Biology chapter 3, 4, 12.

B. they are labeled with different fluorescent dyes.

All four dideoxynucleotides can be present in a single Sanger sequencing reaction and still be distinguished because: A. they are incorporated in the growing chain with different efficiency. B. they are labeled with different fluorescent dyes. C. the fragments into which they are incorporated have different mobility in a gel. D. All of these choices are correct.

d. 5

At which carbon do you find the phosphate group? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

True

By changing zero, one, or two bases from each of the labeled codons, it is possible to create a tetrapeptide (four amino acids) of all methionines.

c. DNA, RNA, Proteins

Central Dogma goes from: a. RNA, DNA, Proteins b. Proteins, DNA, RNA c. DNA, RNA, Proteins d. Proteins, RNA, DNA

B. 1

Change the first base in the simulation back to adenine by clicking on the letter three more times. Click on other bases in the sequence and run the simulation to see what peptide is created. How many codons in this sequence can be altered at a single position to result in a prematurely terminated peptide? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 4

C. a peptide of identical length to the wild type peptide, but with one amino acid difference.

Change the first base in the simulation from an adenine to a uracil (change bases by clicking on them in the simulation), then re-run the simulation. This change results in? A. the peptide not being terminated at the appropriate stop codon. B. no peptide being synthesized. C. a peptide of identical length to the wild type peptide, but with one amino acid difference. D. an identical peptide being synthesized. E. the peptide being prematurely terminated after one amino acid.

False

Changing the adenines t the 3' end of the mRNA will result in a nonfunctional protein because it is critical that every protein possesses a tail of lysine amino acids at the C-terminus.

True

Changing the guanine in the sixth codon of the original sequence to an adenine will not change the outcome of the simulation.

False

Changing the uracil in the first codon of the original sequence to a cytosine will not change the outcome of the simulation.

d. During S phase

DNA Replication occurs when? a. During G1 phase b. During G2 phase c. During Mitosis d. During S phase

A. Transcription

Does protein expression begin transcription or translation? A. Transcription B. Translation

A. the 5' end

During transcription, which end of the new RNA molecule protrudes from the RNA polymerase? A. the 5' end B. the 3' end C. the amino end D. the carboxyl end

C. the amino end

During translation, which end of the new polypeptide protrudes from the large subunit of the ribosome? A. the 5' end B. the 3' end C. the amino end D. the carboxyl end

False

Every amino acid in a synthesized polypeptide enters the ribosome at the A site.

-inappropriate annealing temperature for used primers. -inappropriate design of primers. -inappropriate numbers of cycles for amplification.

Failure to recover a specific band in a gel made after PCR can be attributed to:

c. All of the Above

Gene expression is expressed through? a. Translation b. Transcription c. All of the Above d. None of the Above

c. 4

How many levels of protein structure are there? a. 2 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3

A. 24 nucleotides long - a stop codon would not affect the length of the mRNA, only the length of the resulting protein

If a mutation in the middle of the bottom DNA strand results in the coding of a stop codon, the resulting mRNA length would be: A. 24 nucleotides long - a stop codon would not affect the length of the mRNA, only the length of the resulting protein B. 32 nucleotides long C. 16 nucleotides long D. 12 nucleotides long

c. an amino acid

If a tRNA is "charged" it means the tRNA has what? a. a polypeptide chain b. a nucleic acid c. an amino acid d. a portion of DNA

A. U

If the first nucleotide after the promoter on the bottom DNA strand is changed from C to T, what would the resulting nucleotide be on the mRNA? A. U B. C C. A D. T

D. A

If the first nucleotide after the promoter on the top DNA strand is changed from G to T, what would the resulting nucleotide be on the mRNA? A. G B. T C. C D. A

B. The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.

If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA, what would happen at the RNA level? A. Nothing, the RNA would be made as usual. B. The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made. C. The DNA helicase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so the RNA would not be made. D. The mutation of the DNA would be carried through to the RNA sequence.

d. Ribosomal Subunits

In Termination what is released from the mRNA? a. Proteins b. Polypeptide chain c. Amino Acids d. Ribosomal Subunits

E. 5' cap

In eukaryotes, where do translation initiation factors bind? A. promoter B. 3' UTR C. near the start codon D. donor splice site E. 5' cap

Size

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated based on their:

a.Dehydration Reaction

In order for the peptide bond to form in an Amino acid what reaction must happen between the last carbon of one amino acid and the Nitrogen of the second amino acid? a.Dehydration Reaction b. Hydration Reaction c. Chemical Reaction

b. Release Factor

In termination what binds to the stop codon? a. RNA Polymerase b. Release Factor c. DNA Polymerase III d. DNA Poly I

C. in the cytoplasm

In which of the following compartments of a eukaryotic cell would an inhibitor of tRNA synthetase have its greatest effect? A. in the ribosome B. in the nucleus C. in the cytoplasm

D. formation of the mature transcript

In which process does the spliceosome play a role? A. formation of the primary transcript B. removal of exons C. DNA Replication D. formation of the mature transcript E. translation

Because mitochondrial DNA is circular, it doesn't shorten when it replicates.

