Biology - Chapters 5 & 6

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another if you conserve energy you will not be as tired no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient the net amount of disorder is always increasing the entropy of the universe is always increasing

She added water that was hypotonic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured.

. A group of single-cell organisms collected from the ocean was brought into the lab for examination. The lab assistant was concerned that the water had become full of toxic waste products and so added clean water to the culture. All of the organisms died, and when she looked at them under the microscope, all she could see were bits and pieces of them scattered throughout the water. What likely happened? She added water isotonic to the organisms, causing too much water to move in and out of the organisms, and they ruptured. She added water that was hypotonic to the culture of organisms, and they ruptured. She added seawater to which she had added too much salt, and they ruptured. She added too little salt to the seawater she added, and the organisms all lost too much water and shriveled up.

The activation energy required to initiate this reaction is seldom reached.

. The hydrolysis of DNA into nucleotides constitutes an exergonic reaction. Yet, DNA is quite stable. Why is this the case? No enzymes exist to facilitate DNA hydrolysis. The activation energy required to initiate this reaction is seldom reached. DNA synthesis occurs at the same rate as DNA hydrolysis, so DNA only appears stable. Only endergonic reactions proceed rapidly.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

. Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

B. molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.

1. In active transport, A. a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. B. molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient. C. no energy input is required from the cell. D. the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. E. molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer directly, rather than by using a transport protein.

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit oxidative phosphorylation only. glycolysis only. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. the citric acid cycle only.

This is a bad idea because fats contain more hydrogen atoms than carbohydrates and protein.

A friend tells you that he is going on a low-carb diet to lose weight because he thinks that carbs contain more energy than fats or protein. What would you tell your friend about his plan? This is a good idea because sugars have more electrons than fats and protein. This is a bad idea because fats contain more hydrogen atoms than carbohydrates and protein. This is a good idea because sugars enter the fuel breakdown pathway earlier than other food molecules. This is a bad idea because all food molecules store the same amount of energy.

twice

A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately __________ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. half twice 4 times 10 times

e. facilitated diffusion

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of a. active transport. b. endocytosis. c. exocytosis. d. diffusion. e. facilitated diffusion.

loses electrons and becomes oxidized

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________. gains electrons and becomes oxidized loses electrons and becomes oxidized gains electrons and becomes reduced loses electrons and becomes reduced

Understanding the enzyme's structure would help pharmaceutical companies design molecules that fit to the binding site and alter activity

A pharmaceutical company wishes to focus on an enzyme to develop new medications. What type of initial study would be of the greatest benefit? Understanding the enzyme's structure would help pharmaceutical companies design molecules that fit to the binding site and alter activity. Studying the structure of an enzyme would help pharmaceutical companies determine the enzyme's substrate. Studying the structure would help pharmaceutical companies create enzymes that are not destroyed during reactions. Knowing the structure of enzymes may make it possible to design enzymes that raise the activation energy above that of the spontaneous reaction to allow more efficient drug synthesis.

B) phagocytosis

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____. exocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis facilitated diffusion pinocytosis

d.) exergonic

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. anabolic kinetic endergonic exergonic chemical

hydrogen atoms

A. During the first step of a redox reaction, what does the enzyme dehydrogenase strip from organic fuel? NAD+ hydrogen atoms glucose NADH

Stage 1

ATP is used to prime a glucose molecule, which is split in two, these 3-carbon intermediates are oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate yielding a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADPH, ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation in which a phosphate group is transferred from an organic molecule to ADP

Organic fuel loses electrons; more NADH molecules

Aliyah is studying cells as they proceed through redox reactions. If she could measure the number of electrons in the cells' organic fuel and the number of NADH molecules, how would they change as redox reactions proceed? Would she expect the organic fuel to gain or lose electrons? Would she expect there to be more or fewer NADH molecules? Organic fuel gains electrons; fewer NADH molecules Organic fuel loses electrons; fewer NADH molecules Organic fuel gains electrons; more NADH molecules Organic fuel loses electrons; more NADH molecules

water to reverse net flow from tank B to tank A.

Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis.Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and tank B contains the purified water. In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the membrane into the pure water tank.If you shut off the system and pressure was no longer applied to tank A, you would expect the net flow of water to be from tank A to tank B. water to reverse net flow from tank B to tank A. water to flow in equal amounts in both directions.

is an organic catalyst

An enzyme _____. is a inorganic catalyst can bind to nearly any molecule is an organic catalyst increases the the activation energy of a reaction is a source of energy for endergonic reactions

catalyst

An enzyme is considered a(n) ________ because it speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

autotroph.

