Biology Chapter 8
hydrogen ions The buildup of hydrogen ions makes the stroma negatively charged relative to the space within the thylakoids.
ATP synthase in the chloroplast membrane makes ATP, utilizing the energy of high concentrated
During the fall the temperature in the atmosphere drops, this temperature drop may cause the chlorophyll to stop functioning properly while the red and yellow pigments may still function, this is how the plants receive their coloration during the fall.
Although they appear green, some plant leaves contain yellow and red pigments as well as chlorophyll. In the fall, those leaves may become red or yellow. Suggest an explanation for these color change.s
At the bottom of lakes, oceans, and ponds, plants can't get enough sunlight to survive so they have to be close to the top in order to get sunlight for photosynthesis.
Based on the results of this experiment, explain why most aquatic primary producers live in the uppermost regions of deep oceans, lakes and ponds.
They can survive hot and dry conditions.
CAM plants are specialized to survive under what conditions that would harm most other kinds of plants?
Glucose has 90 times more energy than ATP. ATP is used as the cell immediate energy source
Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?
Chloroplasts have a unique structure which helps optimize its ability to capture the energy from the sun to produce energy for the cell. Figure 1: Chloroplast organelle. Chloroplast contains thylakoids and stacks of thylakoids are referred to as grana. The stroma is the additional portion of the chloroplast. Light dependent reactions take place in the grana while the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma
Created your own labeled diagram of a chloroplast. Using Figure 8-5 as a guide, draw and label the thylakoids, grana, and stroma. Indicate on your drawing where the two sets of photosynthesis reactions take place. texted you the drawing
3 bubbles. Because the trend is decreasing and it starts to slow down after decreasing rapidly
Describe the observed trend. How many bubbles would you predict if the light was moved to 50 cm away? Explain.
The reactants are carbon dioxide CO2 and water H20 which are processed by sunlight to give out the products oxygen O2 and sugars C6H12O6
Describe the overall process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products.
The ATP synthase allow H+ ions to cross the thylakoid membrane and produces ATP at the same time as the ATP synthase lets through the H+ it turns like a wheel, as it turns, it binds ADP and phosphate together to form ATP in one rotating action
Describe the role of ATP synthase and explain how it works
ATP consist of adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups.
Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule
Light is essential to algae in order to make their food. The raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. If light is not available photosynthesis does not take place. Experiment: 1) Take two glass jars fill the two jars with pond water and add algal growth. 2) On jar, placed under a light source, another jar put in dark room or covered with black paper. 3) After one week observe the algal growth in the two jars. 4) The density of the green color is an indicator of the quantity of algae present Result: The jar placed under the light source has more algal growth than the one placed in a dark room The control can be amount of pond water, the clarity of the "Pond water" and the variable is the light
Design an experiment that uses pond water and algae to demonstrate the importance of light energy to pond life. Be sure to identify the variables you will control and the variable you will change.
ATP is like going to the top of a hill on a bike, the further up the hill you go on the bike, the more potential energy you have to go faster when you go down the hill. The same concept applies to the ATP molecule, it is fully charged with the three phosphate groups, which is like being at the top of the hill, when the bond between the second and third phosphate is broken, then energy is released which is like going down the hill. It is also similar to a battery, if all three phosphate groups are there it is fully charged, without the third phosphate group (ADP) then it is only half charged.
Develop an analogy to explain ATP and energy transfer to a classmate who does not understand the concept.
The factors affecting the rate at which photosynthesis occurs are: - Water - Temperature - Intensity of Light
Discuss three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs
The color of leaf defines the intensity and wavelength of light that the leaf is more likely to absorb and reflect. The green leaf (Figure 1) absorbs wavelengths of 400-500nm and 650-750 nm. however it reflects the wavelengths of 500-600. hence the leaf appears green to the eyes. The orange leaf (Figure 2), in contrast, absorbs wavelengths of 400-600 and 700-750. however reflects the wavelengths of 600-650. hence appearing orange.
Draw two leaves - one green and one orange. Using colored pencils, markers, or pens, show which colors of visible light are absorbed and reflected by each leaf.
According to its appearance, the Indian pipe plant is not green, meaning that it doesn't consist of chlorophyll. This means that the plant does not take in sunlight to produce its own energy. You can infer that this plant either consumes other organisms or is a parasite (according to my personal research, this plant is parasitic towards photosynthetic trees).
Examine the photograph of the Indian pipe plant show here on page 244 for #9. What can you conclude about the ability of the Indian pope plant to make its own food? Explain your answer.
