Biology 335 Exam 3

Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane that does not allow the passage of proteins. In solution A, the Na+ concentration is 20 mol/L, the Protein- concentration is 30 mol/L. In solution B, the Na+ concentration is 20 mol/L, the Cl- concentration is 30 mol/L. Select the two most likely events to occur via diffusion in the correct order.

Cl- will diffuse into A, followed by the diffusion of Na+ due to electrical gradient

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Contractions of the uterus release hormones that stimulate subsequent contractions.

Which of the following statements is not true about protein digestion?

Excess amino acids are stored in the body for times when amino acids are low in the diet.

Which of the following might be considered an advantage of an open circulatory system?

It can remain relatively simple due to other oxygen transport systems

Which of the following distinguishes hormones from other signaling molecules?

They are transported across large distances in the blood.

The residual volume is the amount of air in your lungs _______.

after maximal expiratory effor

During isometric contraction of the heart,

aortic pressure is higher than ventricular.

Progesterone is first expressed by ______ and then ______ to maintain the endometrium in a developed stated during early pregnancy.

corpus luteum, placenta

According to the Haldane effect, _

more carbon dioxide is eliminated at the lungs due to the loading of oxygen

The single effect is associated with _______

osmotic equilibrium between the descending limb and interstitial fluid.

Atrioventricular valves shut when ___

pressure of the right ventricle exceeds pressure right atrium.

Phospholipids are amphipathic, which indicates _______.

the molecule as a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

If a female produces millions of eggs, each egg is likely to have _______.

very little yolk or energy.

In saltwater teleost (bony) fish, excess salts are primarily excreted _______.

via the gills.

In the presence of loop diuretics, the concentration of sodium

would likely decline in the blood plasma and increase water excretion

Three vesicles with different diameters (A = 1 mm, B = 5 mm, C = 10 mm) are suspended in an isosmotic solution. After a large amount of salt is added to the solution, which vesicle will come to equilibrium first?

A

Blood flow through the liver is 750 mL/min, the arterial oxygen content is 0.25 mL O2/mL blood, and the venous oxygen content is 0.20 mL O2/mL blood, the rate of O2 consumption by the liver is _____mL of oxygen per minute.

37.5

Which is most likely to increase the rate of respiration?

A 0.4 mmHg increase in PCO2

Which of the following would increase the alveolar minute volume?

A reduction in the volume of dead space

Which of the following is considered anatomical dead space in the lungs?

Bronchi

Which of the following is associated with coordinating the difference between atrial and ventricular contraction?

Delayed depolarization of the A-V node

Which of the following answers are all associated with a reduced rate of diffusion?

High viscosity, low concentration gradient, and increased distance between solutions.

Which is the most compelling evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA not found in the nucleus

After a patient is given an ACE inhibitor, one would expect

a reduction in the extracellular fluid volume

Based on Henry's Law, which of the following liquids has the highest absorption coefficient?

Water from the tap

Oxygen passes the alveolar wall _

by diffusion, at a rate that depends on the partial pressure gradient between the air and blood.

Oxygen enters the mitochondria

by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria.

The volume of air in the lungs following a complete exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume is

called the residual volume.

If the osmotic pressure of the urine is 5 mOsm and the blood plasma is 3 mOsm, the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma will eventually _______.

decline

Reductions in the size of the alveolus result in a(n) ______.

decrease in surface tensio

Which of the following contributes to high urea concentrations in the urine?

high concentration of urea in the interstitial fluid

In humans, blood pressure declines in the capillaries primarily because of their ____

high cross-sectional area

Insects create ________ urine using local osmosis, which consists of _______.

hyperosmotic, water being driven into the interstitial space by high osmotic pressure

If both the length and diameter of a blood vessel double, the flow rate of blood is likely to _

increase

During dehydration, expression of ADH is likely to _____ and increase _____

increase, distal tubule water reabsorption

In fish without myoglobin, which of the following ATP-production mechanisms are they more likely to use to swim away from predators?

phosphagens

Surfactant helps to reduce lungs collapsing by____

reducing the surface tension

Rabbits consumer their own feces because _

vitamin B cannot be absorbed into the hindgut

With an oxygen consumption of 350 mL/min, a pulmonary venous oxygen content of 0.22 mL O2/mL, and a pulmonary arterial O2 content of 0.13 mL O2/mL, cardiac output equals _______ mL/min.

3888.8

Which of the following is associated with an increase in P50 of oxygen?

An increase in PCO2

Which of the following represents a potential cost of the carp's oxygen dissociation curve relative to the Weddell seals?

Carp hemoglobins require a much lower PO2 to unload their oxygen compared to the seals.

