Biology Chapters 14-16

Northern Elephant Seal Bottleneck: 1. Hunted almost to extinction in the __'s. 2. Population reduced to only __ individuals by the __'s. 3. A hunting ban allowed the population to increase to __. 4. Genetic analysis shows that present-day northern elephant seals are almost __ __. 5. Despite their numbers, their lack of __ __ leaves them little flexibility to __ if their environmental circumstances change.

1. 1800's 2. 20; 1890's 3. 30,000 4. Genetically Identical 5. Genetic Variation; Evolve

Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution: 1. By the mid-__'s, evolution was popular but the mechanism was unclear; This was the __ __ question of the era. 2. Both traveled extensively studying __ and __. 3. In __ Darwin and Wallace independently provided evidence of evolution and propose a mechanism for how it works. 4. Concluded that species __ __ over time.

1. 1880's; Most Important 2. Plants; Animals 3. 1858 4. Do Change

Pre-Mating Isolating Mechanisms Prevent Mating Between Species: 1. For most species, __+ isolating mechanisms interact to prevent the formation of __ __. 2. Examples Include: A. __ Isolation B. __ Isolation C. __ Isolation D. __ Isolation E. __ __

1. 2; Fertile Offspring 2. Examples: A. Geographical B. Ecological C. Temporal D. Behavioral E. Mechanical Incompatibility

Extinction: 1. At least __% of all species that ever existed are now extinct. 2. The immediate cause of extinction is almost always __ __.

1. 99.9% 2. Environmental Change

Speciation is Divided Into 2 Broad Categories: 1. __ Speciation 2. __ Speciation

1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric

Fossils: 1. Fossils of __ species tend to be simpler in form than __ species. 2. Several series of fossils show the evolution of __ __ over time; This suggests that __ species evolved from, and replaced, __ species. 3. Example = Modern whales evolved from __-__ __.

1. Ancient; Modern 2. Body Structures; New; Previous 3. Land-Dwelling Ancestors

Evolution: 1. Unifying theme for all __. 2. The foundation of evolutionary thought developed over __. 3. The ideas of evolution were not accepted until after __ published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in __.

1. Biology 2. Centuries 3. Darwin; 1859

Evolution is the Change of Allele Frequencies within a Population: 1. If allele frequencies __ from one generation to the next, then the population is __. 2. If allele frequencies __ __ __ from generation to generation, then the population __ __ __.

1. Change; Evolving 2. Do Not Change; Is Not Evolving

Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today: 1. Male guppies will evolve to become more __ in __-__ environments.

1. Colorful; Predator-Free

Evolution is a Compromise Between Opposing Pressures: 1. The long neck of male giraffes was favored only because it confers a distinctive advantage in __ to establish __. 2. The long neck of a giraffe is a compromise between the advantage of being able to win __ with other males and a disadvantage of __ while __ __.

1. Combat; Dominance 2. Contests; Vulnerability; Drinking Water

Organisms of Similar Appearance Sometimes Belong to Different Species: 1. The __ Flycatcher and __ __ Flycatcher are so similar that bird-watchers cannot tell them apart; Research revealed that they do not __ and are therefore in fact two different species. 2. A butterfly considered for __ centuries to be a single species known as the __-__ __ butterfly is now known to be __ different species.

1. Cordilleran; Pacific Slope; Interbreed 2. 2; Two-Barred Flasher; 10

How Does Natural Selection Work? 1. Darwin and Wallace proposed that life's diverse forms arose through the process of __ __ __.

1. Descent with Modification

Darwin and Wallace's Theory Rests on 4 Postulates: 1. Postulate 3 = __ survival and reproduction in each __. 2. Postulate 4 = Individuals with advantageous traits survive __ and leave the __ offspring, a process known as __ __.

1. Differential; Generation 2. Longest; Most; Natural Selection

Use and Disuse: 1. Individuals lose characteristics they __ __ __ (or __) and develop characteristics that are __.

1. Do Not Require; Use; Useful

Extinction: 1. Species that are unable to __ resources more efficiently than their __ may become extinct. 2. __ million years ago, a land bridge (the __ of __) formed between __ and __ __. 3. __ __ species displaced the vast majority of __ __ species, many of which became extinct.

1. Exploit; Competitors 2. 2.5; Isthmus; Panama; North; South America 3. North American; South American

Four Main Lines of Evidence Support Evolution Theory: 1. __ provide evidence of evolutionary change over time. 2. __ __ gives evidence of descent with modification. 3. __ __ suggests common ancestry. 4. Modern __ and __ analyses reveal relatedness among diverse organisms.

1. Fossils 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Embryological Similarity 4. Biochemical; Genetic

Nonrandom Mating: 1. Nonrandom mating will not change the overall __ of __ in a population. 2. Nonrandom mating will change the distribution of __ and __ in a population. 3. Organisms within a population rarely mate __. 4. Nonrandom mating may lead to __, increasing the chance for __ alleles to be expressed.

1. Frequency; Alleles 2. Genotypes; Phenotypes 3. Randomly 4. Interbreeding; Harmful

Post-Mating Isolating Mechanisms Limit Hybrid Offspring and Include the Following: 1. __ __ 2. Hybrid __ 3. Hybrid __

1. Gametic Incompatibility 2. Inviability 3. Infertility

Extinction: 1. __ __ and __ are the leading causes of extinction. 2. Massive extinction events occurred in __ __; Impacted __ of __ today. 3. __ __ are the primary cause of present-day habitat destruction. 4. Tropical rainforest destruction could lead to loss of up to __% of all current species over the next __ years.

1. Habitat Change; Destruction 2. Prehistoric Habitats; Evolution; Organisms 3. Human Activities 4. 50%; 50

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle: 1. p^2 = __ __ (__) 2. q^2 = __ __ (__) 3. 2pq = __ (__) 4. p = __ Allele 5. q = __ Allele

1. Homozygous Dominant (BB) 2. Homozygous Recessive (bb) 3. Heterozygote (Bb) 4. Dominant 5. Recessive

Natural Selection Acts on Individuals, Yet Changes Populations/Penicillin: 1. Penicillin acted on __ bacteria. 2. The bacterial __ evolved as its allele frequencies changed. 3. Penicillin-Resistant bacteria had greater __ (reproductive success).

1. Individual 2. Population 3. Fitness

Gene Flow: 1. Movement of __ between __ is a common cause of gene flow. 2. However, alleles can move between __ even if __ do not. 3. __ (__) and __ from flowering plants can move and distribute alleles.

1. Individuals; Populations 2. Populations; Organisms 3. Pollen; (Sperm); Seeds

Limitations to the Biological Species Definition: 1. Because it is based on the ability to __, this definition cannot be used to determine species identity among __ reproducing organisms or among __. 2. Also, it is often difficult to observe whether members of two different groups __.

1. Interbreed; Asexually; Fossils 2. Interbreed

Mechanical Incompatibility: 1. In animals with __ __, male and female sexual organs may not __ __. 2. For example, snails of species whose shells have __-handed spirals may be unable to __ __ with snails whose shells have __-handed spirals.

