Biology 1321 Exam 1 Review (Vargas) Texas State

What is pseudoscience?

"Fake science," not supported by fact, accurate research, or little to no studies.

What is not Science?

- Its not a collection of facts. - Can not answer questions about immeasurable things (I.e. religion, morals, ethics, etc.).

What are the two pathways of speciation?

1) Allopatric speciation 2) Sympatric speciation

What are 3 postmating isolating mechanisms of reproductve isolation?

1) Gametic incompatibility 2) Hybrid incompatibility 3) Hybrid infertility

What are the 5 premating isolating mechanisms of reproductive isolation?

1) Geographic location (Physical barriers) 2) Ecological Isolation (living in different habitats) 3) Temporal Isolation (Breeding times do not correlate) 4) Behavorial Isolation (different mating rituals) 5) Mechanical incompatibility (anatomically are not compatible.

What are 4 limitations of current species definition?

1) Has to Interbreed (no asexual.) 2) Impossible to tell if extinct species could interbreed. 3) Sometimes two different species do breed with healthy offspring (Wolf & Dog) 4) Some organisms can breed in captavity which otherwise not do so naturally.

What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?

1) Mutations 2) Gene flow 3) Reproductive Selection 4) Genetic drift 5) Natural selection

What are examples of the scientific method?

1) My car won't start 2) Will my car start if I replace the battery? 3)My car will start if I replace the battery. 4) Replace the battery. 5) If car starts then report findings OR 5) If car does not start, then form a new hypothesis.

What are the 5 requirements for equilibrium population?

1) No mutation of genes 2) No gene flow between population 3) Mating must be totally random 4) infinitely large population 5) No natural selection.

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1) Observe 2) Form a hypothesis 3) Make a prediction 4) Experiment 5) Report Publish OR 5) Start over

What are the 5 characteristics of living things?

1) Organization 2) Energy use 3) Homeostasis 4) Reproduction, growth, and devlopment 5) Evolution

What are 2 factors of speciation?

1) Reproductive isolation of population 2) Genetic divergence

What are the 4 highlighted fields helping to elevate hypothesis to theory?

1) Variability 2) Heritability 3) Limited Resources 4) Reproductive Success

What are three lines of evidence for natural selection?

1) Variability within a population 2) Heritability 3) Reproductive success.

What are the patterns of evolution?

1) directional 2) stabalizing 3) disruptive

How many mutations different from our parents are we?

40-50

What is genetic drift?

A change in Allele frequencies due to random events.

What is a mutation?

A change in DNA sequence.

How does sickle cell anemia affect red blood cells?

A genetic disease. Some of the blood cells become mishaped into crescents instead of cirlces, preventing oxygen getting to the rest of the body.

What is the current species definition?

A group whose members can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

What is an example of predation?

A lion and zebra.

What is a vestigial structure?

A structure that was once used in early ancestors, but no longer serving a purpose

What is an example of founder effect?

A subgroup of the Amish who migrated away from the larger population. This subgroup possess an allele frequency giving them 6 fingers. Since this subgroup seperated from the larger population this allele become more and more frequent.

What is Scientific theory?

A well-tested explanantion of the natural world.

What is a population bottleneck?

An event that drastically reduces the size of a population and reduced gene variation.

What is competiton?

An interaction between individuals attempting to use or gain a specific resource. (Can happen between different species; however, it most commonly occurs between similar species.)

What is predation?

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

What is a homologous structure?

Anatomically similar structure sharing the same origin.

What is an analogous structure?

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure. Are not inherited by a common ancestor.

What is the founder effect?

Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

What is a variable?

Changeable characteristic of an experiement.

What is intrasexual selection?

Competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

What is coevolution?

Constant mutual feedback between 2 species, exerting intense natural selection.

How to calculate Allelle frequency in a gene pool?

Count the number of genes (number of big letters or small letter) and then divide by the total number of genes in the pool.

What is the central dogma?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

What do facts and law do?

Describe

What is variability?

Difference in things/not identical.

Example of scientific theory:

Evolution

What does the scientific theory do?

Explain

What is a placebo?

Fake pill, containing no active ingredients or substance.

What is disruptive selection?

Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range.