Mitochondria contain their own double-stranded, circular DNA and replicate on their own. Why don't they suffer the same consequences as our cells in terms of limited division?

A. the nucleolus.

Non-protein coding genes are typically found in? A. the nucleolus. B. areas of the nucleus other than the nucleolus. C. the cytoplasm. D. the endoplasmic reticulum. E. mitochondria.

a. Translation

RNA encodes for protein through? a. Translation b. Transcription c. Transition d. Transmission

d. Two of the above

RNA is needed for? a. DNA replication b. Translation c. Protein synthesis d. Two of the above e. All of the above

A. promoter.

RNA polymerase initially binds at the? A. promoter. B. intron. C. exon. D. start codon. E. 5' UTR.

e. All of the above

RNA processing involves which of the following? a. 5' capping b. 3' Poly-A tail c. RNA splicing d. Two of the above e. All of the above

False

T/F: DNA is a single stranded?

True

T/F: DNA strands are anti-parallel?

True

T/F: RNA can act as an enzyme?

True

T/F: RNA contains a hydroxyl group?

b. The central Carbon

The R group of an amino acid is attached to? a. Nitrogen b. The central Carbon c. The last carbon

b. 2

The bond between adenine and thymine have how many hydrogen bonds? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

C. 5

The nonmutant version of the simulated stretch of DNA (the sequence shown when the simulation first loads) depicts synthesis of a peptide that is how many amino acids in length? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 E. 7

D. (A) and (B) (complementary and antiparallel, Timmy.)

The primary transcript is _________ to the DNA template strand. A. complementary B. antiparallel C. identical D. (A) and (B) E. (A), (B), and (C)

d. Proteins

The quaternary level of protein structures forms? a. Carbohydrates b. Polypeptides c. Amino Acids d. Proteins

the termination of DNA synthesis at specific bases.

The role of dideoxynucleotides in Sanger sequencing is:

b. R groups

The tertiary levels in Amino acids are formed between? a. Carbon groups b. R groups c. Nitrogen Groups

a. Introns

This gets taken out during RNA splicing? a. Introns b. Exons c. rRNA sequences d. two of the above e. none of the above

B. DNA polymerase

To what do transcription factors bind? A. promoter region of DNA B. DNA polymerase C. start codons D. promoter region of RNA

E. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and miRNA are all made by transcription.

Transcription makes what kind of RNA? A. tRNA only B. rRNA only C. mRNA only D. miRNA only E. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and miRNA are all made by transcription.

False

True or False: Nucleotides attach to the 5' carbon?

True

True or False: RNA polymerase reads the DNA 3' to 5' on both the top and bottom DNA strand?

False

True or False: mature mRNAs are exported through a nuclear pore complex in a linear fashion, and remain linear throughout the process of translation?

False

True or False: tRNA transfer is used in translation and transcription?

True

True or false, RNA can act as an enzyme?

TRUE

True/ False Synthesis of nucleic acids always occurs in the 5′ → 3′ direction.

TRUE

True/False A transgenic organism is synonymous with a genetically modified organism, as both can contain recombinant DNA.

b. Amino Acids

What are the monomers of proteins? a. Polypeptide b. Amino Acids c. Ribosomes d. RNA

a. Polypeptide

What are the polymers of proteins? a. Polypeptide b. Amino Acids c. Ribosomal Subunits d. RNA

b. Peptide

What bond is formed between amino acids? a. Phosphodiester b. Peptide c. Polydiester d. Peptidal

A. Transcription could be prevented.

What could happen if there is a mutation in the promotor sequence of DNA? A. Transcription could be prevented. B. Translation could start, but terminate early. C. DNA replication could be prevented. D. RNA would be made, but RNA processing could be prevented.

b. Separates the DNA strands forming a replication bubble

What does a Helicase do? a. Make sure the DNA strands are not too tightly bound b. Separates the DNA strands forming a replication bubble c. Loosens the DNA strands ahead of the replication fork d. Unwinds the whole DNA

C. RNA polymerase

What enzyme is responsible for the transcription of tRNA genes? A. DNA polymerase B. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase C. RNA polymerase D. spliceosomes

Both fragments have the same 5-base overhang but one at the 3′-end and the other at the 5′-end.