1. Internal Fertilization; Fit Together 2. Left; Copulate Successfully; Right

Allopatric Speciation: 1. The colonization of remote habitats, such as __ or __ far out to __, can lead to separate populations. 2. Geological changes are caused by such factors as __, __, and changes of __ __. 3. Allopatric speciation is believed to be the __ common type of speciation, especially among __.

1. Islands; Reefs; Sea 2. Volcanoes; Earthquakes; River Course 3. Most; Animals

Speciation Depends on 2 Factors: 1. The __ of populations must prevent gene flow from spreading between them and keeping them similar. 2. __ __ of the populations must occur through the evolution of isolating mechanisms, driven by genetic drift or natural selection.

1. Isolation 2. Genetic Divergence

Geographically Separated Populations Are Not Necessarily Distinct Species: 1. __ and __ squirrels living in separate areas of the __ __ are physically separated, but still very similar. 2. It is currently __ if the two populations have __ into two species.

1. Kaibab; Abert; Grand Canyon 2. Unknown; Diverged

Genetic Drift: 1. Genetic drift has little effect in very __ populations, where chance is __ likely to reduce significantly the proportion of individuals passing alleles on to the next generation. 2. Genetic drift occurs more __ and has a bigger effect on __ populations, where chance may dictate that the alleles of only a __ individuals are passed on. 3. In very small populations, drift can result in the __ __ of an allele in only a few __, even if it is the more frequent one.

1. Large; Less; 2. Rapidly; Small; Few 3. Complete Loss; Generations

A few scientists speculated that life had evolved: 1. __/__ = Proposed that some modern species had evolved through natural processes, having originated at creation from a small number of founding species. 2. __ = A British surveyor, he recognized that certain fossils were always found in the same layers of rock and concluded that different types of organisms had lived at different times in the past. 3. __ = Proposed the theory of catastrophism.

1. LeClerc/Buffon 2. Smith 3. Cuvier

Mutations are the Original Source of Genetic Variability: 1. They usually have __ or __ immediate effect and can be passed to offspring only if they occur in __ that give rise to __. 2. They are the source of __ __ and can be __, __, or __. 3. Mutations arise __, not as a result of or in anticipation of, __ __.

1. Little; No; Cells; Gametes 2. New Alleles; Beneficial; Harmful; Neutral 3. Spontaneously; Environmental Necessity

Extinction: 1. __ __ make species vulnerable in changing environments. A. Species inhabiting __ __ ranges may become extinct if the area is __. B. __-__ species normally do not succumb to __ environmental __.

1. Localized Distribution A. Extremely Limited; Disturbed B. Wide-Ranging; Local; Catastrophes

Example of Disruptive Selection: 1. Birds with __-sized beaks do not do as well as those with __/__ beaks (can get to flower nectar) or __/__ beaks (can crush seeds).

1. Medium; Small/Slender; Short/Strong

Examples of Vestigial Structures: 1. __ __ in vampire bats, which live off blood and therefore do not chew their food. 2. __ __ in whales and in certain snakes also serve no function in modern species.

1. Molar Teeth 2. Pelvic Bones

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ 2. __ __ 3. __ __ 4. __ Mating 5. __ and __ Selection

1. Mutations 2. Gene Flow 3. Genetic Drift 4. Nonrandom 5. Natural; Sexual

An Equilibrium Population can be Maintained So Long as 5 Conditions are Satisfied: 1. No __ must occur in the population. 2. There must be no __ __ between populations. 3. The population must be very __. 4. Mating must be completely __. 5. There can be no __ __. ** Violation of any one or more of these 5 conditions may allow changes in __ __, and the population will __. **

1. Mutations 2. Gene Flow 3. Large 4. Random 5. Natural Selection ** Allele Frequencies; Evolve **

Polyploidy: 1. Generally, polyploid individuals cannot mate successfully with __ __ individuals. 2. Polyploid __ are more likely than polyploid __ to be able to reproduce.

1. Normal Diploid 2. Plants; Animals

Evolution has Falsifiable Predictions: 1. A statement is considered falsifiable if there is an __ or a __ that could be made that would demonstrate that the statement is false. 2. Statements that are not falsifiable cannot be examined by __ __ since they permit no __ that evaluate their accuracy; __ such as Henry M. Morris have claimed that evolution is __. They claim that any __ can be fitted into the evolutionary framework, and that therefore it is impossible to demonstrate that evolution is __. As such, they claim that evolution is __-__.

1. Observation; Test 2. Scientific Investigation; Tests; Creationists; Unfalsifiable; Observation; Wrong; Non-Scientific

Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry: 1. All vertebrate embryos resemble __ __ in their early development. 2. All vertebrate embryos possess genes that direct development of __ __ and a __. 3. Humans are born without __ __ and a __ because the genes are active only during __ __. 4. Idea = Ancestral vertebrates possessed genes that directed the development of __ and __, and all their __ still have those genes.

1. One Another 2. Gill Slits; Tail 3. Gill Slits; Tail; Early Development 4. Gills; Tails; Descendants

Founder Effect: 1. By chance, the allele frequencies of founders may differ from those of the __ population. 2. Over time, the __ population may exhibit allele frequencies that differ from the __ population.

1. Original 2. New; Original

Extinction: 1. __ increases the risk of extinction in changing environments; Species that develop adaptations that favor __ in a __ environment are at risk of becoming extinct.

1. Overspecialization; Survival; Specific

Natural Selection Does Not Cause Genetic Changes in Individuals/Penicillin: 1. __ did not cause resistance allele to appear. 2. The allele for penicillin resistance arose __ (before exposure to penicillin). 3. Penicillin caused bacteria possessing the __ allele to be __ (have greater reproductive success) over bacteria lacking the allele.

1. Penicillin 2. Spontaneously 3. Rare; Favored

There are 2 Causes of Genetic Drift: 1. __ __ 2. __ __

1. Population Bottleneck 2. Founder Effect

Early biological thought did not include the concept of evolution: 1. __-__ = All organisms were created simultaneously by God with no change over time. 2. __ = Each object on Earth was merely a temporary reflection of its divinely inspired "ideal form." 3. __ = Arranged all organisms on a linear scale of increasing complexity (the "Ladder of Nature").

1. Pre-Darwinian 2. Plato 3. Aristotle

Evolution has Falsifiable Predictions: 1. Evolution is considered falsifiable because it can make __ that, were they contradicted by the evidence, would falsify evolution. 2. Several kinds of evidence could falsify evolution, such as the __ __ showing no change over time, confirmation that __ are prevented from accumulating, or observations showing organisms being created __ or __. 3. Many of Darwin's ideas and assertions of fact have been falsified as __ __ has developed and have continued to confirm his central concepts; Despite this, __ consists largely of unsubstantiated claims that evolution has been falsified. 4. In contrast, __ explanations involving the direct intervention of the supernatural in the physical world are not __, because any result of an experiment or investigation could be the unpredictable action of an omnipotent deity.

