BIOLOGY 223 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

5. List all eleven organ systems of the human body and be able to recognize or list the components and functions of each

1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4.Lymphatic System 5. Respiratory system 6. Digestive System 7. Nervous System 8. Endocrine System 9. Cardiovascular System 10.Urinary System 11. Female and Male Reproductive System

1. Compare and contrast the fields of anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy: Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures—for example, the shape and size of bones. Physiology:Physiology is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

Nervous System

-Major regulatory system -detects sensations -controls movement physiological process and intellectual functions -consists of Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Lymphatic System

-Removes foreign substances from lymph and blood -combats diseases -Maintain fluid tissue balance -and absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract -consists of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, and other lymphatic organs

Respiratory system

-exchanges O2 and Co2 between the blood and the air -consists of lungs and respiratory passages

Endocrine System

-major regulatory system that influences growth, reproduction, metabolism, and many other functions -consists of glands such as Pituitary glands, that secretes hormones

Digestive System

-performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion -absorption of nutrients -elimination of waste -consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Male Reproductive System

-produces and transfers sperm cells to the female -produces hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors -consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

Female Reproductive System

-produces oocytes which are the site of fertilization, and fetal - produces milk for newborn -produces hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors -consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and accessory structure

Muscular system

-provides body movements -Maintains Posture -produces body heat -Consists of muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

Integumentary System

-provides protection -Regulates Temperature -prevents water loss -provides Vitamin D -consists of hair, nails, skin, and sweat glands

Skeletal System

-provides protection and support -allows body movements -produces blood cells -stores minerals and adipose (fat) -Consists of bones, associated Cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Urinary system

-removes waste products from blood -regulates blood PH, ion balance, and water balance - consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, andd ducts that carries out the urine

Cardiovascular System

-transports nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones throughout the body -plays a role in the immune responses of the body -regulates body temperature -consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

4. List the levels of organization of the human body and be able to arrange them according to complexity

1. Chemical Level 2. Cell Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ system Level 6. Organisms Level

List all the sub-levels of Physiology

Cell physiology systemic physiology Neurophysiology cardiovascular physiology Pathology Exercise physiology

Describe Each levels of Levels of Organization

Chemical Level: Atoms combine to from molecules Cell Level: Molecules form organelles Tissue Level: similar cells and surrounding, materials Organ Level: is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions. The urinary bladder, heart, stomach, and lung are examples of organs Organ Systems Level: is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit. For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. Organisms level: is any living thing considered as a whole

2. list all the different sublevels of Anatomy.

Developmental anatomy Embryology Cytology histology Gross anatomy Surface anatomy Anatomical imaging

8. Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops and be able to recognize or list examples of each.

Negative Feedback:Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis. Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, in a negative-feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller. Positive feedback: Positive-feedback mechanisms occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

Define: Cell Physiology

examines the processes occurring in cells,

Define: Cytology

examines the structural features of cells.

Define: Histolohy

examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.

Define: Exercise Physiology

focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.

Define: Neurophysiology

focuses on the nervous system

Define: Gross Anatomy

the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally.

15. List the human body cavities and give examples of organs found in each cavity (Fig. 1.14).

Human Body cavities: -thoracic cavity -abdominal cavity - pelvic cavity The rib cage is surrounded by the THORACIC CAVITY the diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. the thoracic cavity is divided into two parts left and right part by a middle section called the MEDIASTINUM The mediastinum contains the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the Page 20esophagus, and other structures, such as blood vessels and nerves. The two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum. ABDOMINAL CAVITY which contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. Pelvic bones encase the small space known as the PELVIC CAVITY, where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed.

7. what are the three components of a feedback loop.

Receptors Control center Effectors

16. Define serous membranes, visceral layer, and parietal layer. List the serous membranes of the human body

Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities. -Parietal membranes are found against the outer wall of a body cavity, - visceral membranes are found covering the organs in a body cavity. -The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes. - the function of the serous membrane is that, mainly protects the organs from friction, As organs rub against the body wall or against another organ, the combination of serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduces friction.

Define: Auto-regulation

The ability of the body to regulate itself without any external help

Define Extrinsic Regulation

The body cant regulate itself without an external substance or another organ within the body

Define: Cardiovascular Physiology

deals with the heart and blood vessels. Physiology often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.

Define: Systemic Physiology

considers the functions of organ systems.

Define: Surface Anatomy

involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body. For example, the sternum (breastbone) and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated (felt) on the front of the chest.

6. Define: Homeostasis

is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Define: Pathology

is the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.

Define: Set Point

normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value,

define: Developmental anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

Define: Emryology

sub-specialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.