Biology Exam 2

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone? The epiphysis is the long shaft of the bone and is filled with yellow bone marrow. The outer surface of a bone is covered with columnar epithelial tissue. Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in red bone marrow. Dense compact bone is found inside the epiphysis. Bone is not considered to be a living tissue because it does not contain cells

C

According to the sliding filament theory, during a muscle contraction myosin filament heads pull actin filaments toward the center of a sarcomere, causing the sarcomere to shorten. True False

A

As bone develops and becomes hard, osteocytes (mature bone cells) become trapped in hollow chambers within the bone called lacunae. True False

A

Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by ligaments cartilage tendons trabeculae osteocytes

A

In the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle bends the foot away from the knee, as in pointing one's toes. The tibialis anterior muscle flexes the foot toward the knee. These two muscles are antagonistic homeostatic synergistic cooperative mutualistic

A

Intercalated discs contain gap junctions that allow the ions responsible for the electrical signal to spread quickly through heart muscle cells support fast-twitch fibers of skeletal muscle stimulate pacemaker cells in cardiac muscle are characteristic of smooth muscle cells stimulate the contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Muscle cells (primarily fast-twitch muscle fibers) produce lactic acid when they do not have enough oxygen glycogen calcium protein actin and myosin

A

Skeletal muscle contraction is initiated by an impulse from a motor neuron. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to signal the muscle to initiate contraction? A. acetylcholine B. serotonin C. glutamate D. dopamine E. gamma aminobutyric acid

A

Slow-twitch fibers contain lots of mitochondria, are well supplied with blood vessels, and can produce ATP as they need it from glucose and fats supplied by the blood. True False

A

When antagonistic muscles both contract at the same time and no movement occurs it is called an _____________________ contraction. A. isometric B. isotonic C. isobaric D. isoceles E. isotired

A

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair? Osteoblasts convert fibrocartilage connective tissue to bone in the injured area. Immediately after breaking a bone, a hematoma breaks free from the injured area. Bones heal more quickly as individuals get older. Fibrocartilage breaks down where the two broken ends of the bone were once together

A

Cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that all cardiac muscle is under involuntary control cardiac muscle does not need to be directly stimulated by a motor neuron to contract cardiac muscle only contracts in response to hormones cardiac muscle is excitable and can shorten during contractions cardiac muscle is capable of relaxation

A,B

What is the primary cause of fatigue in fast twitch muscles? anaerobic metabolism in the muscles a decrease in the production of ATP a lack of oxygen available for cellular respiration a bad attitude magic

A,B,C

Choose all of the TRUE statements about the role of Calcium ions (Ca++) in muscle contraction. A. Calcium ions are activated by acetylcholine and propagate the membrane potential through the T-tubules to the myofibrils. B. Calcium ions are released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Calcium ions bind with the troponin-tropomyosin complex that is wrapped around the actin molecules. D. When Calcium ions are present, muscle contraction occurs, and when they are absent contraction stops and muscles relax. E. Calcium ions generate the ATP required for muscle contraction.

A,B,D,E

A common drug to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) is Norvasc which is a calcium channel blocker. Calcium channel blockers block calcium channels in cell membranes which slow the flow of calcium ions into cells. Why would this drug be good at reducing high blood pressure? Calcium is responsible for the sliding filament mechanism in muscle contraction, so reducing the amount of Calcium available would cause relaxation of the muscle tissue in the blood vessels. Calcium works by blocking myosin binding sites on actin so reducing calcium in the muscle tissue in the blood vessels would stimulate more relaxation and lower blood pressure. Smooth muscle cells primarily get their calcium for contraction from outside the cell, so reducing the flow of calcium into the smooth muscle cells would cause relaxation and lower blood pressure. Smooth muscle cells rely entirely on sarcoplasmic reticulum for managing calcium during contraction, so changing the calcium channels on the outside membrane of the smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels would have no effect.

A,C

What are the advantages of smooth muscle? A. its speed is slower but that makes it good for slow rhythmical contractions of internal organs. B. since it is voluntary, you can redirect its activities when things are going wrong, e.g., during indigestion. C. while is is slow to contract and contractions are relatively weak, it can remain contracted almost indefinitely without fatiguing. D. it is so smooth, its friends think it is cool.