During an experiment, you are maintaining crabs at two temperatures, 5C and 20C. At the end of the experiment, you measure the amount of cholesterol in their plasma membranes. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Crabs from the warmer treatment should have more cholesterol in their membranes.

Which of the following is true about continuous flow reactors with mixing?

Exiting materials are mixtures from different meals.

A patient's blood has an osmotic pressure of 290 mOsm/L, and a doctor injects a solution into the patient's arm with an osmotic pressure of 350 mOsm/L. Which events are most likely to occur?

Exposed cells are likely to shrink, and total osmotic pressure of the blood will increase

easily diffuse(s) across cell membranes.

Oxygen

Which of the following best describes the benefits of the insect respiratory system?

Oxygen is transported to the tissues as a gas, resulting in relatively quick rates of diffusion.

In the diving beetle example, the concentration of oxygen inside of the bubble is 7.5 mmol/L and the partial pressure is 0.18 atm. In the surrounding water, the concentration of oxygen is 0.3 mmol/L and the partial pressure is 0.21 atm. Which is most likely to occur

Oxygen will flow from the water into the bubble

In the diving beetle example, the concentration of oxygen inside of the bubble is 7.5 mmol/L and the partial pressure is 0.21 atm. In the surrounding water, the concentration of oxygen is 0.3 mmol/L and the partial pressure is 0.21 atm. Which is most likely to occur?

Oxygen will not flow.

Changes in _____ are more likely to elicit ventilatory responses during exercise, whereas ______ is more likely to elicit responses at high elevations.

PCO2, PO2

Which of the following statements is true?

Pheromones are intended to cause behavioral or physiological responses in members of the same species.

Which of the following explain the ultimate mechanisms underlying the origin of the endosymbiotic theory?

Prokaryotes gained a superior source of energy, whereas ancestral mitochondria gained protection.

Which of the following describes the costs and benefits of regulation compared to conformity?

Regulators optimize physiological performance, whereas conformers tend to save more energy.

Which of the following best describes resistance of the lungs?

Resistance is the lowest in the alveoli because of the high cumulative cross-sectional area.

Which of the following describe the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?

Selective transport, cell recognition, tissue organization, and cell shape

Which of the following is a false statement about the oxygen dissociation curve?

The amount of oxygen that binds to hemoglobin is constant per 1mmHg increase in PO2

Which statement is the most accurate definition of external respiration?

The process by which O2 is transported to the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which CO2 is transported away from the membrane into the environmental medium.

Ventilation is likely to increase in response to lower PO2 _______, whereas ventilation is likely to increase in response to higher PCO2 ______.

at high elevations, during exercise

Which of the following is not associated with promoting venous return?

high pressure

Blood pressure is higher in ______ due to _

legs, the fluid column effects and gravity

Blood pressure is higher in ______ due to ______

legs, the fluid column effects and gravity

Compared to fish found in higher temperature habitats, fish that inhabit lower temperatures tend to have ________.

less cholesterol and more unsaturated hydrocarbons in their lipid membranes.

Which of the following is associated with promoting venous return?

low resistance to blood flow

In the absence of the corpus luteum, levels of _

luteinizing hormone will increase.

With a colloid osmotic pressure of -5.4 kPa, a capsular fluid pressure of -0.6 kPa, and a hydrostatic pressure in the blood of 7.4 kPa, the fluid will ______.

move into the Bowmen's capsule

Occluded arteries in heart disease are often caused by _____.

mutations in receptors that initiate endocytosis LDL

A sea lion delaying implantation of the embryo to match the annual cycle of the seasons is an example of ______.

obligate delayed implantation

Atrioventricular valves shut when ________.

pressure of the right ventricle exceeds pressure right atrium.

When a patient's heart stops beating, perfusion-limited gases in the lungs would typically ___

quickly diffuse across the alveolar tissue, eliminating the partial pressure gradient

Sodium-calcium antiporters are defined by _____

secondary active transport because they use ATP-generated gradients from other active transporters

Early physiological effects associated with the mammalian stress response are driven by ______, whereas delayed effects are driven by ______.

sympathetic activation and glucocorticoids; glucocorticoids

Pluripotency describes

the capacity of cells to differentiate into progenitor cells during development

Once food enters the midgut, ____

the release of CCK and secretin inhibit further stomach contractions to slow GI motility.

If the ionic concentration of sodium in the blood plasma is 3.0 mmol/uL, the ionic concentration in the interstitial fluid is _____

the same

The relationship between area of gas exchange and body size is similar between birds and mammals because ___

they both have high metabolic requirements associated with endothermy