Biology Exam IV
Light dependent reactions energy is stores in which two types of enery carrier molecules?
ATP and NADPH
What enzyme produces ATP?
ATP synthase
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triposphate
Second Law of Thermodynamics
All energy transfers and transformation are never completely efficient
In general, what happens during an oxidation-reduction reaction between two molecules?
An atom in the reduced molecule attracts an electron that an atom in the oxidized molecule donates.
Which of the following examples describe an energy transformation?
An individual uses energy obtained from eating a pizza to ride a bike, An oven uses electrical energy to generate heat to bake a cake, A plant uses solar energy to construct carbohydrates in photosynthesis.
How do organisms use energy according to the first law of thermodynamics?
Animals eat to obtain chemical energy that they convert into kinetic energy and The light energy collected during photosynthesis is converted to chemical energy.
How is the H+ gradient made?
As electrons fall it is made
What is restored by lactic acid fermentation?
NAD+
Cellular Respiration Electron Carriers
NAD+ = Empty NADH = Full
What product leaves the citric acid cycle to drop off electrons to the elctron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
Photosynthesis Electron Carriers
NADP+ = empty carrier NADPH = Full Carrier
Calvin Cycle Output
NADP+, ADP, P, and Sugar
Is any CO2 liberated during lactic acid fermentation?
No, only in ethonol fermentation
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy, or disorder, in a system constantly increases. How do biological systems remain highly ordered?
Biological systems require an input of energy to remain highly ordered.
Where is oxygen utilized in this process? Where did it come from?
Bottom of the electron transport chain and breathing
Calvin Cycle Input
CO2, ATP, NADPH
Which of the following is incorrect?
Cellular respiration directly converts sunlight energy into chemical energy
In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the stomata in photosynthesis?
Opening for gas exchange...carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves
Cellular Respiration
Oxygen is required, provides energy for work, products are CO2 and H20
Gasoline
Oxygen is required, provides energy for work, products are CO2 and H20
Light reaction output
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
Why do most plant leaves appear green?
Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected.
Which of the following statements regarding potential energy is true?
Potential energy is the energy that an object has based on its position.
In cellular respiration the __________________ have less energy than the ___________________.
Products...reactants
Granum?
Stack of thykaloids
Where is most ATP made?
Electron Transport system
What does the first law of thermodynamics state about energy?
Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be either created or destroyed.
What does the law of conservation of energy state?
Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be either created or destroyed.
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
A combustion reaction is used to run the engine of a gas-powered vehicle. Animal cells use a set of similar chemical reactions, called cellular respiration, to power biological processes. Select the statements that are true for both reactions.
Energy is released and Oxygen molecules are a reactant.
Exergonic Products
Energy releasing- products have less energy than reactants ex. cellular respiration
Endergonic Products
Energy storing- have more energy than reactants. ex. photosynthesis
Stroma?
FLuid inside of membrane
After the plant material and the organic solvent were mixed in the blender, the pigments were still contained in the thylakoid membranes. True or False?
False
What is NADH? How many are produces in glycolysis?
Full electron transport and 2 NADH are produced
Equation for glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation
Glucose (C6H12O6)---> 2 Pyruvate---> Lactate+Energy
Equation for glycolysis and alcohol fermentation
Glucose (C6H12O6)-->2 Pyruvate---> Ethanol+2CO2 + Energy
What is oxidized and reduced in cellular respiration?
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
What happens to both ATP and NADPH generates from the light reaction?
Goes to the calvin cycle
Chemiosmosis
Gradient of hydrogen ions to make ATP link together
In making beer what is the source of glucose?
Grain
When you held the tube of pigments between the light and the spectroscope, which colors did you see?
Green
What is produced when oxygen combines with two hydrogen ions?
H20 - water
Light reaction input
Light, H20, NADP+, ADP, P
How many FADH2 are produced in one turn of the cycle?
1
What does a photosystem contain?
1. group of pigments 2. reaction center 3. primary electron carrier
List the events that occur when light hits the photosystems
1. light hits 2. electron in cholorphyll gets energized 3. electrons break free goes into primary electron acceptor 4. electron is replaced by splitting water 5. water is released
Potential Energy
1. position 2. chemical`
How many FADH2 are produced in two turns of the cycle?
2
How many carbons are in acetyl CO-A
2
Does glycolysis require an input of ATP?
2 ATp
Does glycolysis produce any ATP?
2 Net ATP
What is the end result of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvic Acid
How many CO2 are produced in the preparation step before going into the citric acid cycle?