1. Predictions 2. Fossil Record; Mutations; Supernaturally; Spontaneously 3. Evolutionary Science; Creationism 4. Creationist; Falsifiable

Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses: 1. All organisms share related biochemical __. 2. All cells use __ as a genetic blueprint. 3. All use __, __, and approximately the same __ __ for translation. 4. All use the same __ __ __ to build proteins. 5. All use __ to transfer energy. 6. DNA nucleotide sequences of humans and mouse cytochrome C gene is very similar, suggesting __ __.

1. Processes 2. DNA 3. RNA; Ribosomes; Genetic Code 4. 20 Amino Acids 5. ATP 6. Shared Ancestry

Insect Pests Have Evolved a Resistance to Pesticides: 1. In Florida, the insecticide bait Combat was successfully used to kill __. 2. Some __ possessed a rare mutation that caused them to dislike __, the main attractant in Combat. 3. __ that did not eat the Combat __ __, spreading the mutation throughout the population. 4. Combat was __ __ __. 5. Combat had acted as an __ of __ __. 6. Every pesticide in existence has fostered a __ in at least __ of the insect species it is designed to kill.

1. Roaches 2. Roaches; Glucose 3. Roaches; Bred Successfully 4. No Longer Effective 5. Agent; Natural Selection 6. Resistance; One

Geology Provided Evidence that the Earth is Exceedingly Old: 1. __ __ reflect repeated cycles of geologic change occurring over __ periods of time. 2. Floods lay down __, which turns into __ __. 3. Volcanoes occasionally erupt, laying down new __ of __.

1. Rock Formations; Vast 2. Sediment; Sedimentary Rock 3. Layers; Lava

Balanced Polymorphism: 1. Each phenotype is favored by a __ environmental factor. 2. Often occurs when environmental conditions favor __. 3. Example = Normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin alleles coexist in __-__ regions of __. A. __ for the sickle-cell allele suffer from severe anemia caused by clumping of the RBC's. B. __ can tolerate __ much better, and have very little RBC clumping because they have one good copy of the allele.

1. Separate 2. Heterozygotes 3. Malaria-Prone; Africa A. Homozygotes B. Heterozygotes; Malaria

Gene Flow: 1. The evolutionary effect of gene flow is to increase the genetic __ of different populations of a species. 2. Mixing alleles prevents the development of __ differences in genetic __ of populations. 3. If gene flow between populations of a species is blocked, the resulting genetic __ may grow so large that one of the populations becomes a new __.

1. Similarity 2. Large; Compositions 3. Differences; Species

Behavioral Isolation: 1. The __ and __ of male songbirds are __-specific. A. They attract females of the __ __. B. Females of __ __ are unresponsive.

1. Songs; Plumage; Species A. Same Species B. Other Species

Natural and Sexual Selection can lead to various patterns of evolutionary change: 1. __ Selection 2. __ Selection 3. __ Selection

1. Stabilizing 2. Directional 3. Disruptive

Hybrid Infertility: 1. Mule hybrids, which are a cross between a horse and a donkey, are __. 2. Liger hybrids, which are a zoo-based cross between a male lion and a female tiger, are __. 3. Infertility is often caused by the failure of __ to pair properly during meiosis, so eggs and sperm never __ properly.

1. Sterile 2. Sterile 3. Chromosomes; Develop

Organisms that Appear Different in Appearance May Belong to the Same Species: 1. The Myrtle Warbler and the Audubon's Warbler, which have two different __ __, were listed as two species in the __. 2. It was then discovered that they __ where their ranges overlap and are considered a single species today.

1. Throat Colors; 1970's 2. Interbreed

Fossils: 1. Fossils showed that different __ of organisms had lived at different __ in the past. 2. This __ the view that species were created at one time and did not change. 3. __ fossils are less similar to modern species than __ fossils.

1. Types; Times 2. Countered 3. Older; Younger

Darwin and Wallace's Theory Rests on 4 Postulates: 1. Postulate 1 = __ in a population. 2. Postulate 2 = Some of the differences between members of a population are due to __ __ (not understood at the time though).

1. Variation 2. Inherited Characteristics

Gametic Incompatibility: 1. In animals, fluids of the female reproductive tract may __ or __ sperm of another species. 2. In plants, pollen from one species may __ to __ when it lands on the stigma of another species. 3. Especially important in organisms that scatter gametes in the __ or in the __; Sea urchin sperm cells contain a protein that allows them to bind only to eggs of __ __ __.

1. Weaken; Kill 2. Fail; Germinate 3. Water; Air; Their Own Species

Artificial Selection: 1. All modern dogs are descended from __ (a few __ years of breeding). 2. In only a few __ years, __ artificially selected for all breeds of __ __. 3. Humans have created tremendous variation in several species over relatively __ periods of time through artificial selection (__, __, and various __).

1. Wolves; Thousand 2. Thousand; Humans; Modern Dogs 3. Short; Dogs; Pigeons; Crops

Evolution of Penicillin-Resistant Bacteria: 1. The first widespread use of penicillin occurred during __ __ __. 2. Penicillin killed almost all __-__ bacteria. 3. Penicillin did not affect bacteria possessing a __ allele that __ penicillin on contact. 4. Bacteria carrying the __ allele survived and __.

1. World War II 2. Infection-Causing 3. Rare; Destroyed 4. Rare; Reproduced

Biologists have shown that some species of fish have genetic variation in their tendency to bite an angler's bait and hook. In professional bass fishing tournaments, all fish caught are returned to the water; therefore ____. A. No change in catching success should occur. B. Catching fish should become more difficult. C. Catching fish should become easier. D. Fish at next year's tournament will have learned to avoid the bait and hook.

A

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, ____ acts on beak size in seedcrackers. A. Disruptive Selection B. Directional Selection C. Genetic Drift D. Stabilizing Selection

A

Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus's writings on what topic? (A) population growth. (B) uniformitarianism. (C) genetics. (D) evolution. (E) natural selection.

A

Evolution is best defined as a change in ____. A. Allele Frequencies B. DNA Sequence C. Number of Species D. Physical Traits

A

Gene flow ____. A. Makes populations more genetically similar. B. Causes populations to diverge from each other. C. Prevents the spread of alleles through a species. D. Cannot influence the evolution of a population.

A

Goldenrod gall flies lay their eggs in the goldenrod plant. The fly larvae cause the plant to form a gall, a swollen growth of plant tissue. Large galls tend to be pecked open and their larvae eaten by birds. Small galls are more frequently parasitized by tiny wasps, whose larvae eat the fly larva and take over the gall. This complex situation implies that ____ is acting on gall size. A. Stabilizing Selection B. Disruptive Selection C. Directional Selection D. Genetic Drift

A

Having multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the diploid number is known as ____. A. Polyploidy B. Genetic Drift C. Haploidy D. Gene Flow

A

In theory, individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce. True or False? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE

A

Lions and tigers can interbreed and produce offspring called tiglons or ligers, which have normal life spans but are sterile. Lions and tigers remain isolated genetically because of what process? (A) hybrid infertility. (B) hybrid inviability. (C) mechanical incompatibility. (D) behavioral isolation. (E) heterozygote disadvantage.

