Biology 1108 Exam 2 Pucko UGA
bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation takes place in a single organism over the span of its life, resulting in a higher concentration in *older* individuals
ocean acidification
CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid; the small reduction in pH can damage corals and animals with calcareous shells.
No
Can ectotherms increase the rate of sugar they burn through respiration?
Milankovitch cycles
Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods
most
Chemical bonds store energy as 'potential' energy. Thus, the molecule that has the _______- bonds will have the most energy.
humans
Climate projections for 2100; what is the biggest source of variation in future climate outcomes?
a, c, d
Coral reefs are marine ecosystems with a lot of vertical complexity. This means that they also have ____________. [Select all that apply] a. little impact from normal disturbances b. the ability to conserve much more than 10% of the energy between trophic levels c. high ecosystem stability d. high biodiversity e. few trophic levels
proxy data
Data we can collect to infer something else (that we cannot measure) based on an established relationship
The ocean absorbs excess CO2 in the air; the increased CO2 in the ocean changes the water's pH, making it more acidic.
Define ocean acidification
alternative stable states
Different community development scenarios that are possible at the same location under similar environmental conditions.
no, because orcas can eat other things
Do we expect whale and orca populations to fluctuate cyclically over time like these theoretical populations?
late spring
During which time of year do we experience the highest amount of GHG emissions?
90%
Each level in a trophic level decreases by ____%. ***
trophic level
Each step in a food chain or food web
intercepts
Earth ____________ some high energy lights.
alternative stable states
Ecosystems can have multiple stable modes that are difficult to transition out of called __________ ___________ _____________.
increase the rate they burn sugar through respiration
Ectotherms cannot...
energy cannot be created or destroyed but transferred and transformed
Energy flows through biological systems according to the laws of thermodynamics:
shells
Even small reductions in pH make it difficult for ___________ to form.
entropy/disorder
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the _________/______ of the universe.
permafrost feedback
Feedback 3 of 4; Permafrost melts Creates methane Methane traps in heat More permafrost melts Continues on
combustion, low respiration, decomposition from snow melting, dead leaves decomposing increasing GHGs
Four reasons why there are more GHGs in the mid- to late- spring:
124 - 14,000
GWP of F-gases
1 GWP
GWP of carbon dioxide
124 -> 14000 GWP
GWP of f-gases
21 GWP
GWP of methane
298 GWP
GWP of nitrous oxide
100
If a community has 1,000 mice, it can support _____ hawks.
it would go up
If red abalone had a population boom in the kelp forest and as a result they would become easier for otters to find. If the length of time it takes an otter to dive to find an abalone is cut in half, what will that do to its position in the order of preferred prey according to the Optimal Foraging Theory?
more than 4 degrees
If the global warming temperature increase *average* is 4 degrees, then how much will the Arctic warm by?
a
When urchin barrens have persisted for a long time, the large population of urchins does not drop dramatically as ecologists would have expected when their food sources become scarce. Instead, individuals in the large population exist on the edge of starvation without a drastic reduction in reproductive rate. This makes each urchin contain few nutrients and few calories. Therefore, if we were to make a list of prey items according to the Optimal Foraging Theory that included both kelp forest urchins and urchin barren urchins, which one would be the better prey item and therefore higher on the list? (Sidenote: as a consequence of this, populations of otters in kelp forests that are in the process of transitioning into urchin barrens around Monterey Bay do not appear to eat urchin barren urchins, allowing them to persist.) a. kelp forest urchins b. urchin barren urchins c. both are the same, they're both urchins
northern pole experiences greatest amount of warming
Where is the fastest global warming occuring?
kelp, planktonic algae
Which are autotrophs? Kelp Sessile invertebrates Planktonic invertebrates (zooplankton) Planktonic algae (phytoplankton) Sea urchins
b
Which is NOT a piece of evidence that suggested orcas were responsible for the recent decline in otter populations? a. Otter populations in protected bays were not declining. b. They were finding lots of otters washed up on the beaches with orca bite marks. c. Other orca food sources had drastically declined in recent decades. d. A relatively small increase in orca predation could account for the huge number of missing otters.
photosynthesis
Which of the following DOES NOT produce atmospheric CO2? fossil fuel burning land use change cement photosynthesis respiration fires volcanoes
ocean
Which of the following has the lowest albedo? - desert - ocean - savannah - rainforest
largemouth bass
Which one uses the least amount of energy for thermoregulation?
