BIOLOGY 2 - FINAL - SPOONER

Postzygotic Isolation (3)

Zygote Mortality - fertilization occurs but the zygote dies Hybrid Fertility - hybrid is sterile or has diminished fertility F2 Fitness - if hybrids can reproduce their offspring will be unable to reproduce

What is a detrivore? Give an example.

an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus; worms

What is an omnivore?

eats both plants and animals

Sexual Selection

females tend to choose the males they mate with based on certain traits / features. Male's are in competition.

Foraging Behavior

finding and acquiring food

Habitat Selection

habitat based on environmental preferences and needs

Physiological Ecology

how physiological traits and adaptations influence their interactions with the environment. They could study an organisms ability to concentrate urine, and reduce water loss in a water scarce environment.

What are carnivores?

meat eaters

Define Kinesis

movement - general movement away or toward

What is Behavior?

observable coordinated responses to an environmental stimulus

Population

organisms of the same species in a particular area

Define Taxis

orientation - towards or away from

In Vitro

"In Glass" Artificially cultured cells / tissues - inserted (vector)

Ex vivo

"outside the living" Tissue taken from a living organism - reinserted

What different kinds of evidence do scientist use to explain evolution? (4)

- Fossils - Vestigal Structures (from ocean to land back to ocean) - Biogeographical Evidence - Anatomical

What are the ways in which behavior can be learned through?

- Imprinting - Associative Learning - Classical Conditioning - Operant Conditioning

Living in Societies

- Increases Protection - Increases Resources - Increases chances of successful reproduction

Genetic Basis of Behaviors (Innate)

- Inherited - Predictable - Critical for Survival

What two Principles of Inheritance were constructed due to Mendel's experiments (laws of independent assortment and segregation)?

- Law of Independent Assortment: gene inheritance patterns are independent of the last (50/50 for a boy or girl but a family can have all boys, all girls, or both and it does not change based off if you had a boy or girl first). - Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation

Methods for Gene Cloning

- Mitosis - In vitro - Ex Vivo - Genomics

What are the causes of mutation?

- Radiation - Carcinogens - Mutagen

What things change with Divergent Evolution?

- Traits - Behaviors - Anatomy over time

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

What are Herbivores?

plant eaters

Genomics

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

Ecosystem

the community and its environment

Community

the different populations that live together in an area

What is communication?

two way exchange of information Message --> Behavior / Response

What is Divergent Evolution?

when same species becomes different over time due to adaptation to different environments. ( Darwins finches changing beak size to adapt) They share a common ancestor.

What are the (3) modes of Speciation

Allopatric and Sympatric and adaptive radiation

What are the differences between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?

Autotrophs = Producers Heterotrophs = Consumers Auto - produce their own food (photosynthesis) Hetero- consume other living organisms

Macroevolution in a nutshell...

Big changes over time (lizard evolving into a bird)

What is a "Niche" related to communities of organisms?

Biotic and Abiotic Factors that affect the habitat of organism related to resources.

Logistic Growth - When the population decelerates and plateaus ... birth rate is equal to what?

Birth Rate = Death Rate

Visual Communication

Body Language / Visual Presentations Advantage: - Identification of the messenger - Specific START / STOP Disadvantage: - Need direct line of sight - Needs light - Sender easily identified

How is cancer related to mutations?

Cancer (carcinogen) is mutation caused by the overabundance of cells in certain areas of the body. However, not every mutation leads to cancer. Multiple mutations and or carcinogens building up causes cancer.

Mitosis (two words)

Cell Division

What are the types of communication?

Chemical Auditory Visual Tactile

Phylogenic Definition of Species

Common Ancestry - Family Tree

Evolutionary Definition of Species

Common Descent - Genetic

Territoriality

Defense of territory to keep others out (common during reproduction ensuring offspring resources)

What is Convergent Evolution?

Different species become more similar in traits, and characteristics because of similar environments. They do not share a common ancestor.

What is 9:3:3:1 Ratio?

Dihybrid Cross

What is a 1:1:1:1 Ratio?

Dihybrid Test- Cross

Rapid expansion of biodiversity must have? (2)

Ecological Opportunity Genetic Variation (allow development)

Learned behavior are behaviors that are modified by what (2) things?

