Biology Exam 2
Which is NOT a correct attribute of a metabolic pathway? A. A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active. B. The product of one reaction can become the reactant for the next. C. Reactants act as substrates for specific enzymes. D. Reactants are the input molecules.
*A. A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active.
The enzyme that reads the template strand and makes a complementary strand of DNA is A. DNA polymerase. B. RNA polymerase. C. helicase. D. ribozyme.
*A. DNA polymerase.
A. It is a substitution mutation. B. In some cases that type of mutation will be silent. C. It is an insertion. D. It is a deletion. E. it is a frameshift mutation. F. It is a point mutaion. G. It is the same type of mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia.
*A. It is a substitution mutation. *B. In some cases that type of mutation will be silent. *F. It is a point mutaion. *G. It is the same type of mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia.
The individual(s) credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA is (are) A. James Watson and Francis Crick. B. Erwin Chargaff. C. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. D. Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
*A. James Watson and Francis Crick.
If you give a child a surgary snack you might notice that they become hyperactive right afterward. Much of the sugar in the blood can be quickly absorbed by the neuronal cells of the brain where the glucose is quickly broken down to create ATP. This is an example of which factor affecting rates of enzymatic reactions? A. Substrate Concentration B. Temperature C. pH D. Enzyme Inhibition
*A. Substrate Concentration
Which of the following proteins would you expect to be a coded for by a proto-oncogene? A. a growth factor receptor B. a DNA repair protein C. a protein involved with the G1 checkpoint D. a caspase
*A. a growth factor receptor
In the human life cycle, fertilization results in A. a zygote. B. a gamete. C. oogenesis. D. a haploid cell.
*A. a zygote.
During which phase will homologous chromosomes separate? A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. anaphase D. metaphase I
*A. anaphase I
In this diagram, the molecule on the left A. has a less stable configuration. B. has more potential energy. C. is more organized. D. is less organized. E. has less potential energy. F. has a more stable configuration. (all that apply)
*A. has a less stable configuration. *B. has more potential energy. *C. is more organized.
The _____ enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double-helix structure of DNA during replication. A. helicase B. polymerase C. extendase D. windase
*A. helicase
In the human female life cycle, meiosis begins A. in the fetus. B. at birth. C. at the onset of puberty. D. at the onset of menopause.
*A. in the fetus
In which of the following ways is the enzyme inhibitor warfarin used? A. rat poison B. anticoagulant medicine C. recreational drug D. cancer drug (all that apply)
*A. rat poison *B. anticoagulant medicine
Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by A. 2n to 2n. B. 2n to n. C. n to 2n. D. 2n to 2n in diploid organisms, n to n in haploid.
*B. 2n to n.
If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be A. 4. B. 8. C. 16. D. 32.
*B. 8.
Which is true about energy of activation? A. Energy of activation is measured as the energy that is released after a reaction occurs. B. Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation. C. Energy of activation is the difference between the energy of the reactant and the energy of the product. D. The energy of activation is always lower than the energy of the reactant
*B. Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation.
While paddling your canoe down a river you notice many turtles laying on logs in the sun. This is an example of which factor affecting rates of enzymatic reactions? A. Substrate Concentration B. Temperature C. pH D. Enzyme Inhibition
*B. Temperature
If a cell stops at the G1 checkpoint, this is most likely due to what problem? A. The DNA has not finished replicating. B. There is DNA damage. C. The cell is cancerous. D. There is no problem. The cell normally stops at the G1 checkpoint.
*B. There is DNA damage.
If A -> B -> C -> D -> E represents a metabolic pathway, then letter E would be A. a substrate. B. a product. C. energy. D. an enzyme. E. an enzyme-substrate complex.
*B. a product.
During what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other? A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. metaphase I D. metaphase II
*B. anaphase II
The ______ contain(s) the information for the structure of the protein. A. introns B. exons C. promoter D. ribosomes
*B. exons
The function of an enzyme is to A. provide the energy for metabolic reactions. B. increase the rate of a metabolic reaction. C. change the direction of metabolic reactions. D. raise the energy of activation for a reaction.
*B. increase the rate of a metabolic reaction.
An intervening sequence of DNA that is NOT expressed is called a(n) A. exon. B. intron. C. replicon. D. gene.
*B. intron.
In semiconservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have A. two new strands and two old strands. B. one new and one old strand in each helix. C. two new and one old strand in one helix and two old and one new strand in second helix. D. two new strands in one helix and two old strands in the other helix.
*B. one new and one old strand in each helix.
Because one original strand of the double-stranded helix is found in each daughter molecule, the replication process is called A. proofreading. B. semi-conservative. C. freeing of DNA. D. mutation positive.
*B. semi-conservative.
Which of the following statements is not true concerning enzymatic activity? A. Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest. B. Above a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured. C. As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate. D. Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases until the maximum rate is achieved.
