Biology Chapter 13 TEST
Which of the following do Viruses lack? genetic material, cell membrane, cytoplasm, or ribosomes?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
bacteria called ___ make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen through the air.
cyanobacteria
the common prokaryotic shapes include helices, rods, and what
sphere
one significant difference between bacteria and archaea is that
genes in archaea have introns
A virus particle consists of DNA or RNA within a _____ coat.
Protein
How do viruses replicate?
RNA virus infects host cell and uses host ribosomes to make proteins. Host cell treats the viral RNA as if it were its own mRNA. DNA virus infects host cell, but must be first transcribed into viral mRNA. Once transcribed, it is translated into viral protein.
____ live everywhere on earth, including extreme environments such as deep sea vents.
archaea
prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, a type of what reproduction?
asexual
describe a viron
an individual virus
though some antiviral drugs are available, the more common ____ have no effects on viruses.
antibiotics
Virsus are in which domain of life? 1. Archaea, 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya
none of the above
the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is in the cytoplasm because the cell lacks a
nucleus
the most common prokaryotic shapes include
helix, sphere, and rod
Viruses may cause illness by disrupting ____ in host cells.
homeostasis
Viruses must use the cell's ___, enzymes, ATP, and other componets to replicate.
ribosomes
How do viruses differ from living things?
they do not consist of cells, lack of cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles. They are also not able to reproduce.
what is Cyanobacteria?
- contain chlorophyll - make food through photosynthesis - were probably responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth
Which of the following statements is true? (1) HPV causes cancer of the cervix in females. (2) Hepatitis B virus causes cancer of the liver. (3) Many viral diseases can be prevented with proper vaccination. (4) Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
1, 2, 3, and 4
a plasmid is an extra chromosomal piece of
DNA
What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotic cells?
Helices, Spheres, and Rods
where do hyperthermophiles live?
in very hot water
To replicate, a virus must
infect a host cell and use the cell's ribosomes, enzymes, ATP, and other components.
Prokaryotic DNA usually
is circular and located in the cytoplasm
The virus that causes chickenpox may remain ___ within the body for decades.
latent
viruses do not meet most of the criteria of
life
viruses are used as vectors in gene ___
therapy
bacterial infections in people can be treated with what drugs?
antibiotic
Genetic transfer refers to
how prokaryotes increase genetic variation
Ways humans use bacteria include
-killing plant pests - transferring normal genes to human cells in gene therapy - cleaning up oil spills and toxic wastes
Name three types of extremophiles
1) Extreme halophiles: live in high salt areas 2) Hyperthermophiles: live in extremely hot areas 3) Acidophiles: live in highly acidic areas
under ideal conditions, bacterial populations can double every ___ minutes.
20
Which statement best describes a capsid?
A capsid is a protein coat that protects the genetic material of the virus.
What is a domain? What are the three domains of life?
A domain is most general classification of animals and the three domains of life are Euarka, archaea, and bacteria
Viruses cause disease such as ___, influenza, chicken pox, and the common cold.
Aids
Why aren't viruses classified in any of the three domains; archaea, bacteria, or eukarya?
Because they are not living things.
Why are viruses not able to make their own proteins?
Because viruses do not consist of cells, they also lack cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles.
What are Cyanobacteria? What are their most significant contribution?
Bluish green in color and make food through photosynthesis. They probably only added oxygen on earth.
What are some benefits of bacteria?
Important decomposers and provide vital ecosystem services, needed for carbon and nitrogen cycles, help in food digestion and vitamin production, help clean oil spills, make drugs and vaccines, kill plant pests, and help in food fermentation products.
Which traits describe the virus that causes the common cold?
It is an RNA virus with a complex capsid surrounded by the envelope.
cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in the what of prokaryotes
Plasma membrane
State the two hypothesis of the origin of viruses.
Small viruses started as pieces of nucleic acids that came from bacteria or other living cells. Large viruses were once parasites inside bigger host cells. Over time, genes needed to survive were lost.
Explain the difference between Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria
The difference between them is their cell wall composition and outer membrane.
What do flagella and endospores do in prokaryotes?
The flagella moves and endospores can handle heat, cold, radiation, and lack of nutrition.
Describe the structure of a virus
Viruses can use spiky structures of proteins and sugars on their outer coat to stick to cells.
Latency refers to
a dormant state of the virus inside a host's body.
The prokaryotic domains are
bacteria and archaea
The prokaryotic domains are
bacteria and eukara
there are ___ of bacteria inside the human intestines that help digest food.
billians
A ____ is a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a host's tissues.
biofilm
List three main differences between bacteria and archaea
cell membrane, introns, and archaea does not have peptidoglycan, but Bacteria does.
Prokaryotes have a ____ outside their plasma membrane, usually to give strength and rigidity to the cell.
cell wall
the three shapes of the viral capsids are helical, icosahedral, and what?
complex
A vaccine
contains a changed pathogen, so the pathogen is no longer harmful.
one way viruses cause ____ is by causing host cells to burst open and die
disease
viruses are so small that they can be seen within an ____ microscope.
electron
Genetic ___ increases genetic variation in prokaryotes.
transfer
Many viral diseases can be prevented by giving people
vaccines