california sea lion
Which organism do you expect to have the highest metabolic rate (kcals/hr)? Field Mouse (Terrestrial Omnivore - 1 ounce) California Sea Lion (Marine Carnivore - 600 lbs) Koala Bear (Terrestrial Herbivore - 8 lbs) Grizzly Bear (Terrestrial Omnivore - 600 lbs) Question 7
they remain in the atmosphere a longer time so they continue to warm
Why are F-gases strong GHGs?
they maintain urchin population and kelp to sustain a balanced ecosystem
Why are otters essential to healthy kelp forests?
d
Why is oxygen consumption a reasonable proxy (stand-in) for metabolic rate? a. Because as CO2 is used up in respiration, oxygen is produced and that can be measured b. Because digestion requires oxygen c. It only works for terrestrial animals because they are the only ones that require oxygen for respiration. d. Because cellular respiration usually consumes oxygen as it breaks down glucose
top down cascade will be worse; removal of otters will cause kelp to decrease and urchins to increase. Then, without the kelp, the small fish will decline
Will small fish and herbivores be more greatly effected by a top down cascade (removal of otters) or a bottom up cascade (removal of kelp for the smaller fish and herbivores to eat)?
kelp forest will have higher concentrations of POPs
Will the effect of POPS be higher in kelp forest or urchin barrens?
It would be better; if it were CO2, the global atmosphere would improve. Its GWP would decrease because methane has a higher GWP.
Would it be better or worse if CO2 was released in permafrost feedback?
fluorine gases
________ _______________ stay in the atmosphere a longer time so they keep warming; this is why they are strong.
arctic
______________ is warming faster than anywhere else on the planet.
homeostasis
a dynamic equilibrium which is actively regulated to maintain a variable at a constant level; acceptable range rather than a point
top predator
a predator with no natural predators; often also a keystone species
model
a representation or simplification of a system to help viewers understand its behavior or make predictions
feedbacks
agents of stability or rapid change
biomass
all living things
280 ppm
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere *before the Industrial Revolution* in parts per million (ppm)
positive feedbacks
amplification of a stimulus; initial stimulus needs to be trigger that causes further spiraling in one direction
keystone species
an organism with an outsized influence relative to its abundance
thermoconformer
animal that allows its internal environment to match its external environment
thermoregulator
animal who keeps internal environment constant
thermoregulator
animals maintain internal temperature
ectotherm
body temperature is controlled by environment or behavior, not metabolism (all reptiles and amphibians)
K
carrying capacity
Milankovitch Cycles
changes in the earth's orbit that changes the earth's temperature
optimal foraging theory
choose prey that maximize net energy gain; energy gained - energy spent
ocean acidification
decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels
anthropogenic
derived from human activities
greenhouse effect
energy coming from the sun is high energy light entering the atmosphere
coolants
example of anthropogenic fluorinated compounds green house gases
nothing direct
example of anthropogenic source GHG water vapor
none
example of natural fluorinated compounds green house gases
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
first 4 levels of food chain
thermogenesis
generation of heat
carbon cycle
how carbon is converted from one form to another
residence time
how much time a gas spends in the atmosphere
primary and secondary
if an organism consumes both plants and fish, then which consumer would it be? - primary - secondary - tertiary - primary and secondary
ocean acidification
in the ocean this is a result of increasing atmospheric CO2, not climate change directly
short term ocean cycle
involves carbon moving in and out of the atmosphere
long term ocean acidification cycle
involves putting carbon back into the rock pool and fossil fuel pool (millions of years)
curing of cement
large contributor to atmospheric CO2 levels
ocean carbon
largest reservoir of carbon
Milankovitch cycles
natural and very long-term fluctuations in sun intensity
POPs
persistent organic pollutants
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
calcification
process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen
top down control
producers are limited by herbivory by primary consumers
bottom up control
producers are limited by nutrients, climate disturbance, etc.
negative feedbacks
promote changes that lead back toward equilibrium "overshoot, undershoot, overshoot, undershoot" behavior; fluctuation of carrying capacity
albedo
reflectivity of the surface
prey
In a system of predator and prey, which population is higher?
c
Savannah ecosystems (grasslands with a few scattered trees-like in Africa) can be maintained by fire. Frequent, low-intensity fires that spread quickly in dry grass kill back tree seedlings periodically and prevent forests from growing, maintaining this open appearance. However, when we put out all fires, as has been the practice in the US since the 1940's, fires are extinguished before they spread and kill the tree seedlings, even when they pose no danger to humans or property. This allows a forest to grow (succession!). Once in this forested state, small fires that used to start and spread quickly from a lightning strike don't spread as fast across more humid forest soils or through vegetation with a higher water content as is common in forests. As an example of an alternative stable state, what statement below regarding this forest/savannah relationship is FALSE? a. The communities and ecosystem structure are drastically different in each stable state. b. The forest's high ecosystem stability prevents drastic change due to a disturbance. c. It is impossible to go from forest back to grassland. d. conversion of one stable state to the other is very difficult.
dense, blubber
Sea otters have _________ fur and no __________.
specific heat
Sea otters lose heat 25 times faster than air does because of their ______ _____________.