Experience and Environment

GOOD JOB TAKE A 5 MINUTE BREAK

GOOD JOB TAKE A 5 MINUTE BREAK

What are the two ways (models) that macroevolution can occur?

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium.

Explain Logistic Growth - S Curve (Simplest Terms)

Growth starts slowly Growth accelerates Growth slows down Plateau (carrying capacity)

Premating (Prezygotic) Isolation (3)

Habitat Isolation - live in different habitats. They do not meet. Temporal Isolation - reproduce at different times. Behavioral Isolation - differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent breeding.

Example of how Behavior is Genetic

Honey Bees - Bees are given their jobs based on their ability to perform specific task within the colony

What offspring are produced when there is incomplete dominance or co-dominance?

Incomplete Dominance - Red + White = Pink Co-Dominance - AB Blood Type

Polyploidy Mutation

Increase number of chromosomes beyond 2N. Can reproduce with itself but creates sterile offspring

What do age and sex ratios tell us about a populatation?

Increasing Population = Over Production Stable Population = Consisten Reproduction Decreasing Population = Under Reproduction

Mating Mechanisms Isolation (2)

Mechanical Isolation - physical differences. Gamete Isolation - differences in gametes and even if they meet they will not fuse to become a zygote.

What is 3:1 Ratio?

Monohybrid Cross

What is 1:1 Ratio?

Monohybrid Test-Cross

What is behavior regulated by?

Nervous and Endocrine System - Regulated by Genes

Chemical Communication

Pheromones.... Advantage - Easy - Last long - Different Chemicals for different messages Disadvantage: - Slow due to diffusion - Long fade out time

Morphological Definition of Species

Physiological Differences - Species look Different

Alloploidy Mutation

Polyploid organism that contains the genomes of two or more different species.

Autoploidy Mutation

Polyploid organism with multiple chromosome sets all from same species.

Mutation Types (3)

Polyploidy Autoploidy Alloploidy

What is carrying capacity?

Population size that the population can handle. - resources available - death rate = birth rate - stable population

Fundamental Niche

Resource needed to survive without competition

Relaized niche

Resources needed to survive when there is competition

What are Taxis and Kinesis collectively ?

Simple Organisms Simple Behaviors Simple Nervous System

Auditory Communication

Sounds Advantages - faster than chemical - effective day / night - Specific START / STOP Disadvantage - Lots of energy to maintain

What is Adaptive Radiation?

Species evolve or diversify into a wide variety of forms / geographical locations. (happens when population encounters various environmental challenges or opportunities)

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

Stable periods interrupted by periods of rapid change. (Horses rapidly grew larger in spurts)

Explain Exponential Growth - J Curve (Simplest Terms)

Starts slowly but then accelerates rapidly. Significant growth over time. They start to die due to lack of resources. The population crashes.

What are reproductive Isolating Mechanisms?

Structural or Behavioral characteristics that prevent successful breeding.

Environmental Ecology

Study of the impact of human populations on the natural world. Examples are pollution and taking over other organisms ecosystems.

Ecosystem Ecology

Study of the population and the environment / habitat. How the temperature of water / nutrients and chemicals in water could affect a fish.

Community Ecology

Studying the interaction between species in a population. How herbivores affect the plant population. How plants compete for sunlight and resources.

Population Ecology

Studying the populations within a particular area and how they react with the environment. They would analyze how these factors influence the overall size and structure over time... - Birth Rate - Death Rate - Immigration - Emmigration

What is the definition of Natural Selection?

Survival of the fittest. Those that are best suited for the environment?

TAKE A 5-10 MINUTE BREAK

TAKE A 5-10 MINUTE BREAK

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. They are separated and become unable to reproduce together again.

Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. They have no barrier but has varied mate selection.

What is Ecology?

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment Ecologist study patterns and trends in nature to explain why things happen.

What is Gradualism?

The theory that evolution occurs slow and steady. (Humans)

Biological Species Concept

They have the ability to mate or to not mate. No crossbreeding.

What is Ecological Release?

This allows species to expand and use new resources due to an elimination of competition.

Tactile Communication

Touch / Contact Advantages: - Close Contact - Specific START / STOP Disadvantage: - Needs close contact

Habitat

Where the organism lives