• Partially charged: ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a compound similar to ATP except it has two phosphate groups instead of three. It only stores small amounts of energy by adding phosphate groups to the ADP molecules and then produces ATP. • Fully charged: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can easily release and store the energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between phosphate groups. This is the basic energy source for cells.
Explain how ADP and ATP are each like a battery. Which one is "partially charged" and which one is "fully charged"? Why?
NADP+ is an energy carrier by accepting and holding two high energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion.
Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis
An autotroph is an organism that produces its own food/energy (from fats, carbohydrates, proteins, etc.) through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. A common example of an autotroph is a plant, which produces energy through photosynthesis. A heterotroph, however, is an organism that cannot produce its own food/energy and must consume other organisms to survive. A common example of a heterotroph is an animal
How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ I the way they obtain energy?
Heterotrophs obtain food through consuming other living things while autotrophs make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
How do heterotrophs obtain energy? How is this different from how autotrophs obtain energy?
calvin cycle depends on the light-dependent cycle to provide it with ATP and NADPH
How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
is an ideal source of energy because ATP easily releases and stores energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. ATP is the basic energy source in all cells.
How does the structure of ATP make it an ideal source of energy for the cell?
The order of light-dependent reactions starts with the absorption of light, and then it is captured and converted in to chemical energy in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. The absorption of light is needed so chemical energy can be used, which the chemical energy will become ATP and NADPH.
Put the events of the light-dependent reactions in the order in which they occur and describe how each step is dependent on the step that comes before it.
Photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. The end products of respiration are recycled by photoautotrophs, which utilize CO2 to produce glucose and other carbohydrates. These saccharides, as well as other organic compounds generated by autotrophs, are then used by heterotrophs as sustaining nutrients. Photosynthesis is an important component of the carbon and oxygen cycles.
Recall the energy flows and that nutrients cycle through the biosphere. How does the process of photosynthesis impact both the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients? you may whish to refer to Chapter 3 to help you answer this question.
The Calvin Cycle does not require energy because it depends on light-dependent reactions to produce ATP and NADPH
Study Figure 8-11 on page 238 and give evidence to support the idea that the Calvin cycle does not depend on light.
Carbon dioxide enters the cycle energy from ATP and NADH is used to convert carbons into energy forms carbon energy is then transformed into sugars the rest of the carbons left over is converted to be used in the next cycle
Summarize the events of the Calvin cycle.
They produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NAPD+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
Summarize what happens during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The plant would be fine until it had run out of water or CO2 since the CO2 would be converted into Oxygen. The plant would eventually die if left for several weeks and cannot perform photosynthesis. (CHECK THIS MATEO)
Suppose you water a potted plant and place it by a window in a transparent, airtight jar. Predict how the rate of photosynthesis might be affected over the new few days. What might happen if the plant were left here for several weeks? Explain.
Less
The amount of energy stored in a molecule of ATP compared to the amount stored in a molecule of glucose is
light absorption this is the first process of photosynthesis
The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is?
reflects green light chlorophyll does not absorb green light
The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll
Calvin Cycle Calvin cycle does not require light
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the
NADPH this is sourced from the light dependent reactions
Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
Mushrooms are considered heterotrophs because it obtains food by absorbing nutrients from decomposing organisms that are found in the environment.
Why are decomposers, such as mushrooms, considered heterotrophs and not autotrophs?
Pigments such as chlorophyll are needed for photosynthesis because pigment molecules are able to absorb light energy from the sun.
Why are pigments such as chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( ------> = light ) carbon dioxide + water --light--> sugars + oxygen
Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.
Plants plants are autotrophs because they use light energy to produce their food
Which of the following are autotrophs?
ATP ATP is a form of energy store
Which of the following is used by cells t store and release the energy needed to power cellular processes?
Light energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis when chlorophyll in plant leaves absorbs light energy from the sun. This energy is then passed on to the central chlorophyll molecule. A chain of steps, including the release of electrons, results in the formation of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This compound is very similar to DNA, life's building blocks. This entire process constitutes the first phase of photosynthesis which is referred to as the light reaction. What follows is the dark reaction. This occurs in the stroma within the chloroplast. The ATP and another high energy electron carrying molecule called NADPH, both products of the light reaction, convert carbon dioxide into sugar.
How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?
If the plant were exposed to yellow light only it would not grow, this is because the absorption rate that chlorophyll has for the yellow light is very similar to that of the green light. This would prevent the plant from growing because if the chlorophyll can't absorb the light which it needs to convert into high energy sugars, then the plant would stop growing.
How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light?
NADP is needed to pick up H from the photolysis of water in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. It transfers the H through to the Calvin cycle, for the conversion of CO2 to sugar. A shortage of NADP means that photosynthesis will slow down/stop
How would photosynthesis be affected if there were a shortage of NADP in the cells of plants?