30
Sea otters must eat ____% of their body weight every day to power metabolism/thermogenesis.
biomagnification
Seals that eat other seals have higher concentrations of POPs in their fat than ring seals (eat fish) in the Antarctic.
expansion of sea ice
Solar output declines by 30%; what will occur as a result of this?
heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants
Some pollutants, such as _______ ___________ and _________ __________ __________ accumulate in organisms over time.
a
Sometimes an animal has a structural adaptation (morphological) that is adapted for a very specific function. Similar to the thick double-layer fur of a sea otter acts to trap air and repel water as insulation in a cold marine environment. Which of the following would be another morphological adaptation for cold weather? a. Small ears that limit the time blood vessels spend in appendages b. An increase in metabolic rate that will generate heat in tissues c. Migration that brings organisms to water climates in the winter d. Basking in the sun that allows sunlight to warm the organism's skin
bioaccumulation
The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.
heat and prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere
More greenhouse gases trap...
carbon dioxide
Most of the .1% of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is ________ ______________.
carbonate ions
Ocean acidification decreases...
bioaccumulation
Older mountain lions in LA mountains die of ingredients found in rat poison, while young lions are barely affected
volcanic activity; ash can reflect sunlight in atmosphere and temporarily cool the planet
One example of a natural change in albedo
10%
Only ____% of energy is transferred up in a food chain.
high levels of contaminants are passed to offspring through breastmilk
Orcas experience high juvenile morality because...
climate
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time
fatty tissue
POPs (persistent organic pollutants) are stored in...
K
Populations grow at different rates based on their distance from ______.
possible human GHG emissions
RCPS take what into account?
increasing atmospheric CO2
Rate of pH decline in the ocean slows with warming, but it still falls with...
RCPs
Representative Concentration Pathways: trajectories for greenhouse gas concentrations
418 ppm
The average CO2 concentration in 2022
weather
The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
osmoconformer
The dotted black line represents...
Statistical models and geospatial models
set of equations that describe the relationships between things in the environment
Hurricane Ida
set the stage for climate change to progress over time and increased the likelihood of its occurrence
osmoregulator
The purple line represents...
albedo positive feedback loop
The snowball earth is a result of the...
CO2
The strongest anthropogenic GHG
to lose heat
Thermoneutral zone: Above the upper critical temperature, the animal must expend energy _________________ by painting or sweating.
produce metabolic heat
Thermoneutral zone: below the lower critical temperature, the animal expend energy to _____________________.
light colors - reflect more light
Things with a high albedo:
dark colors - absorb more light
Things with low albedo:
100
Today's rate of increase of CO2 emissions is more than ______ times faster than the increase that occurred when the last ice age ended.
trophic level, age
Toxic accumulation causes excess morality in 2 ways:
keystone species
Trophic cascade is more likely to occur in the presence of a...
false
True or False: An organism that shivers and migrates is definitely an endotherm. True False
d
True or False: If cancer crab populations increased significantly in a kelp forest, urchin populations would increase. a. False, because urchins are higher on the preferred prey list according to the optimal foraging theory. b. False, because urchins taste better and otters know they need to be controlled for the health of the kelp forest. c. True, and they will stop eating urchins altogether leading to urchins becoming so populous that they eat all the kelp and create a trophic cascade. d. True, because cancer crabs are higher on the preferred prey list according to the optimal foraging theory, so fewer urchins will be eaten by otters.
c
Using what we know about the Optimal Foraging Theory, what would we expect to happen to the distribution of kelp forests if the populations of great whales and sea lions increased significantly in the next few years? a. Orcas would continue to feed on otters and kelp forests would continue to decline. b. Orca populations and predation on whales and sea lions would drastically increase, but it would not accompany a decrease in otter predation. c. Otter populations would increase over the next few decades, slowly increasing the coverage of kelp forest. d. Otter populations would rebound, but the kelp forests are unlikely to return.