A,C

What kind of cells would you expect to be made from the stem cells in the yellow marrow in the shaft of a long bone? osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts fibroblasts chondroblasts

A,C

Which of these are examples of slow-twitch muscle fibers? A. your back muscles responsible for posture when standing B. the muscles in your fingers C. the muscles used for running a marathon D. the muscles used for sprinting E. the muscles used for weight lifting.

A,C

Which of the following types of tissue is used to make most bone model precursors, the first step in bone development? It is also used to protect the ends of bones in synovial joints. A. Hyaline cartilage B. Elastic cartilage C. Fibrocartilage D. Fibrous connective tissue E. Loose fibrous connective tissue

A: Hyaline Cartilage

Bones of athletes who weight train may be thicker and heavier than bones of nonathletes because nonathletes have a low parathyroid hormone rate weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength thropugh remodeling athletes have lower blood calcium levels than nonathletes nonathletes produce fewer osteoids athletes produce more growth plates

B

In order for a muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges must form between troponin and tropomyosin actin and myosin filaments acetylcholine and muscle cell receptors the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium and the neuromuscular junction

B

In skeletal muscle, potassium (K+) ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. True False

B

Tendons are part of the skeletal system and join bones to other bones. True False

B

The cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow are osteoclasts stem cells canaliculi osteons osteocytes

B

The message telling a skeletal muscle cell to contract is communicated to the muscle cell by hormones delivered by the blood supply to the nearby tissue release of acetylcholine by a motor neuron terminating at the neuromuscular junction electrical current traveling from the motor neuron directly into the muscle cell release of sodium ions by the motor neuron into the neuromuscular junction release of calcium ions by the motor neuron into the neuromuscular junction

B

The smooth movement of a synovial joint is due to the presence of acetylcholine True False

B

What is the most efficient long-term source of ATP for slow-twitch muscle cells? ready-made ATP already in the cell aerobic respiration of glucose and fats creatine phosphate aerobic respiration of proteins fermentation of glucose

B

What is the name of the cartilaginous joint that holds together the two halves of the pelvic girdle? A. pubic emphasis B. pubic symphysis C. pubic synthesis D. pubic carthesis E. pubic parthenogenesis

B

What is the name of the small bone in the lower leg (calf)? A. fibia B. fibula C. fibonacci D. fibinator E. fib me once, shame on you.

B

What structure represents the fundamental unit of muscle contraction, i.e., where the actual movement of proteins to shorten the muscle occurs? A. the myosphere B. the sarcomere C. the ionosphere D. the mitochondria E. the sacerdote

B

What would you expect to find in the central canal of an osteon? A. elastin fibers B. blood vessels and nerves C. hyaluronic acid D. cheetos E. the keys you lost

B

Which one of the following activities would fast-twitch fibers be most useful for? hiking power lifting weights cross-country skiing distance running long distance biking

B

Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" or loss of the protective cartilage that covers the ends of bones? bursitis osteoarthritis sinusitis tennis elbow rheumatoid arthritis

B

Which one of the following statements correctly describes the origin and insertion of a muscle? The origin of a muscle is generally distal relative to the insertion. The insertion is pulled toward the origin during contraction. There is always a ligament at the origin of a muscle and a tendon at the insertion. The origin and insertion refers to the growth pattern of a muscle during development. The origin is pulled toward the insertion during contraction.

B

Why does the mandible bone need to be thick and strong? to protect the tongue from damage to provide insertion points for the powerful masseter muscles needed for chewing to ensure there is a strong chin structure to assist in vocalization It is an evolutionary mystery.

B

If a baseball player were hit in the mouth by a 100 mph fastball, which two bones would most likely be damaged? A. sphenoid B. maxilla C. mandible D. frontal E. lacrimal

B,C

Martin is a natural born sprinter on the track team, but his coach is asking him to run a 1600m race at the meet. At about the 600m mark of the race, Martin is experiencing extreme pain and fatigue and wants to stop the race. Which of the following are contributing to Martin's pain and fatigue? Choose all that apply. His slow twitch muscles are having trouble getting enough oxygen so they are experiencing fatigue. His fast twitch muscles have used up their stored energy and oxygen and are metabolizing glycogen anaerobically. The lactic acid is causing pain in his muscles. While his slow twitch muscles are keeping him moving, his fast twitch muscles needed for speed have run out of oxygen and are metabolizing glycogen anerobically. This is very inefficient at producing ATP, so he is experiencing fatigue as available ATP decreases. Martin is out of shape and lazy so his pain and fatigue is all in his head.

