Biology 1106 Lesson 12

Insects such as mosquitoes and beetles can beat their wings at tremendous speeds. This can be accomplished because A. their wing muscle contractions causes another set of muscles to stretch which in turn produces another contraction without waiting for the arrival of a nerve impulse. B. their wing muscle contractions cause another set of muscles to relax which in turn produces another wing movement. C. their wing muscle contractions are stimulated by the continuous nerve signal impulses which produce a continuous contraction of their wing muscles. D. their wing muscle contractions are capable of producing more ATP which allows these insects to have much faster and sustained wing movements. E. their wing muscle contractions produce nerve impulses which lead to more contraction of the wing muscles which in turn permits faster motion of the wings.

A. their wing muscle contractions causes another set of muscles to stretch which in turn produces another contraction without waiting for the arrival of a nerve impulse.

Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common? A. They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material. B. They all provide structural support to the body. C. They are all hard tissues. D. They all physically bind other tissues together.

A. They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material

In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation? A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites. B. Neurons are not electrically active - you should be recording neuroglia instead. C. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its axons. D. Excessive myelination is blocking inputs to the cell.

A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites.

A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins? A. actin and myosin B. actin and troponin C. myosin and troponin D. collagen and troponin E. myosin and collagen

A. actin and myosin

What structure do myelin sheaths form along? A. axons B. dendrites C. neuroglia D. cell bodies E. ganglia

A. axons

Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue? A. bone B. an exoskeleton C. each other D. nerves E. the plasma membrane

A. bone

A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue? A. central nervous system B. olfactory receptors C. peripheral nervous system D. nodes of Ranvier

A. central nervous system

The masseter muscles originate on your cheekbones and insert into the posterior corners of the mandible (the lower jaw bone) underneath your ears. Will contraction of the masseter muscles open or close your jaw? A. close B. open

A. close

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland. A. exocrine B. endocrine C. lymph D. sebaceous E. adrenal

A. exocrine

The glands of vertebrates are derived from ____________ epithelium. A. invaginated B. stratified C. endocrine D. scarified E. keratinized

A. invaginated

You just got a good look at the Loch Ness Monster! It's tail was waving from side to side. What can you conclude? A. It is likely a type of fish. B. It is likely a type of sea lion. C. It is likely a type of whale. D. Cannot draw any conclusion.

A. it is likely a type of fish

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called? A. neurons B. dendrites C. axons D. fibroblasts E. astrocytes

A. neurons

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals? A. osteocytes B. erythrocytes C. leukocytes D. fibrocytes E. chondrocytes

A. osteocytes

In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the ______________ nervous system. A. peripheral B. central C. neuroglial D. motor

A. peripheral

In mammals and some reptiles, the coelom is divided into smaller cavities that enclose the lungs, heart, and gut. What are these cavities called? A. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities B. thoracic, pleural, and pericardial cavities C. pleural, pericardial, and cardial cavities D. perithoracic, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

A. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal

In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein _______. A. troponin B. tropomyosin C. actin D. myosin

A. troponin

Which of the following regarding the Haversian System is false? A. It keeps osteocytes alive. B. Haversian canals are created by osteoclasts that tunnel through the bone matrix. C. Haversian canals may contain nerve fibers. D. Haversian canals run parallel to the length of long bone.

B. Haversian canals are created by osteoclasts that tunnel through the bone matrix.

Impressive was a champion Quarter Horse stallion with a magnificent muscular physique, a trait that he passed on to dozens of offspring. However, many of Impressive's offspring developed periodic muscular twitching that sometimes left the horses temporarily unable to move. Some horses even died. As it turns out, Impressive's award-winning physique was due to a mutation in a single, protein-encoding gene, resulting in hyperexcitable muscle (which contracts even in the absence of a stimulus from its motor neuron). Which is NOT a plausible explanation for the identity of the abnormal muscle protein in Impressive and his offspring? A. tropomyosin that is unable to bind to actin B. overactive Ca2+ pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. leaky Na+ channels D. over-active troponin molecules E. acetylcholine receptors that function in the absence of acetylcholine