A

Natural selection causes genetic changes in populations. True or False? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE

A

The gene pool for a particular gene is made up of what? (A) all the genes that occur in the population. (B) all the genes for a certain trait that occur in the population. (C) the sum of all the heterozygous individuals in the population. (D) the sum of all the homozygous individuals in the population. (E) all the alleles for a certain trait in a given individual.

A

What happens when two populations become geographically separated from each other and then genetic divergence occurs? (A) allopatric speciation (B) sympatric speciation (C) temporal isolation (D) continental drift (E) the founder effect

A

What was the untested weakness in Darwin's manifest? A. The passage of traits from generation to generation, and that variations in these traits occurred randomly. B. Natural Selection C. The suggestion that organisms evolved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. D. The suggestion that Earth's species were created initially, but many were destroyed by successive catastrophes.

A

When does convergent evolution occur? (A) unrelated organisms develop analogous structures. (B) two or more different species evolve to become one species. (C) two or more populations merge into one. (D) analogous structures evolve to be homologous.

A

Which of the following is an excellent example of artificial selection? (A) the many different breeds of domestic cats (B) cheetahs that can outrun their prey (C) the ability to gain muscle mass by using steroids (D) green tree frogs that blend perfectly into their leafy surroundings (E) all of the above

A

Sexual Selection: 1. Examples of traits that help males acquire mates include the following: A. __ Features = __ Colors, __ Feathers or Fins, or Elaborate __. B. Bizarre __ __ C. Complex __ __

A. Conspicuous; Bright; Long; Antlers B. Courtship Displays C. Courting Songs

__ Adaptations = Nonliving, environmental components that include such things as climate, the availability of water, and the concentration of minerals in the soil.

Abiotic

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.

Adaptations

The rise of many new species in a relatively short time; May occur when a single species invades a variety of new habitats with few competitors and then evolves in response to different environmental conditions in those habitats.

Adaptive Radiation

For any given gene, the relative proportion of each allele of that gene in a population.

Allele Frequency

__ Speciation = The process by which new species arise following physical separation of parts of a population (geographical isolation).

Allopatric

__ Structures = Structures similar in appearance, but differ in their evolutionary origin - a result of convergent evolution.

Analogous

Examples of vestigial structures in humans include the __, __, and __ __.

Appendix; Tailbone; Wisdom Teeth

__ Selection = A selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; Used mainly to enhance desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals; May also be used in evolutionary biology experiments.

Artificial

__ Mating = A mating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern.

Assortative

A __ is all the individuals of a species living in a particular place at a particular time. A. Gene Pool B. Population C. Bottleneck D. Species

B

A large population of birds on an island has a color distribution of 80% green birds and 20% yellow birds. Most of the population is killed by an unusually strong storm; color distribution of the survivors is 60% green birds and 20% yellow birds. The change in the color distribution is probably due to ____. A. Mutation B. Genetic Drift C. Natural Selection D. Gene Flow

B

A mechanism by which many plants, but few animal species, have evolved sympatrically is through ____. A. Gene Flow B. Polyploidy C. Mutation D. Genetic Drift

B

A population is defined as what? (A) all individuals of the same species located throughout the world. (B) all individuals of the same species located in a given geographic region. (C) all individuals of all species located throughout the world. (D) all individuals of all species located in a given country. (E) those individuals of the same species that have an identical genetic makeup.

B

A population of plants comes in two flower colors: blue and white. Blue-flowered plants produce seeds that grow into both white and blue flowers. Crossing two white-flowered plants produces only white-flowering offspring. What does this indicate for the white-flowering plants? (A) homozygous dominant for the flower color allele. (B) homozygous recessive for the flower color allele. (C) heterozygous for the flower color allele. (D) mutating. (E) in equilibrium.

B

Biologists sometimes combine two groups previously considered different species into the same species because ____. A. The two species have expanded their ranges and now encounter each other. B. They may be physically divergent, but they are found to interbreed in nature. C. The two species have evolved to lose premating reproductive isolating mechanisms. D. The two species have evolved to be physically similar. E. The two species have evolved to lost postmating reproductive isolating mechanisms.

B

Charles Darwin was influenced by which of the following people in formulating his ideas about natural selection? A. Thomas Malthus B. Gregor Mendel C. William Smith D. Charles Lyell

B

Darwin realized that most species produce many more offspring than is necessary to maintain a constant population. What do the "excess" individuals in a population do? (A) migrate to another location. (B) die before they can reproduce. (C) evolve to become new species. (D) mutate and are able to adapt to new environments. (E) None of the above

B

For roaches to have rapidly evolved resistance to an insecticide, ____. A. They must have learned to avoid it. B. Some roaches must have had a mutation, causing them to be resistant to the ingredients. C. The acquired trait of resistance was passed on to their offspring. D. Few people must have been using the insecticide.

B

From an evolutionary point of view, what important process occurs when a young male baboon leaves the troop that he was born in to join another troop? (A) nonrandom mating (B) gene flow (C) the bottleneck effect (D) natural selection (E) genetic drift

B

Genetic drift will tend to ____. A. Decrease genetic variability both within and between populations. B. Decrease genetic variability within populations, but increase genetic variability between populations. C. Increase genetic variability both within and between populations. D. Increase genetic variability within populations, but decrease genetic variability between populations.

B

If a woman learns to speak many languages, her children will inherit fluency in many languages. True or False? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE

B

In a single family, the parents have brown eyes but all five of their children have green eyes. This is an example of evolution. True or False? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE

B

Incompatibilities that prevent mating between species are called ____. A. Hybrid Infertility B. Premating Isolating Mechanisms C. Hybrid Inviability D. Postmating Isolating Mechanisms

B

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, ____ appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today. A. Disruptive Selection B. Directional Selection C. Stabilizing Selection D. Artificial Selection

B

One species of fish feeds in the muddy bottom of a lake. A second species eats insects that land on the water surface. This is an example of what? (A) geographic isolation. (B) ecological isolation. (C) temporal isolation. (D) behavioral isolation. (E) mechanical incompatibility.

B

Overspecialized adaptations are examples of what? (A) promote survival in a wide range of habitats. (B) are the result of natural selection. (C) enable a species to be more adaptable to environmental changes. (D) enable a species to be more independent of other species. (E) are found only in species with very wide geographic ranges.

B

Structures that have similar functions, but very different anatomy, such as the wings of insects and birds, are called __ structures. The similarities are due to similar environmental pressures rather than to common ancestry. A. Vestigial B. Analogous C. Homologous D. Divergent

B

The idea put forward by Lamarck, which stated that organisms could pass on to their offspring physical changes that the parents developed during their own lifetimes, is known as ____. A. Natural Selection B. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics C. Genetic Drift D. Artificial Selection E. Adaptive Radiation

B

The many different breeds of domestic dog were produced by what process? (A) natural selection. (B) artificial selection. (C) physical selection. (D) artificial mutation. (E) None of the above

B

There are currently many similar-looking but different species on either side of the Isthmus of Panama. They most likely resulted from what process? (A) sympatric speciation. (B) allopatric speciation. (C) temporal isolation. (D) random mutations. (E) hybridization.

