Biology Cancer

Stage 2 breast cancer

Considered to be invasive; tumor still entirely in the breast

Body chemistry

Cancer can increase blood calcium, which causes coma or death.

Stage 0 breast cancer

Detected early; not invasive of surrounding tissues

Stage 4 breast cancer

Fully metastasized; often referred to as incurable

A physician wants to test for metastasis in a patient with breast cancer. Why would tissue samples be taken from nearby lymph nodes during a biopsy?

If the cancer cells are spreading, they would be using the lymph vessels as a transport mechanism and they would show up in the samples.

Which of the following is an example of a cancerous body tissue negatively influencing body chemistry?

Invasion of the connective tissue, namely bone, can elevate blood calcium and cause a coma or death.

Which subcategory of stage 2 breast cancer includes two different possibilities, one with lymph node invasion and one without?

Stage 2A

The ______ classification system is used by pathologists, who score cancer based on lab results.

TNM

What role does telomerase play in cancer cell immortality?

Telomerase repairs the telomeres of cancer cell chromosomes after each complete cell cycle.

is true concerning enzymes?

They function best under very specific conditions. Their activity is influenced by temperature.

How do the cells of tumors cause blood vessels to grow toward them?

They release growth factors that initiate this process.

stage 2A

Tumor that is undetectable or smaller than 2 cm; cancer cells detected in multiple lymph nodes Tumor between 2 and 5 cm but has not spread to lymph nodes

How do cancer cells get the oxygen and nutrients they require to continuously grow?

Tumors cause blood vessels to grow by releasing growth factors.

A pathologist is

a doctor who diagnoses disease based on lab results.

Which is more threatening to the human body?

a malignant tumor

Which type of tumor is capable of digesting protein in the tissues that surround it?

a malignant tumor

An invasive tumor that metastasized, whose cells do not resemble those of its surrounding tissue (or other cells in the tumor), is most likely

a malignant tumor.

Malignant tumors are

a much greater threat to the human body than benign tumors.

A cell with a mutation that allows it to divide more quickly frequently

accumulates more mutations as it rapidly divides.

Normal cells pt2

are distinct in shape and size depending on tissue type. look just like the cells around them. have a regular shape.

A tumor that is localized and noninvasive with cells much like those in its surrounding tissue is most likely a

benign tumor.

In order to test the body's tissues for cancer, a doctor might perform a ___________________, during which they remove a small sample of cells from a tumor or the surrounding lymph nodes.

biopsy

Small samples of tissue are taken to testing for cancer during a process called

biopsy.

Select the organ systems most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis in the human body.

cardiovascular urinary respiratory digestive

It is important for the human body to maintain specific conditions because ______ are optimized to perform within a narrow range of temperature and pH.

enzymes

Stage 3 breast cancer

is beginning to spread to more of the breast and surrounding tissues.

A tumor associated with stage 2 breast cancer

is still located entirely in the breast.

A normal cell has a(n) ______ lifespan, while a cancer cell has a(n)_____ lifespan.

limited; unlimited

What is the name for a tissue sample taken from the lymph node closest to a tumor?

sentinel biopsy

Pathologists classify cancer using a

system called the TNM classification.

Which of the following can be credited with the immortality of cancer cells?

telomerase

Maintaining which of these conditions within a narrow limit is important for enzyme function?

temperature pH

Which of the following criteria are considered when staging cancer?

the size of the tumor whether the cancer cells have moved into lymph nodes whether the tumor has begun to invade surrounding tissues whether the cancer has spread to other organs (metastasized)

How would you characterize the life span of a cancer cell?

unlimited—the cell with divide endlessly

How does cancer that starts out in one location in the body end up in others?

Cancer cells can move in the body using the body's own transport systems.

Homeostasis

Cancer interferes with the body's ability to maintain a balanced internal environment.

stage 2B

Tumor between 2 and 5 cm with cancer cells detected in nearby lymph nodes

3A breast cancer

Tumor less than 2 cm that has spread to more than four nearby lymph nodes Tumor larger than 5 cm that has spread to lymph nodes near breastbone or arm

Cancer begins with

a mutation that allows a cell to divide more quickly

Breast cancer is staged using a scale from

0 to 4 including subcategories in some stages.

Stage 3 breast cancer has ______ subcategories.

3

Most human enzymes function best at temperatures very close to ______ degrees Celsius.

37

Which subcategory of stage 3 cancer has spread to the collar bone or to more than ten lymph nodes?

3C

What is a sentinel biopsy?

A biopsy of tissue from the lymph node closest to a tumor.

3C breast cancer

Any size tumor that has spread to the area of the collar bone Has infected more than ten lymph nodes

3B breast cancer

Any size tumor that has spread to the wall of the breast or the skin on the breast Has infected more than nine lymph nodes Swelling, inflammation, or ulcers on the breast

Why are tissues from the lymph nodes chosen to sample when testing for metastasis?