B. overactive Ca2+ pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

If you rub the scaled skin of a shark, it feels rough if you move your hand from tail to head but smooth if you move from head to tail. What is a major advantage of the scales being oriented this way? A. to better prevent water loss from the body tissues B. to counteract friction as the shark swims through the water C. to keep the shark afloat in the water D. to better protect the shark from predators E. to enable the shark to orient itself in space and detect prey

B. to counteract friction as the shark swims through the water

Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin? A. calcium B. ATP C. phosphate D. troponin E. ADP

B. ATP

Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct? A. Bone contains an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. B. Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. C. Bone tissue is a special form of connective tissue. D. Bone tissue serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions. E. Bone marrow is a reservoir for blood stem cells

B. Bone is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick? A. Epithelial tissues are required to support other cells growing on top of the tissue. B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur. C. Epithelial tissues can only reach a certain thickness because their growth is constrained by microtubules inside the cell membrane. D. Thick epithelial tissues would collapse due to the drying effect of the environment. E. Epithelial tissues are programmed to stop dividing after only a few cell cycles.

B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

A muscle fiber contracts by a sequence of events initiated by the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor. Which of the following is the correct sequence? I-The calcium-troponin complex pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites of actin. II-The freed-sites of actin bind to myosin to form cross bridges. III-Calcium ion binds to the troponin. A. III, II, and I B. III, I, and II C. I, III, and II D. II, III, and I E. I, II, and III

B. III, I, and II

Which of the following regarding bone growth is false? A. Cartilage of growth plates actively grow in lengthwise direction. B. Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum. C. Some cartilage remains after it is replaced by bone. D. Cartilage calcification encroaches on the cartilaginous growth plate.

B. Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum

The structure enabling depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the ______. A. motor unit B. T tubule C. sarcomere D. sarcoplasmic reticulum

B. T tubule

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through? A. The shot entered the dorsal cavity and exited through the ventral cavity. B. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity. C. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the pleural cavity. D. The shot entered the pericardial cavity and exited through the pleural cavity.

B. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity

Myofibril contractile subunits, the sarcomeres, are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the A. A band. B. Z line. C. I band. D. H band. E. M line.

B. Z line

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix? A. adipose B. blood C. cartilage D. dense connective tissue E. loose connective tissue

B. blood

One adaptation to flight in birds is lighter bones, which lack A. collagen. B. bone marrow. C. calcium. D. medullary cavities. E. the periosteum.

B. bone marrow

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body? A. cells B. bones C. tissues D. organs E. organ systems

B. bones

Which of the following is/are required with actin and myosin in order to initiate muscle contraction? A. calcium and phosphate B. calcium and ATP C. ATP D. calcium E. phosphate

B. calcium and ATP

What is cartilage composed of? A. chondroitin and calcium phosphate B. chondroitin and collagen fibers C. collagen fibers and osteocytes D. osteocytes and glycoproteins E. osteocytes and calcium phosphate

B. chondroitin and collagen fibers

The mammalian jaw is an example of what kind of moveable joint? A. gliding joint B. combination joint C. ball-and-socket joint D. hinge joint

B. combination joint

What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs? A. loose connective tissue B. dense irregular connective tissue C. collagen D. dense regular connective tissue E. adipose

B. dense irregular connective tissue

Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells? A. decreased mucus production B. excess mucus production C. excess O2 absorption D. decreased CO2 absorption

B. excess mucus production

The myofibrils consist of both thin filaments made of actin and thick filaments composed of A. acetylcholine. B. myosin. C. tropomyosin. D. chitin. E. troponin.

B. myosin

The movement of actin and myosin fibers in a muscle contraction contains all of the following steps EXCEPT A. the myosin head attaches to the actin filament. B. myosin rolls up from one end, forming a ball. C. the myosin filament advances relative to the actin filament. D. the myosin head returns to its original conformation. E. the globular myosin head detaches from the actin filament.