B

What contribution(s) did Darwin make to science? A. Darwin recognized and described the process of natural selection. B. Darwin recognized and described the process of natural selection and the pattern of evolution. C. Darwin recognized and described the pattern of evolution. D. Darwin recognized and described many new species of Australia. E. Darwin developed the concept of uniformitarianism.

B

What does the idea of "uniformitarianism" suggest about the geological record and the age of the Earth? A. Species were evidence of acts of divine creation. B. Natural processes occurring over long stretches of time accounted for the thick layers of rock where fossils are found. C. Earth's species were created initially, but many were destroyed by successive catastrophes. D. Earth is only 6,000 years old.

B

When alleles increase in frequency because they allow the organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment, this is a result of ____. A. Gene Flow B. Natural Selection C. Genetic Drift D. Mutation

B

Which list below contains the four postulates of natural selection? A. Uniform population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction B. Differential survival or reproduction, selection, variation among individuals in a population, heritable variation C. Variation in population, environmental variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction D. Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, unlimited survival and reproduction

B

Which of the following does not change allele frequencies in a population? A. Mutation B. Random Mating C. Gene Flow D. Genetic Drift

B

Which of the following ecological barriers was a major factor in the evolution of flies? A. A river separating the pole orchard and the forest with hawthorn trees. B. The preference of different females for ovipositing (laying eggs) on different fruits. C. The greater appeal to females of males that smell like apples. D. A difference in canopy height between the two trees.

B

Which of the following is a basic requirement for natural selection to be an effective evolutionary force? A. Mutation must occur frequently. B. A population exhibits some genetic variability. C. Each population is limited to a small size. D. Individuals reproduce at a rapid rate.

B

Which of the following is an example of assortative mating? (A) A dominant male elephant mates with most females in a group, excluding other males from mating with the females. (B) A female mouse chooses a mate because he is the same color that she is. (C) A female sparrow chooses a mate because he attracts her by singing the correct song. (D) A female sheep chooses a mate because he has previously mated with many females. (E) A female lizard chooses to mate with the first male she encounters.

B

Which of the following is the most prevalent immediate cause of extinction? (A) specialization (B) environmental change (C) disease (D) predation (E) competition

B

Which of the following selective processes did Darwin suggest to explain the evolution of conspicuous structures and courtship behaviors that male animals use to attract a mate? A. Inbreeding B. Sexual Selection C. Gene Flow D. Natural Selection

B

Which of the following would describe artificial selection? A. Coloration changes in guppy populations in the absence of predators. B. Breeding organisms for the purpose of generating certain features or traits (e.g., dog breeds). C. Increased frequency of roaches that avoid sugar-baited poison traps. D. Antibiotic resistance in a bacterial population exposed to penicillin.

B

__ __ = Two or more phenotypes are maintained in a population.

Balanced Polymorphism

__ Isolation = Occurs when species cannot meet because they have different courtship and mating rituals.

Behavioral

__ Adaptations = Living environmental components that consists of other organisms.

Biotic

Natural Selection = A(n) __ cannot evolve, but a(n) __ can.

Individual; Population

Hybrid __ = Occurs when hybrid offspring are sterile or have reduced fertility.

Infertility

__ of __ __ = Individuals inherit the traits of their ancestors.

Inheritance of Acquired Traits

Examples of analogous structures include __ and __ wings.

Insect; Bird

Hybrid __ = Occurs when hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity; The hybrid may abort early in development or die shortly after birth.

Inviability

A morphological, physiological, behavioral, or ecological difference that prevents members of two species from interbreeding.

Isolating Mechanism

A horse has a diploid number (2n) of 64 and a donkey has 2n = 62. The hybrid of these two species, mules, have 2n = 63 and are sterile. Why are mules sterile? (A) Mules cannot physically mate with each other. (B) Mules cannot physically mate with horses and donkeys. (C) One chromosome is unpaired and fails to divide properly during meiosis. (D) Mules are not true hybrids. (E) Horses are not able to form new species.

C

A likely group of animals in which to look for cases of sympatric speciation would be ____. A. Sharks B. Birds C. Parasitic Intestinal Worms D. Bats

C

A new variety of flies has been discovered infesting cherry trees. What should cherry-producing farmers be told? A. The new flies arose on an island having only cherry trees, separated from other sources of fruit. B. Once apple trees are planted near the cherry trees the flies will infest the apple trees instead. C. The flies have switched from apple trees and may be evolving into a new "cherry only" species by sympatric speciation. D. The infestation is only temporary, and the flies will eventually switch back to hawthorn.

C

All members of the golden hamster species known today are descendants of a single litter collected in Syria in 1939. Its diploid chromosome number is 44. Two other species of hamster, each with a diploid number of 22, overlap in Syria. The golden hamster is thought to be a new species from the mating of a male and female of the two other hamster species. What mechanism might explain this recent event of speciation? (A) adaptive radiation (B) formation of a fertile hybrid and halving of the chromosome number of this hybrid (C) polyploidy (D) temporal isolation (E) disruptive selection

C

An ecological barrier prevents populations from interacting during critical points in their life cycle, such as __. A. Migrating B. Feeding C. Mating D. Overwintering

C

Behavioral geneticists have found that the ability of house mice to squeak is determined by a single gene. If squeaky mice are more likely to be dropped by startled predators, ____. A. The mouse population will consist of more and more non-squeakers over time. B. Squeaking will become louder over time. C. The mouse population will consist of more and more squeakers over time. D. The occurrence of squeaking in the mouse population will not change.

C

Body size varies among individuals in a species of lizard in the genus. Small lizards have a hard time defending a territory, and thus mating, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed on by owls. Therefore, natural selection favors individuals with an average body size. This is an example of __ selection. A. Artificial B. Directional C. Stabilizing D. Disruptive

C

Evolution by genetic drift is most obvious in which is the groups below? (A) large populations. (B) aquatic organisms. (C) small populations. (D) invertebrate species. (E) migratory species.

C

Humans still have body hair even though it is greatly reduced and serves little function. The hair is a(n) example of what? (A) analogous structure. (B) homologous structure. (C) vestigial structure. (D) adaptation. (E) mutation.

C

If a haploid egg from a diploid plant is fertilized by a haploid sperm from a diploid plant, and the fertilized egg duplicates its chromosomes but does not divide into two cells, the resulting cell may then divide normally, producing an individual plant that will be __. A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Tetraploid D. Triploid

C

If a population is undergoing natural selection, then ____. A. It is not becoming more adapted to its environment. B. Only the dominant gene frequencies are changing. C. It is becoming more adapted to its environment. D. Its gene frequencies are not changing.

