Biology 2A Test

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phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

What energy molecule must be involved for active transport to happen?

ATP

what makes active transport necessary?

Active transport is a very important process enabling cells to accumulate molecules or ions from the environment against the concentration gradient

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

types of active transport

Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) Exocytosis, and Protein Pumps

how does protein denaturation relate to enzymes?

Enzymes work consistently until they are dissolved, or become denatured. When enzymes denature, they are no longer active and cannot function

when is facilitated diffusion necessary?

Facilitated diffusion is necessary when a membrane prevents the substance from diffusing on its own.

how does particle size contribute to diffusion?

Heavier particles will move more slowly and so will have a slower rate of diffusion. Smaller particles on the other hand will diffuse faster because they can move faster.

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

What happens when a cell is soaking in an isotonic solution?

No net water movement

how does polarity contribute to diffusion?

Nonpolar molecules such as CO₂ and O₂ can diffuse through the lipid bilayer in each direction. Polar molecules cannot diffuse through the bilayer. Polar molecules need polar protein channels to diffuse through the membrane.

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

how does the concentration gradient contribute to diffusion?

The bigger the difference, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the molecules of a substance will diffuse

Structure and components of a cell membrane

The cell membrane has lipids in it that let water in and out. Has protein channels that let protein in and out

What happens when a cell is soaking in an hypertonic solution?

The cell will gain water

What happens when a cell is soaking in an hypotonic solution?

The cell will lose water

products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

how does temperature contribute to diffusion?

The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more quickly

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

Why is energy needed for the sodium-potassium pump?

The pump is moving both ions against the concentration gradient

What makes active transport "active"?

The use of energy

how do enzymes speed up reactions?

by lowering the activation energy

role of phospholipid bilayer

creates a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of ions and molecules important for cellular function.

Types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

role of peripheral proteins

form temporary bonds with the cell membrane, allowing them to detach and reattach at specific times, with specific signals. This allows cells to coordinate and communicate using networks of proteins and reactions.

carbohydrate chains

found in the external surface of the plasma membrane for cell to cell recognition

integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing the reaction

Factors that can affect the reaction rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

surface area/amount of enzyme, temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration

role of carbohydrate chains

to recognize harmful cells (cell-cell recognition)

protein pumps

transport proteins that require energy to do work

role of integral proteins

transporting molecules or chemical messages into cell

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

protein denaturation

when proteins are subject to heat, acid or other conditions that disturb their stability; protein uncoils, loses its shape, and loses its function

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same


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