B. myosin rolls up from one end, forming a ball

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed. A. organism, cell, tissue, organ B. organ system, tissue, organ, cell C. organ system, organ, tissue, cell D. organism, cell, organ system, tissue

B. organ system, tissue, organ, cell

Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis? A. keratinized epithelium B. simple squamous epithelium C. stratified squamous epithelium D. layers of dead squamous cells

B. simple squamous epithelium

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract? A. smooth muscles B. skeletal muscles C. cardiac muscles D. ligament tissues E. involuntary muscles

B. skeletal muscles

In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against A. each other. B. the exoskeleton. C. a hydrostatic skeleton. D. mineralized bones. E. the pseudocoel.

B. the exoskeleton

How would you expect a disease of cartilage formation affect bone development? A. Cartilage is used for other tissues, not bone, so it will not affect bone development. B. Cartilage defects will affect bone only via the effect on tendons and ligaments. C. It would greatly disrupt bone development, since bones are originally formed of cartilage which becomes replaced. D. The epiphysis is formed of cartilage so that will be disrupted, but otherwise the bone will be normal.

C. It would greatly disrupt bone development, since bones are originally formed of cartilage which becomes replaced.

If the skin formed as a simple epithelium during development, what result would you expect? A. This is the normal situation. B. The skin would have increased transfer and improved water and gas homeostasis. C. This would make the skin very fragile and impair its protective function. D. This would mildly decrease its protective function.

C. This would make the skin very fragile and impair its protective function.

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond? A. Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface. B. Exocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. D. Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity. E. The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.

C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

Select the incorrect statement related to sarcomere structure and function. A. Sarcomeres are the smallest subunits of muscle contraction. B. Stacks of thick filaments produce dark bands, called the A band. C. I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments. D. Thin filaments are not present in the H band of a sarcomere. E. Two Z lines form the opposite borders of one sarcomere.

C. I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments.

In the power stroke shown in panel c below, the thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere. What is the specific sequence of events that occurs during a power stroke? A. Release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group B. Release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape C. Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP D. Release of ADP-> release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape E. Myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP

C. Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP

Imagine an earthworm that has no chaetae. How would the lack of chaetae affect movement of the earthworm? A. The earthworm would only be able to extend its body segments. B. The earthworm would be much flatter than normal since it has no hydrostatic skeleton. C. The earthworm would have difficulty changing locations, since it cannot anchor itself in the soil. D. The earthworm would not be able to move at all. E. The earthworm would only be able to shorten its body segments.

C. The earthworm would have difficulty changing locations, since it cannot anchor itself in the soil.

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand. Besides mastering technique, what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete? A. Repetitive stress on the long bones will solidify cartilage. B. The Haversian canal system will supply more blood and strengthen the bone. C. The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones. D. The marrow cavity will solidify and strengthen the bone.

C. The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones.

Which of the following joint types is not correctly matched with its example? A. ball-and-socket joint—femur and pelvis B. gliding joint—vertebral column C. combination joint—knee joint D. hinge joint—finger joint E. immovable joint—skull sutures

C. combination joint—knee joint

In order for an earthworm to lengthen several contiguous segments of its body, it must A. contract its longitudinal muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid perpendicular to the long axis of the worm. B. contract its circular muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid perpendicular to the long axis of the worm. C. contract its circular muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm. D. contract its longitudinal muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm. E. contract its circular muscles, which extends the chaetae into the surrounding soil and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm.

C. contract its circular muscles, which pulls up the chaetae and moves the body fluid parallel to the long axis of the worm.

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct EXCEPT A. exoskeletons are made of chitin. B. muscles are attached to the exoskeleton. C. exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch. D. exoskeletons are shed by many arthropods in a process called molting. E. chitin is a polysaccharide.

C. exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch.

Shown below is an electron micrograph of part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber. Which of the labeled regions will NOT shorten when the muscle contracts? A. I band B. Sarcomere C. A band D. H band

C. A band

You decide to do an experiment with isolated myofibrils to explore the effects of ATP hydrolysis on myofibril function. You do this by bathing the myofibrils in a solution that contains a modified form of ATP, which cannot be split into ADP and Pi. At what step will myofibril function be arrested by using this compound instead of unmodified ATP? A. Myosin heads will bind to the actin filaments, but the power stroke will not occur and actin filaments will not slide over the myosin filaments. B. Myosin molecules will be unable to assemble into thick filaments. C. Myosin heads will be unable to bind to the actin filaments. D. There will be no block in the cycle, since ATP hydrolysis is not required for this process. E. The myosin heads will remain attached to the actin filaments after the power stroke.