C

In many species of fireflies, males flash to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is probably an example of ____. A. Geographical Isolation B. Hybrid Infertility C. Premating Isolation D. Postmating Isolation

C

In one butterfly species, the colors of individuals range from white to black, with many shades of gray in between. If the butterflies in a mountain population become more and more similar in color over several generations (for example, if most butterflies are the same shade of gray), what kind of evolutionary force is likely acting on the population? (A) directional selection (B) disruptive selection (C) stabilizing selection (D) artificial selection

C

Incompatibilities that prevent the formation of vigorous, fertile hybrids between species are called ____. A. Geographic Isolation B. Genetic Divergence C. Postmating Isolation Mechanisms D. Premating Isolation Mechanisms

C

Mutations ____. A. Are usually beneficial to the organism. B. Are responsible for rapid evolution in populations. C. Provide the basic "raw material" for evolution. D. Are defined as changes in single DNA nucleotides.

C

Natural selection acts (through predation) against banded water snakes in certain Lake Erie islands, favoring the uniformly light-colored snakes. The banded form is very common on the nearby mainland. Yet banded snakes are maintained in the island populations and not eliminated completely. This is probably due to ____. A. Mutation B. Genetic Drift C. Gene Flow D. Natural Selection

C

The 30,000 elephant seals alive today are genetically very similar due to what factor? (A) natural selection. (B) artificial selection. (C) the bottleneck effect. (D) the founder effect. (E) random mutation.

C

The Great Dane and the chihuahua are both domestic dogs (the same species), but mating between them is limited. Why so? (A) hybrid infertility. (B) hybrid inviability. (C) mechanical incompatibility. (D) behavioral isolation. (E) geographic isolation.

C

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents an idealized, evolution-free population in which the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies will not change over time. In order for this to happen, five conditions must be met. Suppose that one of the conditions was violated - that the population was very small. In this situation, the evolution would probably be due to ____. A. Migration B. Mutation C. Genetic Drift D. Natural Selection

C

The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north side of the Grand Canyon, and the Abert squirrel lives on the south side. Even though these two populations are only miles apart, their gene pools are kept isolated by what process or mechanism? (A) mechanical incompatibility. (B) hybrid infertility. (C) geographic isolation. (D) ecological isolation. (E) temporal isolation.

C

The process by which allele frequencies are altered in a population due to chance is called what? (A) random evolution. (B) assortative evolution. (C) genetic drift. (D) random mutation. (E) fitness.

C

The rapid speciation of Darwin's finches of the Galapagos Islands is an example of ____. A. Gene Flow B. Convergent Evolution C. Adaptive Radiation D. Coevolution

C

The relative proportion of an allele in a population is the ____. A. Population Size B. Gene Pool C. Allele Frequency D. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

C

Two populations of flowers found in the same meadow look identical but are pollinated by different pollinators, one by a night-flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees that fly by day. This is an example of what? (A) geographic isolation. (B) ecological isolation. (C) temporal isolation. (D) behavioral isolation. (E) mechanical incompatibility.

C

Under the biological species concept, the main criterion for identifying a species is ____. A. Geographic Isolation B. Anatomical Distinctiveness C. Reproductive Isolation D. Behavioral Distinctiveness

C

What does the biological concept of species require? (A) organisms are morphologically similar. (B) geographic isolation occurs. (C) organisms reproduce sexually. (D) only asexual reproduction occurs. (E) individuals are able to reproduce outside the group.

C

What happens for a population that is in equilibrium? (A) mutation rates do not change. (B) natural selection occurs. (C) allele frequencies do not change. (D) population size cannot change. (E) rates of gene flow are constant.

C

What is a modern definition of evolution? A. Evolution is a trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to individuals without that trait. B. Evolution is natural selection for a novel trait. C. Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population over time. D. Evolution is the formation of a new species.

C

What is the strong evidence for the common ancestry of all vertebrates? (A) they all have legs. (B) their means of reproduction. (C) the similarity of their embryological stages. (D) they all evolved from fish. (E) they all possess DNA.

C

What type of selection favors individuals with traits that do not match the average of the population? A. Natural Selection B. Stabilizing Selection C. Disruptive Selection D. Directional Selection

C

Where are the Galapagos Islands? (A) off the west coast of Australia (B) off the west coast of North America (C) off the west coast of South America (D) near Southeast Asia (E) near the center of the south Atlantic Ocean

C

Which of the following is a mechanism or cause of evolution? A. Gene Flow B. Random Mating C. Mutation, Gene Flow, and Natural Selection D. Mutation E. Mutation, Nonrandom Mating, and Natural Selection F. Natural Selection

C

Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation? (A) bat wings (B) industrial melanism (C) Darwin's finches (D) long giraffe necks (E) starfish arms

C

Which of the following is one of the main points of Darwin's theory of evolution? A. Life on Earth is quite recent. B. Evolution is rapid and continuous. C. Contemporary species share a common descent. D. Species are formed and adapt by the process of artificial selection.

C

Which of the following lines of evidence support(s) the idea that evolution occurs? A. The Fossil Record B. Natural Selection C. The Fossil Record, Genetic and Biochemical Analysis, Comparative Anatomy and Embryology, and Natural Selection D. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology E. Genetic and Biochemical Analyses

C

Which of the following would be considered to be an example of analogous structures? A. Molar teeth in a vampire bat. B. Internally similar structures (e.g., of birds and mammals) that are used for many different functions. C. Superficially similar structures in unrelated species. D. Pelvic bones in a snake.

C

Which of the following would not cause a species to become extinct? A. Habitat Encroachment (e.g., Urbanization) B. An inability to successfully compete for limited resources (e.g., food, water, habitat) C. Seasonal Changes in the Weather D. Overspecialization

C

The theory that catastrophes destroyed many species, and that modern day species are the survivors of these catastrophes.

Catastrophism

The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interactions with one another, such that each species acts as a major force of natural selection on the other; Predator-Prey relationships generate strong forces of this type of evolution.

Coevolution

Interaction among individuals who attempt to utilize a resource (for example, food or space) that is limited relative to the demand for that resource; May occur among individuals of the same or different species; Most intense among members of the same species because they all require the same things for survival.

Competition

Interactions with other organisms include __, __, and __ selection.

Competition; Coevolution; Sexual

The independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms as a result of similar environmental pressures.

Convergent Evolution

An equilibrium population ____. A. Evolves Slowly B. Evolves Quickly C. Evolves Only by Natural Selection D. Does Not Evolve

D

Genetic drift can contribute to allopatric speciation if ____. A. One population undergoes a bottleneck just before being reunited with the other. B. The original population is small enough. C. One population undergoes gene flow with another population. D. One of the separated populations is small enough.

D

Selection against individuals at both ends of a phenotypic distribution for a character (i.e., favoring those in the middle or average of the distribution) is an example of ____. A. Directional Selection B. Disruptive Selection C. Gene Flow D. Stabilizing Selection

D

The process by which two species evolve adaptations in response to one another, such that evolutionary change in one species produces an evolutionary change in the other, is called ____. A. Directional Selection B. Natural Selection C. Balanced Polymorphism D. Coevolution

D

What is the controlled breeding of domestic plants and animals by humans in order to produce certain physical traits in those organisms called? (A) natural selection. (B) agricultural selection. (C) physical selection. (D) artificial selection. (E) None of the above

D

Which of the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle describes how new alleles can enter a population. A. Decreasing Population Size B. Nonrandom Mating C. Natural Selection D. Mutations

D

Which of the following is a statement about mutation? A. Mutations may have no effect on the organism. B. Mutations can be inherited from parents by offspring. C. Mutation introduces variation into a population. D. Mutations that are favored by selection are more likely to occur.

