Biology Chapter 5 Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules Dynamic Study Module 2017

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

Chaperonins

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide _

Chitin

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

purines

adenine and guanine

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

molecules called chaperonins

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

they are all disaccharides

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

water

The components of nucleic acids are __________. A) a nitrogenous base and a hexose sugar B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate D) a nitrogenous base, a hexose sugar, and a phosphate E) a nitrogenous base and a phosphat

C) a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides. As indicated by the name, each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide, in general, is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base, and one or more phosphate groups. In a polynucleotide, each monomer has only one phosphate group. The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group is called a nucleoside.

Which of the following is a polymer? A) Glucose, an energy-rich molecule B) Cellulose, a plant cell wall component C) Fructose, a component of sucrose D) Triacylglycerol, or fat E) Testosterone, a steroid hormone

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component The macromolecules in three of the four classes of life's organic compounds—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—are chain-like molecules called polymers. A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars. The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules called monomers. The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. It is a polymer composed of many glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic linkages.

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. A) ionic B) van der Waals C) hydrogen D) covalent E) peptide

D) Covalent Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH) (Carbono effect? remember the N)

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

cis double bonds; liquids

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________

glycogen Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some polysaccharides serve as storage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells. Other polysaccharides serve as building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism. Humans and other vertebrates store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscles.

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

lipids

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptide

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

primary