Biology

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

Matter is composed of

chemical elements

Polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Evolutionary Theory

A theory presented by the naturalist Charles Darwin; it views the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behavior. Useful in medicine, conservation, and agriculture

Controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time; comparison btwn experimental group with control group

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

What type of organisms are commonly single-celled?

Bacteria, some fungi, and many protozoans

Six levels of ecology

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs and tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

What is part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

Spheres of forming and testing hypotheses

Exploration and discovery Analysis Social benefits and outcomes

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a single membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope and a series of interconnected sacs throughout the cell. Why might it be beneficial to the cell for the ER to be continuous with the nuclear envelope?

It might be beneficial for the ER and nuclear envelope to be connected because it might make it easier for messages to get from the nucleus to the ER where proteins and lipids are made for the cell; this would most likely require the use of less energy.

emergent properties

New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.

Nucleotide

Process

Observations, hypotheses, predictions, test of hypotheses, experiments, analysis of data

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Compare and contrast the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane

The nuclear envelope consists of two concentric phospholipid bilayers while the plasma membrane is only one phospholipid bilayer. Both membranes are selectively permeable and have pores.

neutrons and protons

The nucleus of an atom contains

Dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

What is true about chloroplasts?

They capture energy and sunlight

Why do scientists repeat their experiments over and over again?

They must make sure the results were not an accident and that they are repeatable

Science

a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world; also repetitive, nonlinear, and collaborative

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

Systems biology

attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing interactions among their parts

Chemical Bonds

binding atoms together through electrons

Artificial selection

crops, livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their ancestors

The flexible poles providing structure to a soft-sided tent most closely resemble the

cytoskeleton in an animal cell or other cell without a cell wall.

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction...

entering as sunlight converted to chemical energy passed onto consumers by producers exiting as heat

Using the compound light microscope in the lab room, you observe a wet mount slide preparation. You observe layers of cells that have a definite, rigid, rectangular shape; there appears to be a nucleus in all of the cells and there are many oval-shaped green structures that seem to be moving around inside of the cells in an orderly fashion. What general cell type are you most likely observing?

eukaryotic and plant

Chemicals added to food to:

help preserve it more nutritious look better

Phospholipids are large organic molecules with a ________, polar phosphate head connected to ________, nonpolar fatty acid tails. How do these molecules arrange themselves to form a mostly impermeable barrier between a liposome and its environment?

hydrophilic; hydrophobic; They line up hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.

Cellular level

long extensions of nerve cells enable them to transmit impulses from spinal cord to toe

Living organisms are composed of

matter

Electrons

negative charge, outside nucleus

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

nuclear envelope

The relationship between structure and function

observed at every level of lfie

seven properties of life

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, evolutionary adaptation, and response to environment

Domains bacteria and archaea

organisms with simple cells

Domains

organized in three levels; bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous organelles that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell; they are associated with the synthesis of

proteins

Three subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

trace elements

required by an organism in only minute quantities

DNA

responsible for hereditary and programming

Taxonomists

scientists that identify and name organisms

The Golgi apparatus...

sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.

Cell

structural and functional unit of life

Domain Eukarya

the kingdoms : protists, fungi, plants, animals

Biology

the scientific study of life

Molecular level

the structure of a protein correlates with its function

Mass #

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Which of the following would be likely to move through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion?

water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen