyll have Mg++ in the center.

how many turns in the Calvin cycle does it take to make a glucose molecule

6 time around

Question: C4 and CAM plants and their adaptions for photorepiration and know C4 and CAM plants and how they work

C4 plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing these steps in different cell types CAM plants minimize photorespiration and save water by separating these steps in time, between night and day

CAM Plants

Hot, dry environments. 5% of plants (cactus, pineapple and ice plants). *Stomata's closed during day.* *Stomata's open during the night.* at night they open and then the co2 come in the co2 combines with this molecule called PEP and this is going to combine with co2 to make a sugar and then the sugar is stored in the center goes all night Light rxn - occurs during the day. Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present. they close in the day time

C4 Plants - Leaf Anatomy

In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically separated, with the light-dependent reactions occurring in the mesophyll cells (spongy tissue in the middle of the leaf) and the Calvin cycle occurring in special cells around the leaf veins. These cells are called bundle-sheath cells.

Light Reaction (Electron Flow)

Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow: (MOVING ELECTRON AND IT TAKE PLACE IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE) A. Cyclic Electron Flow -Electron are going to go around in circles B. Noncyclic Electron Flow- election are going to start in one place and end in another place in the light reaction, chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes absorbs solar energy ( the photo part of photosynthesis) which is then converted to the Chemical energy of ATP (the molecules that drive most cellular work) and NADPH (an electron carrier electron carrier). During the light reaction, water is split, providing a source of electrons and gives off 02 gas as a by-product

# A. Cyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. -Uses Photosystem I only with a P700 reaction center (the waelenght)- chlorophyll a -Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -Generates ATP only notes: feed to proton when it hits this reaction center it excites an electron and shoots up to a primary acceptor it's like hot photo) then the acceptor is fed to another protein is then feed the another one go around and around that why they call it cyclic electron flow test where does cyclic electron take place ? it take place in the thylakoid membrane and it make ATP

Photorespiration

Occurs on hot, dry, bright days. Stomata's close. Fixation of O2 instead of CO2. Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules. Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP, the plant will die. Because of photorespiration: Plants have special adaptations to limit its effect.

chloroplasts

Photosynthesis in plants and algae occurs within light absorbing organelles called chloroplasts all green parts of a plant have chloroplasts and thus can carry out photosynthesis in most plants however the leaves have most chloroplasts (about 500,000) per square millimeter of leaf surface-- that's equivalent to about 300 million chloroplasts in a leaf the size of a standard postage stamp) Membrane within the chloroplasts from the framework where many of the reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Plant Adaptations

Plant Adaptations - some plants (C4 plants) have evolved mechanisms to resist environmental and herbivorous pressures. - C4 plants - found in hot, moist environments. - 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane). what grasses and ... does is they divide into two 2 cells and the bundle sheath cell are protecting the vascular tissue and the vascular tissue flowum takes the sugar down to the route system - Divides photosynthesis spatially. - Light rxn - mesophyll cells. - Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells.

Question: how is oxygen produced

The most common natural method is photosynthesis, in which plants use sunlight convert carbon dioxide in the air into oxygen. The process converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy in sugars by reducing carbon dioxide (stripping the oxygen out of carbon dioxide) through a cascade of chemical reactions involving light. The basic inputs of photosynthesis are light, water, and CO2. The basic outputs are oxygen and chemical energy stores for the plant in the form of sugar. This is know as the Calvin cycle.

hemoglobin

in order for hemoglobin to function correctly each hemoglobin sub unit that is a 4 per molecule need iron to be there so iron is a cofactor to hemoglobin

Question: know chemical reaction of photosynthesis

see other review or notes for answer

breakdown of photosyntesis

sunlight -carbon dioxide and water go into the leaves and oxygen and glucose/made this go out Two main parts (reactions): 1. Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction - Produces energy from solar power in the form of ATP & NADPH. (stealing electrons ) making ATP photophaion 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction or Carbon Fixation or C3 Fixation - Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose). NADPH ONLY FOUND IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS Once we made enough ATP and NADPH then we can stick six CO2 together to make one glucose molecule and that happens in the stroma during the Calvin cycle

Wavelength of Light (nm)

the distance between the crests o two adjacent waves is called a wavelength The full range of radiation, from the very short wavelength of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio signals, is called the electromagnetic spectrum. When sunlight shines on the pigmented material certain wavelengths (colors ) of the visible lights are absorbed and disappear from the light that is reflected by the material. For example we see a pair of jeans as blue because the pigments in the fibers absorb The other color leaving only light in the blue part of the spectrum to be reflected from the fibers our your eyes blue-444s green- 555 to 666 red-666-700 most imporant if its a vilet blue it drive photosynthesis

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, absorbs mainly blue-violet and red light. A very similar molecule chlorophyll b absorbs mainly blue and orange light. chlorophyll b does not participate directly in the light reactions but it conveys absorbed energy to chlorophyll a which then puts the energy to work in the light reactions. chloroplasts also contain a family of yellow-orange pigments called carotenoid the decreasing temperatures in autumn cause a decreasing in the levels of chlorophyll allowing the colors of the longer-lasting carotenoids to be seen in their fall glory all of these chloroplast pigments are built into the thylakoid membrane

investigating how light wavelengh affects photosynthesis

when algal cells are placed on a microscope slide, oxygen- seeking bacteria migrate toward algae exposed to certain colors of light. these results suggest that blue-violet and orange-red wavelengths best drive photosynthesis while green wavelengths do so only a little bit.