Biology 2 Ch. 30: How Animals Move

Which of the four proteins found in muscles indicated by letters A - D in the diagram shown below is correctly identified?

C - tropomyosin (the silver twisty parts around the smaller balls)

Which of the following correctly states one difference between compact and spongy bone?

Compact bone forms the shaft of the bone, while spongy bone is present at the ends

Which statement about skeletal muscle fibers is true?

Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin

You sit down to a delightful meal of soft-shell crab. Which of the following was true of that crab shortly before it arrived on your plate?

It had recently molted

What is the adaptive value of the streamlined shape of fish, seals, and porpoises?

It reduces the friction of water as the animal locomotives

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate

Which of the following describes the storage of energy by an animal that hops, such as a kangaroo?

The higher the hop, the more energy that is stored for the next hop

In general, what is the relationship between the number of muscle fibers in a motor unit and the precision of the movement the muscle controls?

The more precise the movement, the fewer muscle fibers in the motor unit

What would be the result of severing the tendon connecting the biceps to the radius?

You would be unable to flex your forearm

An airfoil provides lift because air moving over a wing must travel

a greater distance than air moving under the wing, creating a lower pressure system above the wing

Which of the following defines a motor unit?

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

The age at which bone mass is greatest is _______.

between 30 and 40 years of age for both men and women

What is the source of ATP for prolonged, low-level physical activity that alternates with bursts of intense effort?

breakdown of glucose and lactic acid fermentation

The nervous system can cause a skeletal muscle to produce the most forceful contraction it can produce by _______.

causing all of the motor neurons that stimulate the muscle to produce action potentials at a high rate

The sequence of events that cause a sarcomere to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

detach, extend, attach, pull

Muscles are arranged in opposing pairs, _______.

enabling them to cause movements in opposite directions

What occurs in the central cavity of long bones?

fat storage

The ankle joint is found at the junction of the tibia, fibula, and talus (topmost bone in the foot). This type of joint permits movement in a single plane. What type of joint is found in the ankle?

hinge

Earthworms have _______ and move by _______.

hydrostatic skeletons; peristalsis

Which of the following allows a land animal to maintain a stable body position while running, even with all four feet lifted from the ground?

its momentum

The wing of a bird or an airplane has which of the following shapes?

leading edge thicker than trailing edge; convex upper surface; concave lower surface

Bone is composed of

living cells that secrete a surrounding matrix

The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to

make it possible for myosin to bind to actin

Skeletal _______ are made of _______, which in turn consistent of _______ (the thin filament) and _______ (the thick filament).

muscle fibers; myofibrils; actin; myosin

Which part of this figure depicts the thoracic vertebrate?

part B (longest part in middle, behind ribs)

All animal movements result from which of the following?

protein strands moving against one another in an energy-demanding process

Which treatment could possibly help to transform the bone on the right to the bone on the left?

taking vitamin D supplements

Muscles are connected to bones by _______. Bones are connected to bones by _______. The antagonist of the quadriceps muscle is the _______ muscle.

tendons; ligaments; hamstring

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton in a human?

the scapula

In the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction, what component of the muscle cell is sliding?

thin filaments

If you were to cut through a muscle fiber and look at the cut end under a powerful microscope, what would the contractile parts of the cell look like?

thousands of tiny dots

Which scientific name for a bone of the human body is INCORRECTLY matched with its common name?

vertebral column - spinal cord

Humans have _______ cervical vertebrate, _______ thoracic vertebrate, and _______ lumbar vertebrate.

7; 12; 5

Why is a newly molted crab unusually slow and clumsy?

Its new exoskeleton cannot support the forces that its muscles generate

Which statement about bones and fractures is FALSE?

Once your bones finish maturing in early adulthood, they are static (unchanging)

What changes have been seen during the last several years in the frequency of osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis has become more common in men and younger people than it was previously

Which of the following bones of the arms and legs is/are unique to one and does not have a corresponding counterpart in the other?

Patella

Which of these organisms has an endoskeleton?

Sea urchin

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers?

Slow-twitch fibers produce more forceful contractions than fast-twitch fibers

What is the result of the "power stroke" of the myosin head in skeletal muscle?

The actin filaments and the Z lines are pulled closer to the center of the sarcomere

What would be the effect of contracting the biceps and triceps at the same time?

The arm would not move

Each of the following events EXCEPT ONE occurs when a skeletal muscle contract maximally. Which one?

The thin filaments become shorter

Which choice is an INCORRECT match between a structure or an activity, and a related number?

There are as many as 25,000 muscle fibers in a human biceps muscle

What is the role of T tubules in the contraction of skeletal muscle?

They allow depolarization to spread throughout the muscle cell

What role do troponin and tropomyosin play in skeletal muscle contraction?

They unblock myosin-binding sites in the presence of Ca++, allowing the formation of cross-bridges

During a prolonged, low-level activity such as jogging or long-distance running, the main source of ATP is _______.

aerobic respiration

Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY pairs an animal with its type of skeleton?

sponge: hydrostatic skeleton