C. Myosin heads will be unable to bind to actin filaments

The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of A. collagen fibers. B. gelatinous mass. C. actin and myosin fibers. D. keratin fibers. E. fibroblast cells.

C. actin and myosin fibers

The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long! A. dendrite B. soma C. axon D. node of Ranvier

C. axon

Which muscle contraction is involuntary? A. cardiac only B. smooth only C. cardiac and smooth D. skeletal only E. cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

C. cardiac and smooth

Where is the nucleus of a neuron found? A. axon branches B. companion cell C. cell body D. dendrites E. myelin sheath

C. cell body

A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, larynx and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem? A. leukocytes B. erythrocytes C. chondrocytes D. osteocytes E. fibroblasts

C. chondrocytes

In bone, crystals of calcium phosphate impregnate the extracellular matrix containing fibers of A. actin. B. chitin. C. collagen. D. troponin. E. myosin.

C. collagen

The human skeleton is a typical vertebrate A. hydrostatic skeleton. B. axial skeleton only. C. endoskeleton. D. exoskeleton. E. appendicular skeleton only.

C. endoskeleton

What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit? A. fused cells with multiple nuclei B. covalent bonds between actin and myosin molecules C. intercalated disks rich in gap junctions D. large numbers of motor neurons

C. intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue? A. heart muscle B. spinal cord C. ligaments D. skeletal muscle

C. ligaments

At the emergency room, the doctor tell you "Your friend has high levels of troponin in the blood." What is this likely to indicate? A. a broken bone B. a high level of fitness C. muscle damage D. an unhealthy diet

C. muscle damage

If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball instead, which tissue responds first? A. epithelial tissue B. ectoderm C. nerve tissue D. muscle tissue

C. nerve tissue

Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue? A. central nervous system B. osmic nerve C. peripheral nervous system D. neuroglial system

C. peripheral nervous system

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called? A. columnar B. pseudostratified C. squamous D. cuboidal E. stratified

C. squamous

In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues? A. epithelial B. connective C. supportive D. muscle E. nerve

C. supportive

As the Baby Boomer generation ages, more and more joint replacement surgeries take place each year. Hip replacement surgery is the gold standard of all joint replacement surgeries, with many patients able to walk just a few hours after surgery and return home the very next day. In contrast, knee replacement surgery usually requires hospital stays of several days, followed by weeks to months of physical therapy. What best explains why the recovery after hip replacement surgery is so much faster than after knee replacement surgery? A. The knee is a type of combination joint, which are difficult to replace. B. The upper end of the thigh bone has less overall surface contact with the hip bone than its lower end has in the knee with bones of the lower leg. C. The knee joint is stabilized by many more structures (many of which have to be cut) than the hip joint. D. The hip joint is more superficial and more accessible to surgeons than the knee joint. E. The hip only moves in one direction, and recovery of one motion is easier than recovering movement in many directions.

C. the knee is stabilized by many more structures (many of which have to be cut) than the hip joint

Why does the sarcomere get narrower during muscle contraction? A. The actin fiber shrinks. B. The myosin fiber shrinks. C. The myosin and actin fibers overlap more. D. The edges of the muscle push the cells closer together. E. The sarcoplasmic reticulum empties.

C. the myosin and actin fibers overlap more

Sarin gas is an inhibitor of an enzyme that functions in the neuromuscular junction to break down acetylcholine. What is the most likely description of how a person would die after inhaling this poisonous gas? A. epileptic convulsions caused by disorganized electrical activity in the brain B. paralysis of skeletal muscles C. suffocation via paralysis of the respiratory muscles D. suffocation via hypercontraction of the respiratory muscles E. by a heart attack

D. suffocation via hypercontraction of the respiratory muscles

What is the association between tropomyosin and troponin molecules in resting striated muscle fibers? A. Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the myosin. B. Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the myosin. C. Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the actin. D. Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the actin. E. There is no known association.

D. Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the actin.

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced. A. ectoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm B. connective tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; epithelial tissue C. epithelium; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm D. epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

D. epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

You have just read an advertisement for a new drug that claims people who take it can get muscular bodies without spending months lifting weights in the gym. The drug stimulates muscle growth in the same way that weight lifting does, which is to A. stimulate an increase in the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers. B. stimulate existing muscle fibers to divide. C. stimulate existing muscle fibers to fuse with one another. D. stimulate growth in the size of existing muscle fibers. E. turn surrounding connective tissue into muscle tissue.

D. stimulate growth in the size of existing muscle fibers.

The neurotransmitter released from the nerve terminus at the neuromuscular junction is __________. A. troponin B. Ca2+ C. tropomyosin D. acetylcholine

D. acetylcholine

Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue? A. collagen B. elastin C. reticulin D. chondroitin E. adipose cells

D. chondroitin

You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first? A. actin B. epidermal growth factor C. myosin II heavy chain D. collagen

D. collagen

Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucus and is dense with cilia? A. cuboidal B. squamous C. stratified D. columnar

D. columnar

Vertebrate bone does NOT ____. A. consist of cells and an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers B. contain hydroxyapatite crystals C. contain blood vessels D. contain sarcomere units E. become remodeled with use

D. contain sarcomere units

Impulses conducted along the muscle fiber's transverse tubules stimulate the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm A. from the actin and myosin subunits. B. from the extracellular fluid in the neuromuscular junction. C. from the Z line. D. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. E. from the troponin.

D. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage? A. tip of the nose B. outer ear C. intervertebral disks of the backbone D. knee cap E. larynx

D. knee cap

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"? A. tissues, organs, and organ systems B. mesoderm, muscle, and tissue C. ectoderm, endoderm, and exoskeleton D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm E. mesoderm, exoderm, and hydroderm

D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together? A. skeletal, endocrine, and circulatory systems B. nervous, circulatory, and skeletal systems C. muscular, integumentary, and circulatory systems D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Which of the following types of muscles are striated? A. skeletal and smooth B. cardiac only C. triceps and biceps only D. skeletal and cardiac E. skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

D. skeletal and cardiac

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they? A. cardiac muscle B. smooth muscle C. involuntary muscle D. skeletal muscle

D. skeletal muscle

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen? A. heart and other muscles B. brain C. glandular organs D. skin, tendons, and cartilage

D. skin, tendons, and cartilage

Impulses conducted along the transverse tubules of the muscle fiber stimulate A. the release of ATP. B. the binding of actin to the Z lines. C. tropomyosin and troponin binding. D. the release of calcium ions. E. the release of acetylcholine.

D. the release of calcium ions

All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units A. I and III B. II only C. II and III D. I, II, and II E. I and II

E. I and II

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer? A. Tendons secure muscles to other muscles and ligaments secure bones to other bones. B. Tendons and ligaments have the same function but are found in different areas of the body. C. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure muscles to other muscles. D. Tendons are just enlarged ligaments. E. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

E. Tendons secure muscles to nones and ligaments secure bones to other bones

Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues? A. macrophages B. mast cells C. adipose cells D. collagen fibers E. chondrocytes

E. chondrocytes

Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size? A. quadriceps B. myofibril C. muscle fiber D. sarcomere E. myofilaments

E. myofilaments

A newborn baby dies soon after birth because her diaphragm and rib cage muscles failed to contract and she was unable to breathe on her own. Examination of the baby's DNA revealed that she had a genetic mutation in a gene that encoded a calcium-binding protein. Which protein was most likely defective in the baby? A. actin B. myosin C. acetylcholine D. tropomyosin E. troponin

E. troponin

In order for a muscle to contract, calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum must bind to A. ATP. B. actin. C. tropomyosin. D. myosin. E. troponin.

E. troponin

True or false: The axon of a neuron can only communicate with other neuronal cells. True False

FALSE Motor neurons communicate directly with muscle.

Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin. True False

False Other cell types do contain actin and myosin as well, which they use for intracellular transport, but not in the large quantities and layered organization seen in muscle cells.