optimal foraging theory
Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food.
more
Warm air holds _____ water vapor.
less
Warm water holds _____ dissolved gas (CO2).
prey switching
switching to the next best prey item when a preferred item becomes rarer
positive feedbacks
systems that promote further change towards an extreme
biomagnification
takes place as chemicals transfer from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels within a food web, resulting in a higher concentration in apex predators
endotherm
temperature can be controlled by altering metabolic rate (all birds and mammals)
thermoregulation
temperature control
Biomagnification
the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.
producers
the lowest trophic level
thermoneutral zone
the temp range in which metabolism rate (respiration rate) does not need to increase to maintain ideal body temperature
apex predator
the top predator in an ecosystem
biomagnification
toxic concentrations increase as you move up through trophic levels
bioaccumulation
toxins build up in an individual as it ages
cellular respiration
transforms energy in organic molecules into ATP and heat
trophic cascade
when changes at one trophic level have dramatic effects throughout a food web (i.e, urchin barren)
top down control
when the abundance of trophic groups is determined by the existence of predators at the top of the food web
bottom up control
when the abundances of trophic groups are determined by the amount of energy available from producers
sink
where CO2 goes
source
where CO2 is made
sunlight
where does energy in a food web initially come from?
evenly distributed
Warming is not _____________; an average temperature increase of 4 degrees doesn't mean everywhere increases by only 4 degrees; north pole will be heavily effected.
positive
Water vapor feedback is a _____________ feedback.
current relationships, back casting
We can infer past relationships between proxy data and climate by examining their ______________, and then ________________.
mercury, lead
What are 2 heavy metals?
methane, CO2, nitrous oxide, F-gases, water vapor
What are 5 greenhouse gases?
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff
What are the four stages of the water cycle?
energy is released and can be captured to help other chemical reactions run
What happens when chemical bonds are broken?
changes species migration and distributions, less oxygen, coral bleaching
What happens when ocean water is warmer? (list 3)
coastal flooding due to thermal expansion and melting ice caps
What happens when sea levels rise?
atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature rise
What happens when sources of CO2 are greater than sinks of CO2?
1. CO2 diffuses into the ocean. 2. It is taken up by phytoplankton. (photosynthesis) 3. When they die, they sink.(sedimentation) 4. After many years, they become rock. 5. Long-term C storage
What is happening in the ocean? (5 step process of CO2)
when sea ice melts, the albedo lowers, and the ocean absorbs the sunlight. This exposes more ocean water and converts more heat. Over time, more ice reduces.
What is the 4th feedback to know?
Increasing CO2 causes the water vapor to warm the atmosphere, and the global warming increases evaporation, which increases water vapor...
What is the first of four feedback cycles to know?
between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius (closer to 4 now)
What is the future climate change estimate temperature increase by 2100?
More greenhouse gases lead to increasing temperatures, which warms oceans and decreases CO2 dissolved in water. So, CO2 Is released into atmosphere, where it causes more warming of the air and more warming of the water
What is the second CO2 feedback to know?
Permafrost traps and stores a lot of organic carbon and melts; anaerobic decay occurs because there is no oxygen. instead of CO2, methane is produced. Methane traps in heat, so more permafrost melts.
What is the third feedback to know?
64%
What percentage does CO2 contribute to climate change?
11%
What percentage of climate change is contributed to F-gases?
6%
What percentage of climate change is contributed to N2O?
19%
What percentage of climate change is contributed to methane?
10%
What percentage of energy is assimilated?
90%
What percentage of energy is lost as heat or waste?
.1
What percentage of the atmosphere is GHGs?
all of the above
When an urchin eats a piece of kelp, the energy found in the kelp is lost as heat during which processes? [Select all that apply] a. As the cellulose (complex carbohydrate) in the kelp is broken down into smaller sugars using enzymes b. As the proteins and DNA in the kelp are disassembled in the urchin digestive system c. As glucose is broken down through cellular respiration d. As ATP generated in cellular respiration is broken down, releasing energy that can be harnessed by enzymes to function
echo up the food chain
A collapse in plankton populations would...
all of the above
A new species of goose was discovered on an island off the Icelandic coast. As a bird, this Ice Goose could have the ability to thermoregulate using which of the following adaptations? [Select all that apply] a. migrating b. growing insulating down feathers c. molting (losing its feathers) d. altering its metabolic rate e. vasoconstriction/vasodilation f. panting
keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
increase; decrease
According to this food web, if the populations of sea otters declines, what would happen to the population of urchins? According to this food web, if the populations of sea otters declines, what would happen to the population of kelp?