B,C

What would expect to find in the central canal of a fundamental structural unit of mature bone? osteocytes blood vessels nerves lymphatic vessels canaliculi

B,C

Which skeletal structures make up the axial skeleton? Choose more than one. A. Femur B. skull C. vetebral column D. ilium E. ribs

B,C,E

When Martina was running the marathon in the homeostasis video, how did her body provide her muscles with energy after she had used up all the glycogen in her muscles and liver? Choose all that apply. A. Her circulatory system delivered fatty acids to her fast twitch muscles so they could provide the energy to help her run faster. B. Her circulatory system delivered fatty acids to her slow twitch muscles so they could provide the energy to help her maintain her pace. C. Because her fast twitch muscles have large numbers of mitochondria they could break down the fatty acids as needed to provide ATP for muscle contraction D. Because her slow twitch muscles have large numbers of mitochondria they could break down the fatty acids as needed to provide ATP for muscle contraction E. Her circulatory system increased blood supply to her fast twitch muscles to increase their aerobic breakdown of fats late in the race.

B,D

Muscle tension, or the force generated by muscle contraction, is due to which of the following? Choose all that apply. A. how much acetylcholine is released by each motor neuron B. how many muscle fibers are included in each of the motor units that are activated C. how much calcium you had for breakfast D. how many motor units are being activated E. how frequently the motor neurons stimulate the motor units

B,D,E

Which of the following characteristics describe cardiac muscle? Choose all that apply. A. multiple nuclei B. single nuclei C. voluntary D. involuntary E. intercalated disks F. no intercalated disks

B,D,E

Which of these are examples of fast-twitch muscle fibers? A. your back muscles responsible for posture when standing B. the muscles in your fingers C. the muscles used for running a marathon D. the muscles used for sprinting E. the muscles used for weight lifting.

B,D,E

All joints are freely movable. A. True B. False

B: False

Once we reach adult height, the bones in our skeleton never change in any way. A. True B. False

B: False

A 12 year-old boy fell while playing basketball. The physician explained that the head (epiphysis) of the femur was separated from the shaft (diaphysis). Although the bone was properly set, by the time the boy was 16 it was apparent that the injured lower limb was shorter than the normal one. What is the most likely cause of this condition? The child has a rare genetic condition causing one leg to be shorter than the other The fibroblasts in the growth plate were damaged from the bone break causing bone lengthening to slow down The chondroblasts in the growth plate were damaged from the bone break causing bone lenghthening to stop as growing bone tissue was converted to mature bone by osteoblasts. Damage to the periosteum from the bone break caused the growth plate to stop the bone lengthening process in the damaged leg. His name was Eileen.

C

At the end of muscle contraction, ATP is used to unlink the troponin-tropomyosin complexes repair any muscle damaged during contraction Actively transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum digest energy sources to generate new ATP for the next round of contractions produce lactic acid

C

Contraction of the biceps raises the forearm and contraction of the triceps extends the forearm. What do we call this relationship? A. Co-dependent B. synergistic C. antagonistic D. mutualistic E. futuristic

C

T tubules in skeletal muscle function to allow actin and myosin filaments to slide over each other transport calcium ions throughout muscle cells promote the rapid penetration of the electrical impulse to all the myofibrils in the muscle cell convert glucose to lactic acid, which helps muscles relax help decrease the amount of ATP produced

C

The basic structural unit of mature bone is called peripheral neuropathy canaliculi an osteon an osteocyte phosphoglyceraldehyde

C

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Skeletal muscle attaches to bones to support voluntary movement. B. Cardiac muscle supports the contraction of heart muscles needed to pump blood. C. Cardiac muscle found in blood vessels supports the regulation of blood pressure D. Smooth muscle supports the peristalsis movement of food through the digestive tract. E. Smooth muscle supports slow and rhythmic contractions of internal organs.

