Biology Chapter 26

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones?

Lipid-soluble hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; water-soluble hormones attach to membrane-enclosed receptors.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

From which part of the pituitary are hypothalamic hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin released?

Posterior pituitary

Which statement regarding endocrine glands is true?

Some endocrine glands, like the pituitary, have other endocrine glands as their targets.

Which statement about the endocrine and nervous systems is true?

Some specialized nerve cells, such as neurosecretory cells, perform functions of both systems.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which statement about glands and hormones is true?

The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine glands and cells of the body.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

A mutation in the gene for hormone A causes it to be unable to bind to its receptor protein. What do you predict will likely happen?

The receptor protein will not be activated and therefore will not initiate a signal transduction pathway.

How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect?

They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells that have receptors for it.

How do hormones from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary gland?

They are released near a capillary bed in the hypothalamus and travel a short distance to a second capillary bed in the pituitary, where they diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary.

Which gland secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?

adrenal

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

because they cannot cross cell membranes

In ___ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 and type 2

Which may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?

convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles

Flame retardants are an example of

endocrine disrupters.

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has a

faster response, but the signal does not last as long.

Which hormone affects the greatest variety of cell types?

growth hormone

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday your friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!" when you opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the adrenal glands would help you overcome this surprise stress?

increased blood pressure and breathing rate

Which hormone is released by neurosecretory cells extending from the hypothalamus?

oxytocin

Which is an endocrine gland that raises blood calcium levels?

parathyroid

Which pairs of hormones have opposite effects?

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Neurosecretory cells

participate in the nervous and endocrine systems.

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

pituitary gland

Hormones as a general class are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that

regulate a variety of body functions, such as metabolism.

The pituitary gland is important to the endocrine system because it __________.

relays directives from the hypothalamus to other glands

The gonads secrete sex hormones in response to __________.

the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary

Which hormone stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

thyroxine

In ___ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

type 1

In ____ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2