Biology exam 5 set 2

Identify the description of a capsid?

the protein coat protecting the nucleic acids contained within a virus.

biogeography

the study of species distributions across the planet

Viruses rely on a host to carry out metabolic functions. What molecule does a virus insert into a host cell that enables the virus to redirect the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes?

viral RNA or DNA

Climate Change

A long-term change in average weather conditions

Precipitation sunlight air temperature soil

Abiotic

How do increased levels of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere influence the green house effect?

An increase in atmospheric Co2 increases the intensity of the greenhouse effect because atmospheric Co2 absorbs heat radiated from the Earth's surface and keeps it from being released in space.

Primary producer heterotrophic organism bacteria

Biotic

The fossil record suggests that stromatolites were more common early in Earth's history than they are today. How do Stromatolites form?

Calcium carbonates and sediment adhere to the sticky covering produced by generations of microbial mats, creating layers in the rock as it forms.

Which level of ecological study focuses on all interactions that occur between species and their habitats in the entire inhabitable zone around the planet.

Global

HIV life cycle

HIV attaches to host cell receptors and injects HIV RNA and proteins into the host cell HIV reverse transcriptase produce viral DNA, which is inserted into hose cell DNA The cell produces HIV proteins and RNA and HIV protease cuts proteins into short pieces. New viruses containing HIV RNA and proteins bud off of the host cell.

Which of the following statements explains why HIV has been so difficult to eradicate since it was discovered in the early 1980's?

HIV mutates faster because it uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA.

Which of the following fix nitrogen through natural processes?

Lighting strikes certain types of bacteria

The phage genome is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome the phage genome replicates with he host DNA

Lysogneic

The bacterial cell wall is broken open the host DNA is degraded

Lytic

The phage genome enters the host cell

Lytic and lysogenic

Which level of ecological study focuses on the function of a single individual?

Organismal

A biologist performs a set of experiments to see if longer antennae on an insect improve its ability to obtain food.

Organismal ecology

Identify the mechanism by which a bacteriophage, or phage, replicates itself.

Phage replication requires the cellular machinery of the host bacteria for biosynthesis.

Why do doctors advise people not to eat tuna or other large oceanic fish on a daily bases?

Pollutants absorbed by smaller fish become concentrated in larger fish.

What characteristic is common to all living organisms, but is not a characteristic of viruses?

The capability of autonomously carrying out biological processes

HIV is a retrovirus. How are retroviruses unique from other types of viruses?

They use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

what is the gram stain and what information does it provide about cells?

a cell-staining technique used to categorize bacteria by the presence or absence of a cell wall made up of a thick coating of cross-lined sugars and peptides

biome

a large group of living and nonliving components that occupy defined global regions

Pandemic

a rapidly spreading disease that affects an increasing number of people across continents or worldwide.

Which of the following is the definition of a vaccine

a substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen.

what are the affects of acid rain on humans and the environment

acid rain releases harmful metals from the soil, which then enter the food chain acid rain results in a decline in fish populations because many fish eggs cannot hatch in acidic water acid rain destroys infrastructure due to the corrosion of metals, stone work, paint, and glass

a thermophile is defined as an organism that lives in

an exceptionally hot environment

Viroid

an infectious agent that is composed of a single strand of circular RNA and only infectious plants

Prion

an infectious, proteinaceous pathogen that lacks genetic material and causes nervous system diseases

In the last few decades, the use of antibiotics and antibacterial cleaning products has increased. What consequences are being seen as a result of the overuse or misuse of antibiotics

appearance of bacteria that are immune to antibiotics higher rate of outbreaks of formerly rare diseases

What do bacteriophages, or phages, infect?

bacteria

Which of the following describes the process of nitrogen fixation?

bacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

What is true about human use of antibiotics

bacterial diseases that once caused many deaths can often be successfully treated with antibiotics frequent antibiotic use is linked with higher rate of antibiotic resistance antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria

decomposers

break down waste to obtain energy include some invertebrates such as worms

Unique to cells

can actively respond to environmental stimuli can contain organelles that are bound by membranes can autonomously carry out biological processes

Which statement describes all organisms that are extremophiles?

can survive in extreme environments

which of the following is an example of bioremediation?

cleanup of sewage by prokaryotes

Which level of ecological study focuses on interactions between members of different species?

community

a biology team studies the impact of dwindling seagrass levels on the group of species that feed on it

community ecology

consumers

consume producers to obtain energy include animals such as lions

Shared by cells and viruses

contain genetic material capable of undergoing evolution by natural selection

unique to viruses

contain genetic material protected by a protein coat require a host to replicate

Epidemic

disease that spreads rapidly throughout a population and affects a large number of people

ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Four different levels of complexity exist in the interactions studied in ecology. Arrange the levels of study in ecology from the most comprehensive level to the inclusive level.

ecosystem community population organismal

a research group investigates how chemical runoff from crops impacts the nutrients and species living in the Mississippi delta

ecosystem ecology

Which Human activity is responsible for overloading the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles

fertilization of farms causing runoff.

Producers

generate their own food using chemical reactions include plants, such as corn

Scientists advise people to only eat Albacore tuna and other large oceanic fish once a week because of their high mercury levels. Why do these animals have such high mercury levels in their tissues>?

large oceanic fish acquire and accumulate the mercury contained in the tissues of their prey.

Ecologists approximate that the amount of chemical-bond energy available to a trophic level over time is only about 10% of that available to the preceding level. The other 90% is transformed or transferred into which of the following?

movement of an organism bodies of uneaten animals heat

which of the following describes the genomes of most prokaryotes?

one circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome `

Earth's atmosphere has not always contained enough oxygen to support life. What was responsible for enriching Earth's atmosphere with oxygen?

photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

Which level of ecological study focuses on interactions between members of the same species?

population

to determine the expected population size for bald eagles in a region an ecologist researches the availability of food and nesting sits there

population ecology

steps of the prokaryotic cell cycle

prokaryotic chromosome attaches to the plasma membrane prokaryotic chromosome replicates cell elongates, pulling each chromosome to a different end of the cell plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward and divide the cell two genetically identical daughter cells are produced

Burning fossil fuels disrupts the carbon cycle by

releasing large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere

What is false about human use of antibiotics

taking antibiotics helps the immune system build antibodies to infection antibiotics released into water bodies become inactive immediately and cannot kill bacteria in the environment supplementing livestock feed with antibiotics decreases the number of strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among the livestock.