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)

water

Aquaporins are proteins that facilitate the transport of __________ across the membrane. water salt proteins urine

is unchanged.

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. is unchanged loses a phosphate group is used up permanently alters its shape. loses energy

CO2 + H2O + sunlight →→ O2 + sugar

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis? O2 + H2O + sunlight →→ CO2 + sugar CO2 + H2O + sunlight →→ O2 + ATP CO2 + H2O + sunlight →→ O2 + sugar sugar + O2 →→ CO2 + H2O + sunlight

B) Competitive inhibition.

Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. It shares a structural similarity to a nucleotide. What might be the mode of action for this drug? mixed inhibition competitive inhibition noncompetitive inhibition feedback inhibition

obligate anaerobes.

Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called obligate anaerobes. obligate aerobes. facultative anaerobes.

c. 100 grams of product B in 1 hour

Carlos is studying a process in the body that converts reactant A into product B. He has evidence that an enzyme helps in this reaction. For the first trial, Carlos analyzes the reaction without the enzyme. He finds that it takes 2 hours to fully convert 100 grams of reactant A into 100 grams of product B. For the second trial, Carlos adds the enzyme to 100 grams of reactant A and again measures how long it takes to fully convert to product B. If the enzyme does help in the reaction, which of the following results should he expect from the second trial? a. 50 grams of product B in 2 hours b. 50 grams of product B in 3 hours c. 100 grams of product B in 1 hour d. 100 grams of product B in 2 hours e. 100 grams of product B in 3 hours

chemical energy within molecules

Cells store energy that they can access when needed by converting it to ATP. This energy is stored in the form of the _____. chemical energy within molecules thermal energy of molecules oxygen cells take in water that is moved inside the cell

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____. photosynthesis glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle electron transport

potential

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. motion kinetic heat potential entropic

is carried by electrons.

During cellular respiration, energy in glucose is released all at once. is carried by electrons. becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. is used to manufacture glucose.

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.

During chemiosmosis, a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase. energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. NADH ... intermembrane space NADH ... mitochondrial matrix acetyl CoA ... intermembrane space NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix

NADH; NAD+

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________. NAD+; NADH pyruvate; CO2 ATP; ADP NADH; NAD+

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.

During redox reactions, the loss of electrons from one molecule is called reduction. electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance. protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule.

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

During which phase of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? oxidative phosphorylation only glycolysis only glycolysis and the citric acid cycle the citric acid cycle only

four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Each turn of the citric acid cycle processes one two-carbon acetyl molecule, which generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________. three; 2 NADH and 1 FADH2 two; 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 four; 2 NADH and 2 FADH2

into ... membranous vesicles

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

Reducing activation energy

Enzymes work by _____. decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product adding energy to a reaction increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product adding a phosphate group to a reactant reducing activation energy

10

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain. . 4 0 6 10 2

Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions over the course of a day, so a healthy amount of daily exercise would require only a modest increase in the number of kilocalories consumed to maintain a healthy weight.

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous of activities, how can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day yet maintain a healthy body weight? They can't, and this has led to a problem of obesity in the United States. Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions over the course of a day, so a healthy amount of daily exercise would require only a modest increase in the number of kilocalories consumed to maintain a healthy weight. Those who exercise vigorously for one to two hours per day can maintain a healthy body weight while consuming the recommended average number of kilocalories per day. Not all calories are created equal, so a person who consumes 2,000 kilocalories of sugar- and fat-laden processed food will gain weight, whereas a person who consumes 2,000 calories of non-processed, low-carbohydrate food will not.

glucose ... enzymes

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process. pyruvic acid ... sugars glucose ... enzymes ATP ... complex carbohydrates glucose ... organelles

requires ATP to make ATP

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________. does not require ATP to make ATP does not release carbon dioxide as a by-product requires oxygen to function requires ATP to make ATP

carrier proteins

How do fatty acids travel through a cell membrane? diffusion active transport carrier proteins endocytosis

2

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 1 5 3 2 4

food

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy. sunlight food minerals water

feedback inhibition slows down cellular respiration

If ATP accumulates in a cell, the rate of cellular respiration does not change. feedback inhibition slows down cellular respiration. the cell receives a signal that there is a need for more energy. feedback inhibition speeds up cellular respiration.

a drug to treat high blood pressure that reversibly inhibits an enzyme catalyzing production of a chemical that causes blood vessels to contract

If you were working for a pharmaceutical company as part of a drug discovery team, which of these enzyme inhibitors would you suggest as a productive avenue for drug development? a drug to treat diabetes that irreversibly inhibits an enzyme in the metabolic pathway to synthesize glucose a compound that acts as a competitive inhibitor for a digestive enzyme produced only in the presence of certain foods a compound that inhibits enzymes by significantly changing the pH throughout the body a drug to treat high blood pressure that reversibly inhibits an enzyme catalyzing production of a chemical that causes blood vessels to contract

ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.

Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations? Oxygen will not accept electrons and combine with 2 H+ to form water at the end of the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 will not donate new electrons to the electron transport chain. The mobile electron carriers Q and Cyt c will no longer pass electrons through the electron transport chain. ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.

b. ATP

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? as spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy glucose ATP sugar ADP

oxidized

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ___________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidative phosphorylation

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation cellular respiration substrate-level phosphorylation

NAD+ picks up

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as _____ ________ _______________ electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

reduced

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ___________ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

2 atp

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 3 4 1 5 2

substrate-level phosphorylation

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation photosynthesis cellular respiration

d. ATP

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? NADPH ADP Pyruvate ATP FADH2

Stage 4

In mitochondria, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down the electron transport chain to oxygen which picks up hydrogen to form water. the energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump hydrogen into the intermembrane space. In chemiosmosis, the hydrogen gradient drives hydrogen back through the enzyme complex ATP synthase in the inner membrane, synthesizing ATP

lactate and NAD+

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. lactate and NADH lactate and NAD+ pyruvate carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP

Cells couple energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring reactions.

In plant cells, carbon dioxide and water are joined to form carbohydrates. Plant cells can also break down carbohydrates such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide, water, and energy. No one has ever observed such reactions between water and carbon dioxide outside of living cells. What allows living cells to assemble and disassemble complex molecules, which is not possible in nonbiological environments? Cells couple energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring reactions. Cells are subject to only the first law, not the second law, of thermodynamics. Cells possess properties not seen in nonliving things, which allow them to run physical processes in reverse. Cells are far more efficient in energy transactions than are nonliving substances.

Mitochondrion

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? nucleus Golgi apparatus lysosome mitochondrion chloroplast

E) cellular respiration

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? anabolism potentiation digestion redox cellular respiration

d. mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as __________ are to cellular respiration. chloroplasts bronchi alveoli mitochondria

c. feedback inhibition

Many physiological conditions are related to particular proteins in cell membranes. The number of insulin receptors in membranes is related to the amount of insulin present around those cells. If the presence of increased insulin results in a decrease in receptors and a decrease in insulin results in an increase in insulin receptors, this would be an example of competitive inhibition. a metabolic pathway. feedback inhibition. passive transport.

proteins

Most enzymes are _____. proteins nucleic acids minerals carbohydrates lipids

Process of Fermentation

NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pyruvate is reduced to lactate (lactic acid fermentation) and alcohol and CO2 (alcohol fermentation)

oxygen.

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor,

the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis is often viewed incorrectly as a process driven directly by differences in solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. What really drives osmosis? the difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane the first law of thermodynamics the difference in the height of water columns on either side of a selectively permeable membrane the difference in sugar or ion concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body. Select the three true statements about oxidative phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Some, but not all, of oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria. Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the second step in aerobic respiration, occurring after glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle.

in cellular respiration (occurs in the mitochondria)

Oxygen is consumed as organic molecules are broken down to carbon dioxide and water and the cell captures the energy released as ATP

would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outward

Recall from Chapter 4 that phospholipids have two parts: a nonpolar head and two nonpolar tails. In an oil-based, nonpolar environment, phospholipids would arrange themselves so that they __________. would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outwardwould pack more tightly together than they would in a watery environment would never associate but instead would remain as individual molecules completely dissolved in the oil would not pack together at all

exergonic ... uphill

Select the INCORRECT association.. potential energy ... positional energy kinetic energy ... motion exergonic ... uphill exergonic ... spontaneous enzyme ... protein

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

is hypotonic to the protozoan.

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan. is hypotonic to the protozoan. is isotonic to the protozoan.

32 ATP molecules

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation produce up to ________ _______ __________ fro every glucose molecule oxidized in cellular respiration

NADH.