D

Which of the following is characterized by random changes in allele frequencies? A. Natural Selection B. Gene Flow C. Nonrandom Mating D. Genetic Drift

D

Which of the following is not a way that the human population influences evolution? A. Human development changes the habitats of many species, influencing natural selection on those species. B. Use of antibiotics by humans has selected for antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. C. The use of pesticides by humans has selected for pesticide-resistant mosquitoes. D. Coloration changes in a guppy population in an isolated stream happen in the absence of predators.

D

Which of the following is the first step in the process of allopatric speciation? A. Interspecies Contact B. Reproductive Isolation C. Evolution of Two Species Independently D. Geographic Isolation

D

Which of the following is true of the biological species concept? A. Asexually reproducing organisms use the same criteria as sexually reproducing organisms. B. Naturally occurring populations must actually interbreed to be considered as the same species. C. Different appearance is sufficient justification to categorize overlapping, naturally occurring populations as different species. D. Members of the same species must be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring.

D

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Heredity plays only a small role in the theory of evolution by natural selection. B. The changes that we see in an individual as it grows and develops are due to evolutionary changes. C. Natural selection only occurred in the past. D. Darwin had no knowledge of the mechanisms of heredity. E. Evolution is a property of individuals.

D

Which phrase best describes the concept of natural selection? A. Survival of the Fittest B. Long Life C. Reproductive Success and a Long Life D. Reproductive Success E. Survival of the Fittest and a Long Life

D

Which statement illustrates Lamarck's theory on the mechanism of evolution? (A) Fish with coloration that matches the river bottom they inhabit will survive to reproduce. (B) Plants that can survive in less light will become the dominant species in shaded areas. (C) Birds with bright colors will attract more mates and pass on the colorful plumage. (D) A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald. (E) Giraffes with longer necks survived and reproduced faster because they could reach a better food source.

D

__ and __ proposed a mechanism of evolution.

Darwin; Wallace

__ Selection = A type of natural selection that favors one extreme of a range of phenotypes and selects against both average individuals and individuals at the opposite extreme.

Directional

__ Selection = A type of natural selection that favors both extremes of a range of phenotypes and selects against individuals with average values.

Disruptive

The accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics.

Divergent Evolution

A population carries two alleles for a trait in which T is dominant and t is recessive. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does 2pq represent? (A) the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals. (B) the decrease in heterozygous individuals. (C) the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals. (D) the increase in homozygous individuals. (E) the proportion of heterozygous individuals.

E

A single species of finch from South America was displaced to a new habitat in the Galapagos Islands and evolved rapidly into several new species as it exploited the new resources. What occurred in these Darwin's finches? (A) phyletic speciation (B) divergent speciation (C) stabilizing selection (D) polyploidy (E) adaptive radiation

E

All organisms share the same genetic code. This commonality is evidence that ____. A. Evolution occurs gradually. B. Evolution is occurring now. C. Convergent evolution has occurred. D. Life began a long time ago. E. All organisms are descended from a common ancestor.

E

Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones inside their bodies. Because these structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage," they are called what? (A) convergent. (B) analogous. (C) maladaptive. (D) homologous. (E) vestigial.

E

Female finches, which do not sing, tend to choose to mate with males who sing a specific, elaborate song. What is this is an example of? (A) coevolution. (B) fitness. (C) inbreeding. (D) assortative mating. (E) sexual selection.

E

Two populations of flowers look identical but are pollinated by different pollinators, one by a night-flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees. These two flowers represent what? (A) groups within the same species. (B) identical gene pools. (C) the same species using different pollinators. (D) identical evolutionary paths. (E) different species.

E

Whose philosophy was based on the "ideal form"? (A) Darwin (B) Lamarck (C) Darwin and Wallace (D) Cuvier (E) Plato

E

__ Isolation = Occurs when species cannot mate because they occupy different habitats.

Ecological

An idealized population in which allele frequencies and the distribution of genotypes do not change from generation to generation.

Equilibrium Population

The theory that all organisms are related by common ancestry and have changed over time; Any change in the proportions of different genotypes in a population from one generation to the next.

Evolution

The death of all members of a species.

Extinction

The reproductive success of an organism, relative to the average reproductive success in the population.

Fitness

__ = Proposed that organisms evolved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. A. He theorized that organisms are modified during their lifetime through "__ or __" of different parts. B. These modifications are then __ to __. C. This idea was __; Acquired characteristics are __ heritable.

Lamarck; A. Use; Disuse B. Passed; Offspring C. Incorrect; Not

Aristotle arranged all organisms on a linear scale of increasing complexity called the "__ __ __."

"Ladder of Nature"

The Geological Evidence Led to Several Conclusions: 1. Theologians proposed that the Earth is >>> __ years old. 2. Ample time for __ to occur. 3. Modern geologists estimate that the Earth is about __ __ years old.

1. 6,000 2. Evolution 3. 4.6 Billion

Behavioral Isolation: 1. Male frogs embrace __ female regardless of __. 2. Female frogs encountering males of __ __ utter the "__ __," which causes the males to let go.

1. Any; Species 2. Different Species; "Release Call"

Example of Stabilizing Selection: 1. Lizards of __ body size are favored over the __. A. Small = __ (Cannot Defend Themselves) B. Large = __ (Cannot Hide From Predators)

1. Intermediate; Extremes A. Killed B. Eaten

Descent with Modification Theory: 1. __ differ slightly from their __. 2. Over long periods of time, __ __ accumulate to produce __ __.

1. Offspring; Parents 2. Small Differences; Major Transformations

Biologists Need a Clear Definition of Species: 1. In Pre-Darwinian times, the term "species" referred to different kinds of __. 2. Species were classified initially based upon __.

1. Organisms 2. Appearance

Darwin Recognized that Sexual Selection Could Be Driven by Two Mechanisms: 1. __ __ Among Males 2. Female Preference for particular male __

1. Sexual Contests 2. Phenotypes

Evolution is the change of __ __ within a __.

Allele Frequencies; Population

The extreme loss of genetic diversity that has occurred in cheetah populations due to overhunting is the result of what mechanism? (A) the founder effect. (B) a population bottleneck. (C) coevolution. (D) genetic drift. (E) natural selection.

B

Which of the following is the leading cause of extinction? A. Species Overspecialization B. Habitat Change C. Competition Among Species D. Localized Species Distribution

B

The result of an event in which an isolated population is founded by a small number of individuals; May result in genetic drift if allele frequencies in the founder population are by chance different from those of the parent population.