*C. As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.
Which of the following is NOT a frameshift mutation of the nucleotide sequence CATUAUCCC? A. ATUAUCCC B. CTUAUCCC C. CATUAUCGC D. CCATUAUCCC
*C. CATUAUCGC
Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes A. increase the energy of activation. B. decrease the productivity of the cell. C. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates. D. are named for their substrate.
*C. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.
Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the genetic information from the nucleus as it is needed for the construction of a protein? A. ribosomal RNA B. transfer RNA C. messenger RNA D. nuclear RNA
*C. messenger RNA
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell? A. interphase. B. prophase. C. metaphase. D. anaphase. E. telophase.
*C. metaphase.
Which base is unique to DNA? A. guanine B. adenine C. thymine D. uracil
*C. thymine
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind? A. to the substrate of the first reaction B. to the product of the first reaction C. to the enzyme of the first reaction D. to a substrate or the product of the last reaction
*C. to the enzyme of the first reaction
Which of the following can act a an enzyme cofactor? A. iron B. vitamines C. NAD+ D. All of the above.
*D. All of the above.
Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in? A. M phase B. S phase C. G1 phase D. G2 phase
*D. G2 phase
If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop A. only if the substrate was exhausted. B. when the cofactors are exhausted. C. when the product changed the pH. D. as soon as a critical level of end product builds up.
*D. as soon as a critical level of end product builds up.
Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the cell cycle? A. cyclins B. internal and external signals C. growth factors D. caspases
*D. caspases
DNA does NOT have which of the following characteristics? A. has a double helix B. bases held together by hydrogen bonds C. has a deoxyribose sugar D. contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
*D. contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
If you wished to increase enzyme activity, you would do all of the following except A. increase the temperature moderately. B. increase the concentration of substrate. C. change to optimum pH for the reaction. D. decrease the temperature.
*D. decrease the temperature.
Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis? A. anaphase I B. telophase II C. metaphase II D. prophase I E. anaphase II
*D. prophase I
This image demonstrates the second law of thermodynamics in that A. the plants convert light energy from the sun to chemical energy. B. the plants create chemical energy. C. the animal is able to convert chemical energy from the plant into mechanical energy. D. the animal loses some energy to heat when chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
*D. the animal loses some energy to heat when chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
The high energy bond in ATP that is used by cells is found in or between A. the adenine base. B. the adenine and the ribose. C. the adenine and the phosphates. D. the phosphate groups.
*D. the phosphate groups.
During what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear and the chromosomes become distinct? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase
A. prophase
The part of a transfer RNA molecule that binds to the codon is the A. active site. B. anticodon. C. codon. D. rRNA. E. amino acid.
B. anticodon.
During an enzymatic reaction, what happens to the enzyme? A. It becomes the product. B. It becomes the substrate. C. It is used up. D. The enzyme and the substrate form a temporary complex.
. The enzyme and the substrate form a temporary complex.
Which of the following would be found as part of all cells.? A. DNA B. plasma membrane C. ribosomes D. mitochondria E. chloroplasts F. fimbriae (all that apply)
A. DNA B. plasma membrane C. ribosomes
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics? A. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. B. One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. D. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
A. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
In the above diagrams, which of the Ras proteins, A or B, is mutated and why? A. The one labeled B because it there is no growth factor present and it is still sending a signal for cell division. B. The one labeled A because it there is no growth factor present and it is still sending a signal for cell division. C. The one labeled A because it there is a growth factor present and it is sending a signal for cell division. D. The one labeled B because it there is a growth factor present and it is sending a signal for cell division.
A. The one labeled B because it there is no growth factor present and it is still sending a signal for cell division.
We often say that we need food for energy. In a biological sense, is this correct? A. Yes, because the food we eat has potential energy in its structure and this chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy. B. Yes, because the smallest units inside the atoms that make up the food are simply pure energy. C. Yes, because the food must move through the digestive system, and motion is kinetic energy. D. No, because food consists of matter and cannot be transformed into energy. E. No, since all food matter stays matter, and energy remains energy.
A. Yes, because the food we eat has potential energy in its structure and this chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy.
Some metabolic reactions require that one molecule undergoes a reaction that causes it to lose energy and that energy is then transfered to a new chemical bond on another molecule. This describes A. a coupled reaction. B. an anabolic reaction. C. the activation energy of a reaction. D. feedback inhibition.
A. a coupled reaction.
In order to digest materials within a cell, the material to be digested must fuse with A. a lysosome. B. the Golgi apparatus. C. a secretory vesicle. D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
A. a lysosome.
The location in which the enzyme and substrate complexes is called the A. active site. B. inhibitor site. C. receptor site. D. enzyme-substrate complex.