The electron shuttle after it has accepted electrons is

a) NADH

The end products of glycolysis include NADH. acetyl CoA. O2. citric acid.

b. exergonic

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. ADP + P --> ATP exergonic synthesis anabolic glucose + glucose --> maltose

Multiple Reactions in Glycolysis Split Glucose into Two Molecules

The energy investment phase actually consumes energy. In this phase, 2 molecules of ATP are used to add a phosphate group to each glucose molecule, which is then split into two small pyruvates. Steps 1-4 consume energy. Steps 5-9 yield energy

make ATP

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to

mitochondrial matrix

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix. cytoplasm. nucleus. cell membrane.

a. diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of a. diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. b. carbohydrates and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. c. a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates. d. two layers of phospholipids with cholesterol sandwiched between them.

a taxi driver dropping off a couple at a party.

The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish. a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline. a taxi driver dropping off a couple at a party. a frog that turns into a prince.

e. endocytosis

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of a. passive transport. b. diffusion. c. exocytosis. d. active transport. e. endocytosis.

a. oxygen and carbon dioxide

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following can pass freely through the membrane with no assistance? oxygen and carbon dioxide glucose and lactose starch and cellulose sodium and hydrogen ions

d. phagocytosis

The process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is receptor-mediated endocytosis. osmosis. exocytosis. phagocytosis.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. ATP synthase kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient NADH and FADH2 substrate-level phosphorylation

d. exergonic

The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction. anabolic endergonic dehydration synthesis exergonic exchange

a.)

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. endergonic chemical exergonic hydrolysis spontaneous

c. active transport

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of a. facilitated diffusion. b. passive transport. c. active transport. d. exocytosis. e. diffusion.

a. noncompetitive inhibitor

The synthesis of an amino acid follows this pathway: precursor A → intermediate B → amino acid C. Each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme. This metabolic pathway is controlled by feedback inhibition with amino acid C inhibiting the conversion of precursor A to intermediate B. Amino acid C acts as a _____ of the first enzyme in the pathway. noncompetitive inhibitor competitive inhibitor substrate catalyst

hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by hydrolyzing the starch to glucose and the glycogen to amino acids. converting both starch and glycogen to fatty acids. hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.

build amino acids, fats, and sugars

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, such as pyruvate and acetyl CoA, can be siphoned off and used to __________. build amino acids, fats, and sugars generate the ADP that is used to power biosynthetic pathways provide virtually all the heat needed to maintain body temperature

sugar + O2 →→ CO2 + H2O + ATP

Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration? sugar + CO2 →→ O2 + H2O + ATP sugar + O2 →→ CO2 + H2O + ATP ATP + H2O + CO2 →→ O2 + sugar sugar + O2 + sunlight →→ CO2 + H2O + ATP

d. through facilitated diffusion or diffusion

Water crosses the plasma membrane a. against its concentration gradient. b. through cotransport. c. through active transport. d.through facilitated diffusion or diffusion. e. using a process that requires energy from the cell.

In the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________. during the formation of pyruvate In the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate when oxygen acquires electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain during the electron transfer steps of oxidative phosphorylation

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide and water

What are the products of cellular respiration? energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide and water oxygen and glucose oxygen and energy to make ATP oxygen and carbon dioxide

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

What is energy coupling? a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P a barrier to the initiation of a reaction the use of an enzyme to reduce EA

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction. It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP.

The electron acceptors can transport H+ across the membrane, which is otherwise impermeable to H+.

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell? NADH can donate electrons to an electron carrier only when it is embedded in a membrane. The electron acceptors can transport H+ across the membrane, which is otherwise impermeable to H+. The citric acid cycle can be compartmentalized from glycolysis. Hydrogen ions (H+) are the only substances that can be pumped across this membrane.

Lipase lowers the activation energy required to hydrolyze fats.

What is true regarding the function of lipase?? Lipase raises the activation energy required to hydrolyze proteins. Lipase lowers the activation energy required to hydrolyze fats. Lipase raises the activation energy required to hydrolyze fats. Lipase lowers the activation energy required to hydrolyze proteins.

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis? two net ATP molecules four net ATP molecules two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules carbon dioxide one glucose molecule

b. NADH

What molecule releases the electrons used in the electron transport chain? ATP NADH NAD+ H2O

b. osmosis

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane? diffusion osmosis phagocytosis pinocytosis passive transport

a. substrate

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? substrate active sites reactors products

Energy is released in a stepwise fashion.