What feature is shared by restriction fragments produced by the restriction enzymes BclI (T↓GATCA) and BglII (A↓GATCT)? (The downward arrow denotes the site of cleavage in each strand.)

A. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of the mRNA and scans to the nearest AUG codon.

What feature or structure in the simulation indicates that this is eukaryotic translation? A. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of the mRNA and scans to the nearest AUG codon. B. The first incorporated amino acid is methionine. C. The small ribosomal subunit binds to a Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA and locates a nearby AUG codon. D. (A) and (B) E. (A), (B), and (C)

d. All of the above

What forms during the secondary protein structure? a. Alpha Helixes b. Beta pleated sheets c. Hydrogen bonds d. All of the above e. Two of the above

D. All of the above

What genetic material is made during the process of transcription? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. All of the above

a. It has a missing oxygen

What is a key feature in a ribose sugar? a. It has a missing oxygen b. It has a missing phosphate c. It has an extra oxygen d. It has an extra phosphate

Because it is taken from bacteria that live in high temperatures, it stays active during denaturation steps of the reaction

What is the benefit of using Taq polymerase in PCR?

c. Phosphodiester bond

What is the bond between two nucleotides called? a. Phosphate bond b. Base stacking bond c. Phosphodiester bond d. Nucleoside bond

Dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing, but not in PCR.

What is the difference between Sanger sequencing and PCR with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?

Restriction Enzymes

What is the name of the class of enzymes that recognizes and cuts a specific sequence of DNA?

D. RNA polymerase

What is the name of the enzyme that forms at the start of transcription? A. DNA gyrase B. DNA polymerase C. RNA helicase D. RNA polymerase

a. Synthesis of a proteins

What is the product of translation? a. Synthesis of a proteins b. Synthesis of ribosomes c. Synthesis of t-RNA d. Synthesis of m-RNA to t-RNA

A. DNA fragments are joined together.

What is the result of DNA ligase's action? A. DNA fragments are joined together. B. DNA transcription occurs. C. DNA is broken up at specific sites. D. DNA translation occurs. E. DNA is condensed to chromosomes.

-synthesis of RNA from a DNA template -the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code

What is the result of transcription?

a. UGA

What is the triplet code for the release factor that binds to the A site? a. UGA b. AUG c. GAU d. UAG

a. Sugar and nitrogen base

What makes up a nucleoside? a. Sugar and nitrogen base b. Sugar and phosphate group c. Nitrogen base and phosphate group

e. All of the above

What makes up a nucleotide? a. Ribose sugar b. Nitrogen base c. Phosphate group d. Two of the above e. All of the above

c. Uracil

What nucleotide is found in RNA, but not DNA? a. Adenine b. Guanine c. Uracil d. Thymine e. Cytosine

DNA sequencing

What procedure could be used after PCR is complete to make certain that the amplification process worked properly and that the correct sequence was amplified?

b. Deoxyribose

What sugar is used for DNA? a. Glucose b. Deoxyribose c. Ribose

d. Dehydration

What type of reaction occurs when water is released when a peptide bond is formed? a. Hydrolysis b. Dehydrolysis c. Hydration d. Dehydration

D. The cell would eventually die as the DNA continued to shorten.

What would happen if telomerase stopped working in a cell in which it normally functions at high levels? A. The cells would be able to divide indefinitely. B. Cancer would be the result. C. The cell would die immediately. D. The cell would eventually die as the DNA continued to shorten.

B. cytoplasm

Where does synthesis of transcription factor proteins occur? A. nucleus B. cytoplasm C. in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

A. in the nucleus

Where does the expression of a protein begin? A. in the nucleus B. in the cytoplasm C. in the nucleolus

b. Nucleus

Where does transcription occur? a. Cytoplasm b. Nucleus c. Plasma membrane d. Mitochondria

d. Nucleus

Where does transcription occur? a. Golgi Apparatus b. ER c. Cytoplasm d. Nucleus

C. at the 3' end of the template strand

Where does transcription start? A. at the 5' end of the template strand B. at the AUG start codon C. at the 3' end of the template strand

b. Cytoplasm

Where does translation occur? a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Ribosome d. ER