What is allopatric speciation?

Geographic isolation which results in speciation.

What did Anthony Tony Allison notice?

Higher rates of Maleria correlated with higher rates of sickle cells.

Example of a homologous structures:

Human and Bat

What is hybrid infertility?

Hybrid offspring are sterile or have low fertility

What is hybrid incompatibility?

Hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity.

Example of analogous structures

Insect and bird wings.

What intersexual selection?

Members of one sex choose mates based on their prefernce for certain traits (mostly females.)

What is gene flow?

Movement of alleles caused by migration of individuals between populations and changes in allele frequencies.

What did they think drove evolution?

Natural Selection.

Example of a law:

Natural selection

Is there a perfect organism?

No. Adaptation does not have an optimal endpoint.

What is reproductive success?

Of the offspring that survive, some have more offspring than others. (Ability to continue passing down genes through offspring.)

What is an example of population bottleneck?

Overhunting of the Cheetah.

In which relationship does coevolution most commonly occur?

Predator-prey relationship.

What is an example of an early finding by geologists?

Principle of Superposition.

What do sickle cells do?

Protect against maleria.

What does melanin do?

Protects against UV radiation.

What is the principle of superposition?

Rock overlays rock. Newer layers of rock show newer fossils (species) while older layers of rock show older fossils (species)

What is directional selection?

Selection which occurs when a phenotype at one extreme is at a disadvantage.

What is stabalizing selection?

Selection which occurs when a phenotype at the avergae value is best advantaged.

What is artificial selection?

Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring.

What is reproductive selection?

Selectivity in characteristics between animals when seeking mates.

What is an example of competition?

Several lions chasing after the same food source.

How is skin color an easily visible marker of evolution?

Shows variability within a population.

What is sympatric speciation?

Speciation without geographic isolation.

What is the biological species concept?

Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

What is an example of an early findings by naturalist?

Species that were geographically close to another were similar.

What is gametic incompatibility?

Sperm cannot fetilize the eggs of another.

Example of vestigial structure

Tailbone and appendix.

What is repeatability and how does it effect bias?

Testing an experiement multiple times. This prevents bias and results in conclusions that are widely accepted by the scientific community.

What is a confound?

Testing more than one variable at a time--jepordizing the results.

What is heritability?

The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

What is a control?

The characteristic not manipulated.

What is convergent evolution?

The devlopment of non-homologous structures that serve similar functions and seperate through natural selection.

What is speciation?

The formation of new species.

What is natural selection?

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

What is adaptive radiation?

The rise of many new species over a relatively short period of time.

What is allele frequency?

The specific number of flavors of an allele in the population.

What is biology?

The study of living things.

What is a gene pool?

The total number of genes present in a population. (2 per individual.)

Example of a gene pool:

There are 30 hamsters. Each hamster has 2 genes. 48 of the genes are big H. 48/60= 0.8 80% of the hamsters are Big H.

How can complex structures evolve?

They evolve through fitnes. These structures may benefit the organism in a less direct way (Wings regulating body temperature.)

The researchers also studied another population living on different lava flow hundreds of miles away. Rock pocket mice are normally brown, but both of the populations they looked at contained mostly black mice. Researchers concluded that the black coloring developed in each population by convergent evolution, rather than each sharing an ancestor that had black fur. What led them to this conclusion?

They have different genes, if they were from the same anchestor they would have had similar genes making them dark (convergent evolution)

Who are Dawin and Wallace?

They were biologists and naturalist who asked themselves "what drive evolution."

Indigenous peoples with diet rich in vitamin D have dark skin. How does this support the hypothesis about the selective pressure for the evoloution of lighter skin.

Towards the poles, selective pressure for dark skin decreases and selection for lighter skin starts (to enable vitamin D synthesis), increases

What is an example of pseudoscience?

Trident gum claiming 4 out of 5 dentist reccomend Trident gum.

What is evidence of natural selection?

Viral evoloution.

What is an example of adaptive radiation?

Viruses and bacteria.

What is reproductive isolation?

When the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

What is Science?

an intellectual activity involving observation, description, experimentation, & explanation of the natural world

What are limited resources?

sun, food, water. (determines carrying capacitty.)