What occurs as electrons pass through the multiple carrier molecules of the electron transport chain? Energy is released all at once. Electrons become oxidized. Energy is absorbed in a stepwise fashion. Energy is released in a stepwise fashion.

hydrolysis

What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule? dehydration decomposition anabolism entropic dehydration synthesis hydrolysis

more; less

When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are _______ concentrated to where they are _______concentrated.

self-assembly into a simple membrane

Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane? self-assembly into a simple membrane ability to form an impermeable membrane spontaneous degradation of the intracellular environment formation of a semi-solid membrane

b. glycolysis

Which metabolic pathway is common to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? the citric acid cycle glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain

a. Molecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

Which of the following best describes an enzyme? a. Molecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction b. Starting molecule that is changed into a product during a chemical reaction c. Molecule that decreases the product of a chemical reaction d. Molecule that increases the energy released by a chemical reaction

All of them are correct

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration? Virtually all living organisms on Earth perform cellular respiration, including plants. a mushroom a sunflower a shark a honeybee a palm tree

a. glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? glycolysis acetyl CoA formation citric acid cycle electron transport chain ATP production by ATP synthase

Glucose is completely oxidized to form carbon dioxide.

Which of the following statements regarding aerobic cellular respiration is TRUE? Glucose is completely oxidized to form carbon dioxide. Most of the energy captured from the breakdown of glucose occurs during glycolysis. Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane produces NADH. The bulk of the ATP generated in cellular respiration in produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

heat and water

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? water ATP and water heat and water glucose and water ATP

Acetyl CoA

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? glucose NADH + H+ G3P pyruvate acetyl CoA

FADH2

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? NADH + H+ pyruvate water ATP FADH2 Part D

b. Acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? NADH + H+ acetyl CoA FADH2 CO2 ATP

a space station orbiting Earth

Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? a space station orbiting Earth an archer with a flexed bow the high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP a rock on a mountain ledge a person sitting on a couch while watching TV

a. endergonic

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? endergonic catabolic hydrolysis ATP --> ADP + P exergonic

the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas? the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis a, b, and c a and b, but not c

the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water

Which process is endergonic? the burning of wood the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water the breakdown of glucose cellular respiration

aerobic respiration

Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? aerobic respiration alcoholic fermentation lactic acid fermentation

d. glycolysis

Which stage of cellular respiration appears to have evolved first? Calvin cycle citric acid cycle Chemiosmosis and the electron transport pathway glycolysis

It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP.

Which statement about ATP is true? It contains five phosphate groups. Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. It contains the sugar glucose. It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules.

Which statement about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules. Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is about 32.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes glycolysis? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Membrane proteins produce phospholipids.

Which statement regarding membrane protein function is false? Membrane proteins form junctions between cells. Membrane proteins serve as enzymes. Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones. Membrane proteins produce phospholipids.

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Which statement regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts

each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH

Which statement regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH

An automobile engine is a closed system because it does not exchange energy and matter with its surroundings.

Which statement regarding thermodynamics is false? An open system exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. An automobile engine is a closed system because it does not exchange energy and matter with its surroundings. A single cell or the planet Earth could be a thermodynamic system.

active transport

a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient

hypertonic solution

a plant cell placed in a _____________ __________ will lose water and plasmolyze

isotonic solution

a plant cell surrounded by a _________ ______________ will be flaccid (limp).

oxygen

a reactant in cellular respiration, the process that breaks down sugar and other food molecules and generates ATP, the energy currency in cells, and heat.

Tonicity

a term that describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

ATP

adenosine triphosphate; supplies the energy for most active transport

hypotonic

an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will gain water, swell, and possibly burst

active site

an enzyme is specific because of the shape of its ________ matches only particular reactants

activation energy

an enzyme speeds up reactions by lowering the

substrate (key); active site (lock)

an enzyme's __________ fits specifically in a region of the enzyme called the _________________

isotonic solutions

animal cells are normal here, but plant cells are flaccid

enzymes

are catalysts that decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to begin, without being consumed by the reaction

induced fit

between an active site and its substrate often strains bonds and helps the reaction proceed

fluid mosaic model

biologists use the _________ to describe a membrane's structure - diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer

hypertonic solution

cells shrink (animals cells shrink and shrivel) (plant cells wilt / undergo plasmolysis)

hypotonic solution

cells swell; plant cells are happy here because they are turgid; animal cells are lysed here

intermediates

cells use _______ from cellular respiration and ATP for biosynthesis of other organic molecules

oxygen and carbon dioxide

cellular respiration exchanges

why is diffusion called passive transport?

diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy

polar or charged substances

do not easily cross cell membranes; move across membranes with the help of specific transport proteins, called facilitated diffusion

noncompetitive inhibitor

does not enter the active site; instead, it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme, and its binding changes the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer fits the substrate. (hard to reverse)

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

does not require energy and relies on the concentration gradient; moves polar or charged substances across membranes

passive transport

does not require energy; diffusion across a biological membrane

hydrophobic substances

easily diffuse across a cell membrane

Oxidation Reactions

electrons are lost

life requires

energy

the laws of thermodynamics

energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed, and energy transfers or transformations increase disorder, or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat

what does cellular respiration provide?

energy for body maintenance and voluntary activities

potetial energy

energy stored in the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy

pesticides and deadly poisons for chemical warfare

enzyme inhibitors have been developed as

B-passive transport

facilitated diffusion is a type of _____. pinocytosis passive transport phagocytosis active transport

metabolic pathways are often regulated by

feedback inhibition

Reduction reactions

gain of electrons

Stages of Respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

Transport proteins

help specific substances diffuse across the membrane down their concentration gradients and thus requires no input of energy

denature

high temperatures or changes in pH can _______ an enzyme, causing it to lose its shape and biological activity.

2 NADH

how many molecules of NADH are produced during one round of glycolysis? 6 4 2 8

substrate

in a catalyzed reaction, a reactant is often called a

sun

in almost all ecosystems, energy ultimately comes from the

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

involves electron transport and chemiosmosis; NADH and a related electron carrier, FADH2, shuttle electrons to electron transport chains embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane, most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is generated by this stage, the electrons are finally passed to oxygen, which becomes reduced to H2O

Fermentation

is a way of harvesting energy that does not require oxygen (anaerobic)

*Cellular Respiration

is an exergonic (energy-releasing) process that transfers energy from glucose to form ATP and captures about 34% of the available energy originally stored in glucose with the rest of the energy lost as heat

Under anaerobic conditions

muscle cells, yeasts, and certain bacteria produce ATP by glycolysis

Stage 1: Glycolysis

occurs in the cytosol, begins cellular respiration, adn breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate

Respiration

often used as a synonym for "breathing," refers to an exchange of gases; an organism obtains oxygen from its environment and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product

3 kinds of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

competitive inhibitior

reduces an enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

exergonic reactions

release energy (humans)

endergonic reactions

require energy and yield products rich in potential energy (photosynthesis) (plant cells)

Stages 2 & 3: Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle

take place in mitochondria, complete the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, and supply the 4th stage of respiration with electrons

energy

the capacity to cause change

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

in photosynthesis (occurs in chloroplasts) (endergonic producer)

the energy of sunlight is used to rearrange the atoms of carbon dioxide and water, producing organic molecules, and releasing oxygen

pinocytosis

the engulfment of a liquid

phagocytosis

the engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole. *food*

hypotonic environment

the ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell is a

isotonic environment

the ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell

selective permeability

the plasma membrane exhibits

diffusion

the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space

chemical work, transport work, mechanical work

the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP is involved in

hypertonic

there is a net diffusion of water out of an animal cell when it is placed in a ________ solution

Stage 3: For each turn of the citric acid cycle,

two carbons from acetyl CoA are added, 2 CO2 are released, and 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are produced

Exocytosis

used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides (cell membrane grows)

endocytosis

used to take in large molecules (cell membrane shrinks)

receptor-mediated endocytosis

uses membrane receptors for specific solutes

aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell; the very rapid diffusion of water into and out of certain cells is made possible by a protein channel called an

If a membrane permeable to water but not a solute separates two solutions with different concentrations of solute,

water will cross the membrane, moving down its own concentration gradient, until the solute concentration on both sides is equal

exocytosis and endocytosis

what are the two mechanisms used by the cell to transport large molecules across membranes

coenzyme

which is often a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis

Stage 2: oxidation of pyruvate

yields acetyl CoA, CO2 and NADH

nine

you're on the pilot episode of a new game show called "The Transport Factor." The host hands you three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions. Then the host shouts, "How many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport?" Quickly, you correctly respond: _____. five nine three one

heterotroph.

· An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n)

NAD+.

· The coenzyme acting as an electron shuttle before it has accepted electrons is

electrons

· The transfer of ________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

redox reaction.

· When the loss and gain of electrons happen in sequence, it is called a(n)