C

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding fibrous joints? They include hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints. The bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity that lubricates the joint. They are freely movable and can bend and rotate. The bones are held together by tendons. Joints present at birth between the skull bones develop into fibrous sutures in the adult.

E

What are the primary benefits of having cartilage disks between the vertebrae? It reduces weight because cartilage weighs less than bone. The chondroblasts in the cartilage help maintain the mature osteocytes in the bone. The cartilaginous joints enable movement of the spine. The disks serve as shock absorbers protecting the vertebrae from damage. The cartilaginous disks protect the spinal nerves.

C,D

Which proteins make up most of the myofibrils and are responsible to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? Chose two. A. hemoglobin B. lactase C. myosin D. collagen E. actin

C,E

What is the term used for the connective tissue that connects bones to bones? A. Tendon B. Elastic fiber C. Ligament D. Basement membrane E. Reticular fiber

C: Ligament

Arthritis caused by inflammation due to an autoimmune reaction in joint tissue is called _____. A. osteoarthritis B. gout C. rheumatoid arthritis D. septic arthritis E. arthuritis

C: Rheumatoid arthritis

A clear fluid lubricates sutures hyaline cartilage fibrous joints synovial joints ligaments

D

Based on what you know about fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers which type would still be firing at the end of the constant grip experiment? only fast-twitch fibers only slow-twtich fibers mostly fast-twitch fibers mostly slow-twitch fibers none of the above are the correct answer

D

Elisa overextended her leg during soccer practice which strained the ligaments in her knee. She was surprised when the physician told her that it would take 6 to 8 weeks for her ligaments to heal. Why does it take so long for ligaments to heal? because the microtears in the ligaments are repaired using chondroblasts which are not very efficient. because the microtears in the ligaments are repaired using osteoclasts that are not common in dense fibrous connective tissue. because the microtears in the ligaments are repaired using stem cells in the yellow bone marrow and it takes time for them to be formed and to act. because the microtears in the ligaments are repaired using fibroblasts in the dense connective tissue that are few in number in tissue that is poorly vascularized. because the microtears in the ligaments are repaired using white blood cells produced from stem cells in the red bone marrow and it takes time for them to be formed and to act.

D

Skeletal muscle groups that work together to create the same movement are referred to as involuntary myofibrils antagonistic synergistic sarcomeres

D

What separates neighboring vertebrae in the spine and also functions as a shock absorber? The meniscus palatine bones ribs intervertebral disks osteons

D

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. for muscles that support movement of the appendages, the origin of the muscle is usually distal to the insertion. B. During muscle contraction, the origin is pulled toward the insertion. C. The insertion of a muscle usually is connected to a bone that can act as a strong and stable anchor. D. Usually the origin is the anchor point for muscle movement, and the insertion is pulled toward the origin when the muscle contracts. E. During muscle contraction it is important that the insertion be placed inside the origin.

D

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)? It is released when blood calcium levels are high. It stimulates the release of growth hormone. It has the same function as calcitonin. It causes the breakdown of bone releasing calcium into the blood It causes a decrease in osteoclast activity

D

Which part of a long bone is made up of spongy bone tissue and contains red bone marrow? A. diaphysis B. periosteum C. canaliculi D. epiphysis E. gymnophysis

D

Which type of joint is the elbow? A. fibrous joint B. cartilaginous joint C. ball and socket synovial joint D. hinge-type synovial joint E. juke joint

D

When you kick a ball, which two types of movements do you typically use? A. rotation B. supination C. pronation D. flexion E. extension

D,E

Which of the following cells is responsible for building new bone tissue? A. Fibroblasts B. White blood cells C. Macrophages D. Osteoblasts E. Chondroblasts

D: Osteoblasts

Which hormone is responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue which releases calcium into the blood? A. Growth hormone B. Calcitonin C. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone D. Parathyroid Hormone E. Estrogen

D: Parathyroid Hormone

All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT which one? red blood cell formation support and protection attachment of muscles, enabling movement mineral storage serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different hormones

E

During a marathon, runners use up stored ATP and creatine phosphate early in the race. Which energy source is generally used next for producing more ATP for muscle contraction? cellulose steroids starch phospholipids stored glycogen

E