Biology 1150 Final

Why does a person continue to breathe heavily after prolonged activity?

to relieve O2 debt

Organisms made up of prokaryotic cell types are found in __________ Domain(s).

two

This type of hormone characteristically requires a second messenger.

water-soluble

One class of hormones are the lipid-insoluble or protein-based hormones made up of __________ sub-units.

amino acid

Choose the term that describes muscles that oppose one another.

antagonistic

The process by which molecules travel with the concentration gradient and pass through the cell membrane with the assistance of a protein is called ________.

facilitated diffusion

Neurons with a myelin sheath carry impulses _____________ unmyelinated cells.

faster than

Straps of connective tissue that hold bones together, support joints, and direct movement are known as ________.

ligaments

A person exposed to continuous sunlight is likely to be making which vitamin within his or her body?

Vitamin D

You are studying the effects of an artificial sweetener on mice. Four groups of mice consume different amounts of sweetener in their food: 0 grams, 2 grams, 4 grams, 8 grams. Which of these four conditions represent the control group?

0 grams

If you were raising frying chickens, how much meat could you produce given a metric ton (1000 kg) of feed?

100 kg

A chemical reaction that creates a more ordered structure by removing water, creating polymers from monomers is called_______.

A condensation reaction

The sodium/potassium protein pump found in neurons that actively moves these respective ions against their concentration gradients is an example of a __________ protein.

Active transport

Use of the word "theory" can imply different things to different people. What does a scientist mean when they use the word "Theory"?

An explanation for a natural event that is supported by many sources of data and evidence and is very unlikely to be shown as false

Our species of organism (Homo sapiens) can be placed within the Kingdom __________.

Animalia

A correlation:

Can seem to reveal a link between to phenomena when one really does not exist

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all _________.

Carbohydrates

In which of the following Domains of life would you find an extremophile prokaryote?

Domain Archaea

Which of the following is a product of cellular respiration?

Energy

If you are looking at a microbe through a microscope and notice that it is a single-celled organism that contains a nucleus and other organelles, you would classify it in the Domain __________.

Eukarya

What types of cells are humans made up of?

Eukaryotic

Which is known as unrestricted growth at a constant rate?

Exponential growth

All the species of organisms within the Domain Bacteria cause disease.

False

You isolate a large biological molecule and determine that it is entirely non-polar. Because of this molecular property you can guess that this molecule is most likely composed of:

Fatty acids

Which is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell?

Golgi complex

The ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as ________.

Homeostasis

Hormones that are hydrophilic in nature interact with receptors at the cell surface. The reason for this is_______.

Hydrophilic compounds cannot cross the plasma membrane

Which of the following is most accurate regarding Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

If it grows continually, the human population will eventually reach a size too large for our planet's resources.

Someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on it for months will notice a distinct shrinking of the arm once the cast is removed. Why does this happen?

If the muscles are not used they will atrophy

The receptor for a steroid hormone can be found ________.

In the cytoplasm

The electrical impulse transmitted by a neuron is caused by the movement of _____.

Ions

When your exercise exceeds your aerobic conditioning, your muscles may ache due to the presence of __________________.

Lactic Acid

The membranes of our cells are made mostly of _____.

Lipids

White blood cells (macrophages) in the reticuloendothelial system recycle worn out red blood cells and digest foreign invaders. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in these cells?

Lysosomes

Which are specialized cells found at the base of the epidermis that produce pigments designed to protect the body from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation?

Melanocytes

Sperm cells require large amounts of ATP for activity. You would expect these cells to have a larger volume of:

Mitochondria

The oxygen requiring processes of cellular respiration occur within the________.

Mitochondria

What are specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane?

Na/K pump

Before experimental drugs can go to market, they must undergo many rigorous drug trials to ensure their medical benefits are effective and safe. What correctly describes a double-blind test often used in these studies?

Neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the drug or placebo

To change the atomic weigh of a particular element (make an isotope) you would need to change the number of:

Neutrons

The chemical bonds that hold the muscle proteins actin and myosin together result from the equal sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities known as:

Non polar covalent bonds

Calcium intake is of concern to women during pregnancy. If a woman for whatever reason does not get enough calcium in her diet during pregnancy, what is likely to happen to her bone tissue?

She may experience significant bone loss both due to the lack of calcium and the fact that the fetus requires extra calcium that will be removed from her own bone tissue.

Which of the organelles is responsible for the production of phospholipids?

Smooth ER

Which of the following cells form new calcified bone in bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

Suppose that a new poison has just come onto the market that will kill any organism without a nucleus. Which type of organism is most likely to survive?

Plants

A chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms where one atom has a higher affinity for electrons than the other is called a:

Polar covalent bond

Alchemists were medieval scientists that often spent their lives attempting to turn lead (atomic number 82) into gold (atomic number 79). What sub-atomic particle would they have had to manipulation in order to make this change occur?

Protons

What forms within the spaces of spongy bone and functions to produce blood cells?

Red marrow

Which of the following organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic type cells?

Ribosomes

Many groups of neurotransmitters produced in neurons are protein-based. Based on this information you would then expect neurons to have many:

Rough ER

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Overuse, misuse, and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon, causing inflammation known as ________.

Tendinitis

Bands of connective tissue that aid in the attachment of muscles to bones are termed ________.

Tendons

Which functions in the attachment of muscle to bone?