A. active site.
The function of transfer RNA is to A. carry amino acids to ribosomes. B. transmit coded information to the cytoplasm. C. turn DNA on and off. D. act as the site for protein synthesis.
A. carry amino acids to ribosomes.
What lines up at the metaphase plate during metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis? A. each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids at both B. homologous chromosomes at both C. each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids for meiosis, each chromosome composed of one sister chromatid for mitosis D. homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis E. each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids for meiosis, homologous chromosomes for mitosis
A. each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids at both
The nucleus A. is found in eukaryotes. B. has a single-layered membrane. C. stores genetic material. D. is the only organelle containing DNA. E. contains chromatin. F. can live independently of a cell. (all that apply)
A. is found in eukaryotes. C. stores genetic material. E. contains chromatin.
A flagellum is able to bend due to being made of ______________ that can bend by sliding past one another under the influence of the motor protein _____________. A. microtubules/dynein B. actin filaments/myosin C. phospholipids/thylakoids D. intermediate filaments/keratin
A. microtubules/dynein
This structure has hereditary material inside it. A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. chloroplast D. ribosome E. flagellum/cilium F. lysosome
A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. chloroplast
Mutations in DNA A. occur at random sites. B. are placed in DNA as needed by the cells. C. arise due to natural selection. D. never have an effect on mRNA sequences.
A. occur at random sites.
In the above diagram, the label A represents A. the nuclear envelope. B. the nucleolus. C. a nuclear pore. D. cytoplasm. E. nucleoplasm.
A. the nuclear envelope.
This image demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics in that A. the plants convert light energy from the sun to chemical energy. B. the plants create chemical energy. C. the plants lose some light energy to heat when using light to make new chemical bonds. D. the animal's mechanical energy is ultimately converted to heat.
A. the plants convert light energy from the sun to chemical energy.
Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory? A. the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane. B. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. C. mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free-living prokaryotes. D. mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting.
A. the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane.
Imagine starting in the innermost space of the chloroplast and moving outward until leaving the chloroplast and entering the cytoplasm. What are the starting points and proper order of things you would move through? A. thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - stroma - inner membrane - outer membrane B. stroma - inner membrane - thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - outer membrane C. stroma - inner membrane - thylakoid membrane - thylakoid space - outer membrane D. matrix - inner membrane - intermembrane space - outer membrane
A. thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - stroma - inner membrane - outer membrane
Which is the process by which a protein is constructed in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? A. translation B. transcription C. transformation D. translocation
A. translation
The main reason that ATP is considered the energy currency in cells is because it A. carries a positive charge. B. contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds. C. contains an adenine base. D. contains a sugar ring.
B. contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds.
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes? A. Their 3D shape can vary and still be active. B. Boiling temperatures do not affect their activity. C. They catalyze only one specific type of reaction. D. They can associate with a wide variety of substrates. E. They are unaffected by changes in pH.
C. They catalyze only one specific type of reaction.
In the above diagram, what cell divisions is represented? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis 1 C. Meiosis 2
B. Meiosis 1
In the above diagram, the label J represents A. the nuclear envelope. B. a phospholipid. C. a nuclear pore. D. the inner membrane. E. nucleoplasm.
B. a phospholipid.
During what stage do homologous chromosomes separate from each other? A. prophase B. anaphase I C. anaphase II D. metaphase I E. metaphase II
B. anaphase I
The nucleus A. is found in bacteria. B. has a double membrane. C. stores genetic material. D. is the only organelle containing DNA. E. contains chromatin. F. can live independently of a cell.
B. has a double membrane. C. stores genetic material. E. contains chromatin.
During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate? A. prophase B. interphase C. telophase D. mitosis
B. interphase
Which type of genes, when abnormally activated so that protein is always present and active, can result in cancer? A. tumor suppressor genes B. proto-oncogenes C. DNA repair protein genes D. executioner caspase genes
B. proto-oncogenes
In the above diagram, the label B represents A. the nuclear envelope. B. the nucleolus. C. a nuclear pore. D. the inner membrane. E. nucleoplasm.
B. the nucleolus.
Occasionally someone claims to have built a machine that can run forever, producing as much energy as it consumes. This has always been disproved because it violates A. the first law of thermodynamics. B. the second law of thermodynamics. C. laws preventing any conversion between types of energy. D. coupled reaction equations.
B. the second law of thermodynamics.
Which is the process that synthesizes mRNA? A. translation B. transcription C. transformation D. translocation
B. transcription
Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain? A. ribosomal RNA B. transfer RNA C. messenger RNA D. ribozyme
B. transfer RNA
In the above diagram, the labels C and H represents A. the nuclear envelope. B. the nucleolus. C. a nuclear pore. D. the inner membrane. E. nucleoplasm.