A. in the nucleus

Where would you expect to find unprocessed RNAs? A. in the nucleus B. in the cytoplasm C. in both the nucleus and cytoplasm

C. in both the nucleus and cytoplasm

Where would you find the large and small ribosomal subunits separately and not together as a complex? A. in the nucleus B. in the cytoplasm C. in both the nucleus and cytoplasm

B. in the cytoplasm

Where would you find the large and small ribosomal subunits together as a complex? A. in the nucleus B. in the cytoplasm C. in both the nucleus and cytoplasm

c. Template Strand

Which DNA strand is transcribed? a. RNA Polymerase b. Primer c. Template Strand d. Non-template strand

a. DNA Pol III

Which of the following adds DNA nucleotides to the growing 3' end? a. DNA Pol III b. DNA Pol II c. DNA Pol I d. Only two of them do e. All of the above

E. DNA ligase

Which of the following enzymes is necessary to produce recombinant DNA? A. topoisomerase B. helicase C. primase D. Taq polymerase E. DNA ligase

c. RNA Polymerase

Which of the following helps Transcription synthesize mRNA FROM DNA? a. Amino acid b. Protein c. RNA Polymerase d. DNA Polymerase II

A. translation

Which of the following is NOT completed before mRNA is exported from the nucleus? A. translation B. RNA processing C. transcription

d. All of the above

Which of the following is considered a step in translation? a. Initiation b. Elongation c. Termination d. All of the above e. Only A and C

e. Two of the above

Which of the following is not a step in translation? a. Intermediate b. Initiation c. Termination d. Growing e. Two of the above f. All of the above

E. Both strands get shortened at opposite ends during replication.

Which of the following is true regarding DNA replication? A. Only the lagging strand gets shortened after every other round of replication. B. Only the leading strand gets shortened during replication. C. Only the lagging strand gets shortened during replication. E. Both strands get shortened at opposite ends during replication. G. Both strands get shortened at opposite ends during replication.

a. Topoisomerase

Which of the following loosens the strands ahead of the replication fork? a. Topoisomerase b. Helicase c. RNA Polymerase d. DNA Polymerase

B. RNA polymerase

Which of the following reads the nucleotide sequence of a gene and synthesizes the corresponding primary transcript? A. Ribosome B. RNA polymerase C. DNA polymerase

because their DNA is circular so the DNA never shortens after replication

Which of the following reasons explains why bacteria can continually divide?

A. transfer RNA

Which of the following types of RNA molecule delivers amino acids to the ribosomes? A. transfer RNA B. ribosomal RNA C. messenger RNA

B. mutation of the promoter sequences

Which of the following would prevent the production of both RNA and protein of a particular gene? A. mutation that creates a stop codon B. mutation of the promoter sequences C. mutation of the start codon D. mutation of intron acceptor site E. mutation of the ribosome binding site

E. None of the above are correct. All of the processing events described above occur in the nucleus of human cells.

Which one of the following mRNA processing events does not occur in the nucleus of human cells? A. 5' cap addition B. excision of introns C. poly-A tail addition D. splicing of exons E. None of the above are correct. All of the processing events described above occur in the nucleus of human cells.

c. RNA Primase

Who adds an RNA primer during Replication? a. DNA Primase b. Helicase c. RNA Primase d. RNA Polymerase

A. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain.

Why are primers needed for DNA replication? A. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain. B. They help direct the placement of the telomeres. C. A tiny amount of RNA is needed to tell the cell where genes are located. D. They help with the joining of Okazaki fragments. E. The primers help with the proofreading function of DNA polymerase.

C. They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated.

Why are telomeres a necessary component of linear chromosomes? A. They direct where DNA synthesis will begin. B. They fix mistakes that are made during DNA replication. C. They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated. D. They direct where DNA synthesis will end. E. None of the answer options is correct.

b. 3' prime end

You attach nucleotides at the growing end of the ? a. 5' prime end b. 3' prime end c. 5' prime middle d. 3' prime middle

c.)RNA primase

_____ is the first enzyme to synthesize a nucleic acid at a replication fork. a.)Topoisomerase II b.)Helicase c.)RNA primase d.)RNA primase e.)DNA polymerase

a nucleic acid probe to a complementary DNA.

A Southern blot is a technique that relies on hybridization of

many, one

A eukaryotic chromosome has _____ origin(s) of replication, and a bacterial chromosome has ______ origin(s) of replication.

d. T

A in DNA is complementary to? a. A b. C c. G d. T

c. Both

mRNA messenger plays a role in? a. Transcription b. Translation c. Both d. None