increase this heat production to maintain a specific internal temperature
Although ectotherms do generate some metabolic heat—like all living things—ectotherms can't ______________________________.
thermal expansion
An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased
Only 50% of emissions go to the atmosphere; the extra 50% of carbon emissions goes to the ocean and then plants
Atmospheric CO2 concentration rises, but not as fast as emissions; why?
higher
Atmospheric CO2 in April 2022 compared to October 2021 is _______________
do not have to expend energy to alter temperature
1 advantage of being a thermoconformer
cold water all year, high dissolved oxygen
2 abiotic factors of kelp forests
able to live in many habitats; can operate at optimum level more often because they can regulate their temperature
2 advantages of being a thermoregulator
mining/drilling, agriculture
2 examples of anthropogenic source methane GHGs
shivering, sweating
2 examples of human thermoregulation
transpiration, evaporation
2 examples of natural source GHG water vapor
hibernation, vasoconstriction
2 examples of physiological thermoregulation in cold
panting, vasodilation
2 examples of physiological thermoregulation in heat
N-cycle, fires
2 natural sources of nitrous oxide GHG
strength, residence time
2 things that contribute to GWP:
fossil fuel burning, land use change, cement
3 anthropogenic sources of CO2 as a greenhouse gas
warmer ocean, rising sea levels, ocean acidification
3 changes in the ocean as a result of climate change
gasoline burning, fires, excess agriculture fertilization
3 examples of anthropogenic source nitrous oxide GHG
birds fluff feathers, fur, blubber
3 examples of morphological changes in cold
shedding, elephant ears, jack rabbits
3 examples of morphological changes in heat
digestion, anaerobic decomposition, leaching
3 examples of natural source methane GHGs
predator prey relationship, carrying capacity, thermoregulation
3 examples of negative feedbacks
mercury/lead, PCBs, DDT
3 examples of persistent chemicals that bioaccumulate or magnify
ice cores, tree rings, otoliths
3 examples of proxy data
atmosphere, land, oceans
3 places where humanity's CO2 goes:
snow/ice, cumulus/stratus clouds, sea ice
3 things with *very* high albedo
dirt, asphalt, water
3 things with *very* low albedo
carbon sequestration, vertical complexity, ecosystem stability, juvenile fish habitat
4 benefits of otters in kelp forests
basking, cuddling, burrowing, migration
4 examples of behavioral changes in cold
wallowing, locating shade, burrowing, swimming
4 examples of behavioral changes in heat
respiration, fires, volcanoes, decay
4 natural sources of CO2 GHG
rocks, fossil fuels, soils, atmosphere, biosphere, ocean
6 places where carbon is stored (pools)
gwp
Global Warming Potential
permafrost
Ground that is permanently frozen
Burning fossil fuels puts more carbon dioxide into our atmosphere; too much of these greenhouse gases causes Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat
How are human activities are changing Earth's natural greenhouse effect?
they increase metabolism to influence temperature
How do humans thermoregulate?
Ocean absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere, creating carbonic acid in the waters. Carbonic acid steals carbonate needed by some marine organisms for their shells.
How does the ocean and excess CO2 damage sealife that needs carbonic acid?
1 pound of methane = 21 pounds CO2
How many lbs of carbon dioxide are equivalent to 1 lb. of methane?
1 pound of CO2 = 1 GWP
How many lbs. of CO2 is equivalent to 1 global warming potential? (GWP)
snowball earth
Hypothesis that proposes that the Earth was entirely covered by ice in part of the Cryogenian period of the Proterozoic eon, and perhaps at other times in the history of Earth
CO2
In terms of overall climate change, _______ contributes the most towards global warming.
primary consumers
In tropical reef ecosystems, sea turtles are important for reef health because they eat algae off of coral. If the algae are allowed to grow unchecked, it kills the coral polyps (primary consumers). This will reduce the amount of biomass found in all the higher trophic levels. What trophic level are sea turtles?
macroalgae
Kelp are __________, a convergent evolution of a plant-like body.
osmoregulators
Like most organisms, salmon have a fairly narrow range of acceptable osmolarities (salinity) in their internal tissues. However, salmon are born in freshwater and then spend years 2-5 in the ocean before returning to freshwater streams to reproduce. This indicates that salmon are most likely ______________ thermoregulators thermoconformers osmoregulators osmoconformers
