Biology - Exam 2

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

ADH Hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the

Activity of chondroblasts, cartilage forming cells.

A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as

An enlarged knob.

Which one of the following is found directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue?

Basement membrane.

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

Because thyroxine cannot be made, causing high TSH levels

In which one of the following locations would one find a cartilaginous joint?

Between the lower ribs and sternum.

In which one of the following locations would one expect to find cartilage?

Between the vertebrae.

In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT?

Cartilage occurs where support under pressure is required.

All of the following are functions of cartilage EXCEPT which one?

Cartilage serves as a site of hemopoiesis (cartilage does not do this). Flexible connective tissue, resists stretching. Connects bones together.

Which one of the following is the correct classification of vertebrae, from the skull to the pelvis?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as

Chromosomes

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone?

Compact bone forms the outer "hard layer" of a long bone

Which type of tissue is characteristic of ligaments and tendons?

Connective tissue.

Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?

Decrease in blood pressure, decreases in reabsorption of sodium ions, more sodium and water are eliminate in urine.

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

Diabetes insipidus

The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the

Diaphragm.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

During mitosis, DNA is divided into 2 sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells.

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

Dwarfism. Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

A fluid-filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the ________ and ________ to separate from each other.

Epidermis and dermis.

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

The tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, and inner surfaces of the lungs is classified as

Epithelial tissue

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

Estrogen and progesterone.

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores. (T/F)

False

The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood. (T/F)

False

When a bone breaks, a ________ forms until later being replaced with bone.

Fibrous callus.

Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

Glucagon, and insulin.

Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because

Growth hormone stimulates bone lengthening activity of growth plate

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

Hypothalamus.

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

Insulin.

During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Interphase

During which one of the following stages of the cell cycle do the chromosomes exist in the form of chromatin not really visible under the microscope?

Interphase.

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

Iodine.

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

It promotes growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.

The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because

It secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by

Ligaments.

Which one of the following wraps around, supports, and holds organs in proper position within the body?

Loose areolar tissue.

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored?

Mandible and maxilla.

During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide?

Mitosis (G2)

The type of cell responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow is the

Multi-potent cells/ hematopoietic stem cells.

All of the following are types of connective tissue EXCEPT which one?

Muscle

Which type of tissue is able to contract?

Muscle tissue.

Which one of the following tissues can respond to the environment by generating electrical signals?

Nervous tissue.

Which one of the following are structures in the body that are composed of two or more different tissue types joined together to perform a specific function?

Organ

Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

Osteoarthritis.

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair?

Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area.

Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in ________ and ________.

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Which one of the following lists the bones of the arm from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?

Phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius, ulna, and humerus.

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

Promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

Skin functions to

Protect form dehydration. Protect from injury. Serve as defense against microorganisms. Regulate body temperature. Make vitamin D. Provide sensation.

Which one of the following is characteristic of an exocrine gland but NOT of an endocrine gland?

Release hormones or other substances into a hollow gland/duct.

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding endocrine glands?

Release their hormones/secretions directly into the bloodstream.

Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?

Salivary gland.

All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT which one?

Serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different hormones.

A student is describing the tissue that makes up the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. It appears that these walls are composed of flattened cells arranged in a single layer to facilitate gas exchange. Which one of the following terms best describes this tissue?

Simple squamous.

Each of these organ systems is involved in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature EXCEPT which one?

Skeletal system is not involved in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature. Nervous, muscular, integumentary, and endocrine systems are involved.

Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one?

Skull, ribcage, vertebraecolume, ossicles, and hyoid bone.

The type of muscle responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach is ______ muscle.

Smooth.

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

Suppression of inflammation and adrenal function. Side effects could include abdominal distention, an increase of appetite, sweating, depression, and mood swings.

A clear fluid lubricates

Synovial fluid lubricates articular joints (synovial joints).

Which one of the following bones articulates with the metatarsal bones?

Tarsals.

Which bone is frequently broken when someone dies of deliberate strangulation?

The hyoid bone.

All of the following statements about the sinuses are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

The sinuses add weight and bulk to the skull and financial bones, strengthening them.

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

Thyroid and parathyroid.

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

Tinnitus (what will NOT result). May result: blood pressure affects cells and organs, kidney damage, dialysis, eye damage, increased risk for heart disease/stroke.

A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a common function are referred to as a(n)

Tissue.

Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response. (T/F)

True

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

Uterus.

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

Vitalization of fats and by increasing the breakdown of protein to amino acids in the muscle. Promotes fat utilization.

Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because

Weight bearing exercises because the increase the strength and mass of bone.

A young man is brought to an emergency room; his diagnosis is a broken cheek bone. Which one of the following bones has been affected?

Zygomatic.

The thymus produces two peptides that function to

aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes

The wrist is located ________ to the elbow.

distal