Founder Effect

__ Incompatibility = Occurs when sperm from one species cannot fertilize eggs of another species.

Gametic

The movement of alleles from one population to another owing to the migration of individual organisms; This happening between populations causes changes in allele frequencies.

Gene Flow

The total of all alleles of all genes in a population; For a single gene, the total of all the alleles of that gene that occur in a population.

Gene Pool

Evolutionary changes occur from __ to __, causing __ to differ from their __.

Generation; Generation; Descendants; Ancestors

__ and __ interact to determine traits; All cells contain __; A __ is a segment of __ found at a specific place on a chromosome.

Genes; Environment; DNA; Gene; DNA

A change in the allele frequencies of a small population purely by chance.

Genetic Drift

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ __ = Causes random change of allele frequencies; Can eliminate alleles.

Genetic Drift

__ Isolation = Prevents interbreeding because the organisms live in physically separated places; Usually a mechanism that allows new species to form rather than one that maintains reproductive isolation between species.

Geographical

Examples of homologous structures include __ and __ forelimbs.

Bird; Mammalian

The idea behind vestigial structures is that as animals evolved into new __, some of their structures that made them __ __ were __ to the point of __.

Habitats; Less Fit; Reduced; Insignificance

Bat wings and insect wings are __ structures. A. Homologous B. Vestigial C. Analogous D. Divergent

C

A mathematical model proposing that, under certain conditions, the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a sexually reproducing population will remain constant over generations.

Hardy-Weinberg (HW) Principle

__ Structures = Structures with the same evolutionary origin despite their current appearance or function - a result of divergent evolution.

Homologous

In Africa, there is a species of bird called the yellow-throated longclaw. It looks almost exactly like the meadowlark found in North America, but they are not closely related. This is an example of ____. A. Vestigial Structures B. Uniformitarianism C. Convergent Evolution D. Gradualism

C

Populations of two species living in the same areas (for example, chorus frogs and wood frogs living in the same ponds of Ohio woodlots) are said to be __. A. Convergent B. Allopatric C. Sympatric D. Divergent

C

Which of the following is/are more likely to promote sympatric speciation? A. Gene Flow B. Ecological Isolation C. Both Ecological Isolation and Chromosomal Aberrations D. Geographic Isolation E. Chromosomal Aberrations F. Both Geographical Isolation and Ecological Isolation

C

Your arm is homologous with ____. A. A seal flipper B. A bird wing C. Both a seal flipper and a bird wing D. A sea star arm E. Both a sea star arm and an octopus tentacle F. An octopus tentacle

C

All vertebrate embryos resemble each other during the early stages of development. For example, fish, turtles, chickens, mice, and humans develop tails and gill slits during early stages of development. This type of evolutionary information is known as ____. A. Natural Selection B. Genetic and Biochemical Analysis C. The Fossil Record D. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology

D

Who proposed the geological theory of catastrophism? (A) Darwin (B) Lamarck (C) Darwin and Wallace (D) Cuvier (E) Plato

D

Example of adaptive radiation includes when the __ colonization of the Galapagos Islands resulted in __ species.

Finch; 13

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ __ increases similarity of different populations.

Gene Flow

__ & __ = Considered the forces of wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes. They developed the theory of uniformitarianism.

Hutton; Lyell

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ Mating = Changes genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies.

Nonrandom

Classic example of population bottleneck is the __ __ __.

Northern Elephant Seal

The result of an event that causes a population to become extremely small; May cause genetic drift that results in changed allele frequencies and loss of genetic variability.

Population Bottleneck

The act of eating another living organism.

Predation

Hardy-Weinberg Formula: __ + __ + __ = __

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

Natural selection is often associated with the phrase "__ of the __;" The __ individuals are those that not only __, but are able to leave the most __ behind.

"Survival of the Fittest;" Fittest; Survive; Offspring

__ Incompatibility = Occurs when species cannot mate due to their reproductive structures being incompatible.

Mechanical

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ = Creates new alleles; Increases variability.

Mutations

__ are the original source of genetic variability; They are rare changes in the base sequence of DNA in a gene.

Mutations

Unequal survival and reproduction of individuals with different phenotypes; Causes better adapted phenotypes to become increasingly common in a population.

Natural Selection

__ __ favors certain alleles at the expense of others; Individuals with advantages have higher __ __, so their alleles are passed on.

Natural Selection; Reproductive Success

Causes of Evolution: 1. __ and __ Selection = Increases frequency of favored alleles; Produces adaptations.

Natural; Sexual

The biological thought of __ came first (__ - __ BC) before the biological thought of __ (__ - __ BC).

Plato; (427 - 347 BC); Aristotle; (384 - 322 BC)

__ and __ were scientists in the pre-Darwinian times.

Plato; Aristotle

Having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes; This is a frequent cause of sympatric speciation.

Polyploidy

All the members of a particular species within an ecosystem, found in the same time and place and actually or potentially interbreeding.

Population

__ __ deals with the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles in population.

Population Genetics

Any structure, physiological function, or developmental abnormality that prevents organisms of two different populations, once mating has occurred, from producing vigorous, fertile offspring.

Post-Mating Isolating Mechanism

Any structure, physiological function, or behavior that prevents organisms of two different populations from exchanging gametes.

Pre-Mating Isolating Mechanism

Some phenotypes __ more successfully than others; Successful phenotypes are those that have the best __ to their particular __.

Reproduce; Adaptations; Environment

The failure of organisms of one population to breed successfully with members of another; May be due to premating or postmating isolating mechanisms.

Reproductive Isolation

__ Selection = A type of natural selection that acts on traits involved in finding and acquiring mates.

Sexual

The process of species formation, in which a single species splits into two or more species.

Speciation

__ and __ __ lead to forking branches in the evolutionary tree of life; One species splits into two different ones.

Speciation; Reproductive Isolation

The basic unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of a group of populations that evolves independently. In sexually reproducing organisms, this can be defined as a population or series of populations of organisms that interbreed freely with one another under natural conditions but that do not interbreed with members of other types.

Species

__ Selection = A type of natural selection that favors the average phenotype in a population and selects against individuals with extreme values.

Stabilizing

Ecological isolation without geographical separation can lead to __ speciation.

Sympatric

__ Speciation = The process by which new species arise in populations that are not physically divided; The genetic isolation required for this type of speciation may be due to ecological isolation or chromosomal aberrations (such as polyploidy).

Sympatric

Mutations can lead to __ speciation; New species may arise almost __ as a result of mutations that change the number of __ in their __.

Sympatric; Instantaneously; Chromosomes; Cells

__ Isolation = Occurs when species cannot mate because they breed at different times.

Temporal

Example of Directional Selection: 1. If the climate becomes colder, mammal species may evolve __ __.

Thicker Fur

The HW Principle demonstrates that, __ __ __, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a sexually reproducing population remain __ from one generation to the next.

Under Certain Circumstances; Constant

Theory of __ = Stated that geologic change resulted from slow, continuous actions similar to those at work today.

Uniformitarianism

__ Structures = A structure that serves no apparent purpose but is homologous to functional structures in related organisms and provides evidence of evolution.

Vestigial