A. Chloroplast B. Stroma C. Granum Light-independent reactions occur in the Stroma. Light-dependent reactions occur in Thylakoid
Identify the chloroplast structures labeled A, B, and C. In which structure(s) do the light-dependent reactions occur? In which structures(s) do the light-independent reactions take place?
Two water molecules are required at the beginning of the light dependent reactions. The molecules are split and replace electrons that have been ejected: therefore H+ ions and oxygen are released. The H+ ions are then moved into the thylakoid space and then moved onto NADP+ to be stored for future energy. Lastly, the thylakoid space is filled up with H+ ions, and then move across the membrane through ATP synthase to produce ATP The oxygen molecules are released as diatomic oxygen. The NADPH from the light dependent reactions then move into the light independent reactions where they continue to produce sugars.
Imagine that you are an oxygen atom and two of your friends are hydrogen atoms. Together, you make up a water molecule. Describe the events and changes that happen to you and your friends as you journey through the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Include illustrations of your description.
water and carbon dioxide
In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires
Eukaryotic plants only store chlorophyll in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis is isolated in the chloroplasts: therefore it makes sense for chlorophyll to only be stored in that organelle. This maximizes efficiency by minimizing transport within the cell. Also this process maximizes surface area if the chlorophyll is extremely concentrated in one area to absorb the most light..
In eukaryotic plants, chlorophyll is found only in chloroplasts. Explain how the function of chlorophyll is related to its very specific location in the cell.
Light dependent reactions are driven by photons of light and as such are not affected by temperature. Chlorophyll is required to absorb the light and ATP and NADPH are produced which are both needed in the dark stage (Calvin Cycle - light independent). In addition water is split (photolysis) and oxygen is produced. The reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Light independent reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts, are enzyme driven and so are temperature sensitive. The ATP and NADPH produced in the light stage are used to fix CO2 into carbohydrate.
List at least three differences between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Each reactant of photosynthesis enters into the light-dependent reaction. Each product of photosynthesis is generated from the light-independent reaction.
Look at Figure 8-7. Into which set of reactions - light-dependent or light-independent - does each reactant of photosynthesis enter? From which set of reactions is each product of photosynthesis generated?
The independent variable is the variable that has been manipulated. The independent variable is the light intensity The dependent variable is the variable the response that is measured. The dependent variable is the rate of photosynthesis
Look at the graph on page 240. What are the independent and dependent variables being tested?
Most plants would die but some might survive. Other life forms will die as well because they don't have plants for a food source.
Many of the sun's rays may be blocked by dust or clouds formed by volcanic eruptions or pollution. What are some possible short- term and long-term effects of this on photosynthesis? On other forms of life?
carbon dioxide and water new bonds then form between these atoms and oxygen, producing CO2 and H2O (carbon dioxide and water).
When a candle burns, energy is released in the form of
(to combine with) water
The word carbohydrate comes from the prefix carbo-, meaning 'carbon', and the word hydrate. Based on the reactants of the photosynthesis equation, what does hydrate mean?
Bean plants are the blue line, and once it hits 750 ppm, it stops increasing.
Use page 246 Rates of Photosynthesis graph to answer this question Bean plants reach their maximum rate of photosynthesis at what concentration of carbon dioxide? a. about 50 ppm b. about 200 ppm c. about 750 ppm d. 1000 ppm
Beans contain more chlorophyll than corn because they increase slower than the corn
Use page 246 Rates of Photosynthesis graph to answer this question From the data it is possible to conclude that a. beans contain more chlorophyll than corn contains. b. corn reaches its maximum photosynthetic rate at lower concentrations than beans do. c. beans reach their maximum photosynthetic rate at lower concentrations than corn does. d. beans use carbon dioxide more efficiently than corn does.
Water, Sunlight, Temperature
What are the three primary factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate are compounds that cells use to store and release energy. ATP is the basic energy source used by all types of cells.
What is ATP and what is its role in the cell?
During the light-dependent reactions, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars.
What is the Calvin cycle?
The ultimate energy for plants is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds in carbohydrates
What is the ultimate source of energy for plants?
The closer you are to light, the more bubbles produced In the chart, at 10cm., there are 39 bubbles per minute. At 20cm., there are 22 bubbles per minute. This continues to get less and less the farther you go away from light
What relationship exists between the plant's distance from the light and the number of bubbles produced? What process is occurring? Explain your answer.
Pigments are the absorbing molecules that harnesses the sun energy
What role do plant pigments play in the process of photosynthesis