Tendons

All energy that is passed through living systems on the planet Earth originally came from:

The Sun

If an atom has a charge of -1 which of the following must be true?

The atom has one more electron than protons

Most of the energy used by the cell is converted to ATP during ________.

The electron transport chain

Which of the following is true of enzymes?

The lower the energy required for a reaction to occur

When Dr. Anderson was your age, the common way to classify organisms was a system where species were placed into one of 5 Kingdoms: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, and Monera. Using what you know about organism diversity, what was the cell type of the species in the Kingdom Monera?

The monerans were made up of prokaryotic cells.

What characteristic(s) do all animals, plants, funguses, and protists share?

They are all made up of eukaryotic cells

Chloride ions readily ionize in water and frequently form ionic bonds with important ions of the nervous system sodium and potassium. Chloride ions have a negative one charge meaning that:

They have one more electron than proton

What would happen to soldiers exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine membrane receptors on skeletal muscle cells?

They would be paralyzed

Humans can be either primary, secondary or tertiary consumers.

True

Cholesterols are lipids that are commonly found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells. In what region of the phospholipid bilayer would you expect to find cholesterol embedded?

Within the non-polar intra-membrane region formed by the phospholipid tails

The largest organ of your body is ________.

Your skin

A community differs from an ecosystem because ________.

a community consists of all living organisms in the area, whereas an ecosystem consists of all living and nonliving aspects of an area

The placebo effect: a. Is a frequently observed but poorly understood phenomenon in which people tend to respond favorably to any treatment b. Reveals that sugar pills are generally as effective as actual medication in fighting illness c. Reveals that experimental treatments cannot be proven effective d. Demonstrates that most scientific studies cannot be replicated e. Is an urban legend

a. Is a frequently observed but poorly understood phenomenon in which people tend to respond favorably to any treatment

Which of the following organization levels for multi-cellular organisms are in the correct order from simplest to most complex? a. Tissue → Organ → Organ System b. Tissue → Organ System → Organ c. Organ → Tissue → Organ System d. Organ → Organ System → Tissue e. Organ System → Tissue → Organ

a. Tissue → Organ → Organ System

Which of the following contains the most species of living things? a. biosphere b. ecosystem c. niche d. community

a. biosphere

Which of the following is a function of the muscular system? a. produces movement b. synthesizes steroids c. removes lactic acid d. produces red blood cells

a. produces movement

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside a resting neuron are very different due primarily to:

active transport

Hormones have direct effects on cells that _____.

are able to recognize that hormone using receptor proteins

Which of the following contains the most cells? a. An organ system b. An organism c. An organ d. A tissue

b. An organism

Which of the following is a producer? a. Toad b. Corn c. Grasshopper d. Mushroom e. Snake

b. Corn

The earth is a closed system except for _____. a. water b. energy c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen

b. energy

Which of the following is a kind of lipid? a. Enzyme b. Sucrose c. Triglyceride d. Sodium Chloride

c. Triglyceride

ATP is used as an energy source for nearly all cellular metabolic processes. Which of the following macromolecules, if available, is used preferentially for ATP synthesis?

carbohydrates

The act of testing an idea using controlled scientific methods is commonly referred to as?

conducting a critical experiment

Humans can be_________? a. Carnivores b. Omnivores c. Herbivores d. All of these

d. All of these

Which of the following types of organisms are not composed of eukaryotic cells? a. Fungi b. Plants c. Protists d. Bacteria e. Animals

d. Bacteria

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions. Which of the following ions does it store? a. Mg++ b. Fe++ c. Na+ d. Ca++

d. Ca++

Which one of the following characteristics of living things is UNIQUE to organisms? In other words, a characteristic that ONLY living things have that a non-living thing would not. a. They are made up of atoms b. They can move c. They can respond to their environment d. They are made up of at least one cell

d. They are made up of at least one cell

Which of these options would be the most efficient human food source in terms of resource use? a. beef b. swordfish c. milk d. soybeans e. chicken

d. soybeans

Which of the following carry impulses toward the nerve cell body?

dendrite

American Bison consume only plants, so we would say they are ________.

herbivores

"An athlete who uses dietary supplements will perform better than one who doesn't." This statement would be an example of which of the following?

hypothesis

Which of the following questions could not be tested through the process of science?

is it moral to...?

If a metabolic disorder were to occur that slowed down the rate of Na/K protein pumps in the nerve cells of an individual, how would this affect the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

it would be more positive

Skeletal muscle is a type of:

muscle tissue

Which of the following is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell?

neurotransmitter

The word "karyon", the root word for the terms prokaryote and eukaryote is a Greek word meaning ________.

nut

Which of the following solutions would be considered more basic (alkaline) than a solution with a pH = 7?

pH=14

Cancer cells often fail to respond to certain hormones because they lack these cell membrane features important in binding with that specific hormone. a. DNAs

receptors

If the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside, the neuron is in the __________________.

resting state

Within the soil, bacteria function to ____________.

return inorganic matter from organic matter

Which of the following muscle tissue types is largely under "voluntary" nervous system control?

skeletal muscle tissue

Novocaine is a local anesthetic that blocks a particular neuron cell membrane protein in order to prevent action potential from being generated in neurons that conduct pain signals to the brain. Which of the following neuron proteins does novocaine block to prevent the action potential from initially depolarizing (becoming more positive)?

sodium ion gated channels