Because cancer cells spread through the lymph nodes and blood vessels.

Stage 3 breast cancer

Beginning to affect more of the tissues of breast and surrounding tissues; sometimes swelling, inflammation or ulcers on the breast occur

Stage 1 breast cancer

Cancer cells located in a very small area; has begun to invade surrounding tissues

Choose the explanations of how cancer affects the normal physiology of the body.

Cancer in tissues like bone, which help to regulate blood calcium, can contribute to a decrease in blood calcium and lead to coma or death. Cancer interferes with the body's maintenance of homeostasis. Tumors in organs can block vessels and ducts, disrupting organ function.

Organ function

Cancer takes up space, blocking ducts, blood and lymph vessels, or even blocking airways.

Which of these might be a result of tumor invasion of an organ?

Compression of important areas of the brain Blocked ducts Restricted airways

Select the characteristics of malignant tumors.

They can invade other tissues. Their cells do not resemble each other. Their cells do not resemble the cells of their surrounding tissues.

Select the characteristics of benign tumors.

They have not invaded surrounding tissues. Their cells resemble those of the surrounding tissues. They are localized to one tissue type.

How might mutations accumulated by a cancer cell affect its nucleus?

They might change the shape of the nucleus. They might increase the size of the nucleus. They might increase the amount of DNA in the nucleus.

Cancer begins with

a mutation that allows a cell to divide more quickly.

What is angiogenesis?

a process in which tumor cells release growth factors that cause local capillaries to grow toward the tumor

The process by which cells within a tumor cause local capillaries to grow toward the tumor is called

angiogenesis.

Cancer cells pt2

are indistinct in shape. differ in appearance from cells around them. often have an irregular shape.

Both stage 0 and stage 1 breast cancers

are located in a very small area.

Cancer cells lose specialization

as they accumulate mutations

The TNM classification system is

based on the same factors as the numerical staging system with different notations. a system that scores cancer using a combination of letters and numbers. commonly used by pathologists.

As cancer cells accumulate mutations, they

begin to change faster, becoming distinctly unlike the cells in the surrounding tissue.

Liver cancer can easily disrupt

body chemistry, because it is an important metabolic organ involved in many chemical reactions.

Which type of cell might be described as immortal?

cancer cell

If malignant tumors encounter resistance from surrounding tissues when they grow and invade, they

digest protein molecules in the surrounding tissues to allow for their expansion.

Which of these are characteristics of cancer cells?

extra DNA irregular shape variation in shape and size

Stage 4 breast cancer

has fully metastasized, spreading to organs outside the breast.

Cancer cells

have relatively larger nuclei. may have nuclei of more than one size. look relatively darker under a microscope.

Normal cells

have relatively smaller nuclei. have nuclei with the same size and shape. look relatively lighter under a microscope.

Which of the following terms refers to the body's ability to maintain balanced internal conditions?

homeostasis

The stabilization of the internal environment around a specific set of conditions is referred to as

homeostasis.

Stage 2 breast cancer is

invasive with some tumor growth.

When a tumor invades an organ,

it takes up space and causes negative physiological consequences.

As cancer cells accumulate mutations, they become ______ specialized.

less

The digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems play a major role in

maintaining homeostasis that allows the body to function properly.

The "M" in TNM classification is for

metastasis, and is noted as 0 if cancer has not spread to other organs and 1 if it has.

The process by which tumor cells move to other parts of the body and form new tumors is called

metastasis.

Cancer cells are capable of

moving through the lymphatic vessels. moving through the circulatory system. stimulating blood vessels to grow toward them.

When conditions like temperature and pH can fluctuate within the body, ______ feedback helps to return those conditions to their set point.

negative

Which of the following contribute to the maintenance of balanced internal conditions in the human body, also known as homeostasis?

negative feedback

TNM

relative tumor size the number of lymph nodes in which cancer is detected whether the cancer has spread to other organs of the body

Because they need oxygen and nutrients from the body to grow, tumor cells

release growth factors that cause capillaries to grow toward them.

Which of the following promote angiogenesis, the process by which tumor cells cause blood vessels to grow?

specialized growth factors

Which stage of breast cancer is detected early and has not spread to any surrounding tissue?

stage 0

Which subcategory of stage 1 cancer has not yet spread to nearby lymph nodes?

stage 1A

Which subcategory of stage 1 cancer can be detected in nearby lymph nodes?

stage 1B

In which subcategory of stage 2 cancer might a tumor be undetectable?

stage 2A

What is metastasis?

the process by which cancer cells move to other locations in the body, forming new tumors.

Stage 4 breast cancer

typically spreads to organs including the lungs, heart, brain, or liver. is often called incurable. has spread to organs outside the breast.