C. a nuclear pore.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis in humans? A. It occurs in the ovary. B. The egg will contain 23 chromosomes. C. Four equal size daughter cells will form. D. At least two nonfunctional polar bodies will form.
C. Four equal size daughter cells will form.
Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell? A. mitochondria B. chloroplasts C. Golgi apparatus D. lysosomes
C. Golgi apparatus
The cell theory states A. all organisms are composed of only one cell. B. organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms. C. all cells come only from other cells. D. all organisms are composed of only one cell AND organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms.
C. all cells come only from other cells.
If the normal nucleotide sequence was TACGGCATG, what type of gene mutation is present if the resulting sequence becomes TAGGCATG? A. germinal mutation B. addition mutation C. deletion mutation D. substitution mutation
C. deletion mutation
Enzymes are specific. This means that they A. have a preferred pH. B. have a preferred temperature. C. have a particular substrate. D. are only in certain cells.
C. have a particular substrate.
Which is NOT a correct association? A. S stage-DNA synthesis B. M stage-mitosis and cytokinesis C. interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle D. G2 stage-metabolic preparation for mitosis
C. interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle
The anticodon A. is found on the DNA coding strand. B. can be found on the chart of the genetic code. C. is found on transfer RNA. D. is found on ribosomal RNA.
C. is found on transfer RNA.
This organelle absorbs and converts oxygen while releasing CO2 and water? A. lysosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. mitochondria D. chloroplasts E. endoplasmic reticulum
C. mitochondria
Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct? A. prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase B. anaphase, interphase, telophase, prophase C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase D. interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase
C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because A. the membrane is made of protein. B. they contain nitrogen. C. they are very large molecules.
C. they are very large molecules.
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy? A. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. B. To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required. C. Living cells without energy would become less organized. D. Carbon dioxide and water form glucose without the input of energy.
D. Carbon dioxide and water form glucose without the input of energy.
During the process of transcription, the information in A. a protein is converted into RNA information. B. RNA is converted into protein information. C. RNA is converted into DNA information. D. DNA is converted into RNA information. E. DNA is converted into protein information.
D. DNA is converted into RNA information.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics? A. One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. B. One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. C. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. D. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.
D. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? A. S-M-G1-G2 B. S-M-G2-G1 C. S-G1-G1-M D. S-G2-M-G1
D. S-G2-M-G1
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle? A. Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned. B. Mitosis will not occur if DNA is damaged or not replicated. C. If DNA is damaged, apoptosis may occur. D. The p53 protein causes the cell to divide even if the DNA is damaged.
D. The p53 protein causes the cell to divide even if the DNA is damaged.
ATP contains A. an adenine base and two phosphate groups. B. an adenine base and three phosphate groups. C. an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups. D. an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
D. an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
What lines up at the metaphase plate during both metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis? A. each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids at both B. homologous chromosomes at both C. each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of one sister chromatid for mitosis D. homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis E. each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for meiosis, homologous chromosomes for mitosis
D. homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis
The correct sequence of events in the production of a polypeptide is A. initiation - termination - elongation. B. elongation - termination - initiation. C. elongation - initiation - termination. D. initiation - elongation - termination.
D. initiation - elongation - termination.
According to cell theory A. all organisms are composed of tissues. B. the smallest unit of life is a nucleus. C. a multicellular organism is composed of many cells. D. new cells arise only from preexisting cells.
D. new cells arise only from preexisting cells.
The plasma membrane is composed of A. proteins and microtubules. B. phospholipids and actin filaments. C. phospholipids and microtubules. D. phospholipids and proteins. E. proteins and actin filaments.
D. phospholipids and proteins.
According to the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure, A. proteins make up the bulk of the membrane. B. only lipids are found in the membrane. C. cholesterol is the main constituent of the membrane. D. proteins float inside or within the phospholipid bilayer.
D. proteins float inside or within the phospholipid bilayer.
Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the A. mitochondria. B. nucleus. C. chloroplasts. D. rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D. rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Which does NOT describe a function of the DNA polymerase molecule? A. recognize the free nucleotide that pairs with the base on the old strand of DNA B. read the strand of old DNA and recognize the base there C. proofread to ensure that the proper base has been incorporated D. synthesize the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand
D. synthesize the proper nucleotide to match with the base read on the old strand
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane? A. It provides mechanical strength to the cell. B. It gives shape to the cell. C. It regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell. D. It is largely responsible for cellular homeostasis. E. It serves as a site for protein synthesis.
E. It serves as a site for protein synthesis.
he nuclear membrane reappears in mitosis during A. interphase. B. prophase. C. metaphase. D. anaphase. E. telophase.
E. telophase.
. The innermost membrane of the chloroplast is referred to as the A. thylakoid membrane. B. inner membrane. C. cristae. D. stroma.
thylakoid membrane.