2 each
How many NADH are produced in one turn of the cycle?
3
How many carbons are there in pyruvic acid?
3 carbons
How many CO2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?
4
How many NADH are produced in two turns of the cycle?
6
How many carbons does glucose have?
6
Choose all the events that occur during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
A concentration gradient forms as excited electrons help move H ions, H ions are used to help produce the energy carriers, ATP and NADPH, Light energy is used to excite electrons on specific chlorophyll molecules.
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Stroma
What is released at the end of reduction?
Sugar
What provides the energy that excites the electrons in the chlorophyll molecules?
Sunlight
What is the overall purpose of the calvin cycle?
Take energy of NADPH and ATP and put it into sugar
Why does disrupting the Calvin cycle impact the light reactions of photosynthesis?
The Calvin cycle regenerates NADP+, The Calvin cycle regenerates ADP.
What is the primary role of water in photosynthesis?
The breakdown of water provides electrons and H ions for the light reactions.
Why does the body use chemical energy?
The potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be released to perform work within a cell.
Select the descriptions that apply to the thylakoid.
The thylakoid membrane contains the chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from light during photosynthesis, The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, Thylakoids are arranged within the chloroplast into stacks of coin-shaped discs called grana.
Which statement describes the function of photosynthetic pigments in leaves?
They absorb light energy and trap high energy electrons.
What happens to Co2 in making alcoholic bevrages?
They take it out and add their own
What occurs after glycolysis if there is oxygen available?
Transition step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport system
A plant in the dark carries out cellular respiration. True or False?
True
How many turns of the Citric Acid Cycle are necessary to process the equivalent of one glucose molecule?
Two
Which of the following has the highest energy?
Violet
What is the source of the electrons that replace the excited electrons lost from chlorophyll?
Water
What is oxidized and reduced in photosynthesis?
Water is oxidized to 02 and CO2 is reduced to glucose
Anaerobic definition
Without oxygen
define energy
ability to do work or to create change
Which of the following class examples started with chemical energy?
both sparker and physical activity
Plants synthesize their own food in the form of sugars during the process of photosynthesis. Which of the following statements describe photosynthesis?
cannot convert sunlight energy to sugars without the direct input of carbon dioxide, is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, and generates sugars from the energy contained in sunlight
What is RuBP?
captures next CO2 coming in
Which of the following are produced during photosynthesis in plants?
carbohydrates and oxygen
During one of the three phases of the Calvin cycle, the carbon atoms from three CO2 molecules are incorporated into three five-carbon sugar molecules called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). This reaction forms an unstable six-carbon intermediate which immediately splits into two three-carbon sugar molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA). In which phase of the Calvin cycle does this occur?
carbon fixation
Which of the following pigments was the most soluble in the chromatography solvent?
carotenoids (carotenes)
Different transformations of energy
chemical---motion radiant----chemical electrical---thermal
Which of the following did you use to separate photosynthetic pigments to view them on a strip of paper?
chromatography solvent
When in light, the leaf carried out photosynthesis causing the CO2 to
decrease
Select the phrases that describe the Calvin cycle.
does not directly use sunlight energy, converts carbon dioxide to simple sugars, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Arrange the events of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the order that they occur.
electrons on specific chlorophyll molecules are excited by light, chlorophyll molecules release electrons that travel down an electron transport chsin, hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thykaloid, H+ ions flow out of the thykaloid through an enzyme channel, ATP and NADPH are produced
Photosynthesis is an example of an ____________ reaction.
endergonic
What is heat energy?
energy transferred from one system to another but not usable
Using ATP to produce ADP and a phosphate group is an example of a(n) ______________ reaction.
exergonic
What occurs in reduction reaction?
gain of electron from a molecule
In what product is the light energy stored in photosynthesis?
glucose
In making wine what is the source of glucose?
grapes
Where is the H+ concentration higher?
intermembrance space
ATP is formed in the ______________.
light reactions
During which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?
light reactions
Define chemiosmosis
linking together hydrogen ions moving down their gradient with making ATP
What occurs in oxidation reaction?
loss of electrons from a molecule
Define Entropy
measure of randomness or disorder within a system. The more energy that is lost the less ordered and more random the system is
The stoma allow ___________ to exit the leaf and _________ to enter it.
oxygen...carbon dioxide
In an exergonic, energy is
released
Stage one of carbon fixation?
results in the production of glucose. It is a result of an enzyme controlled sequence of reactions requiring ATP and hydrogen (NADPH2) from the light stage, and carbon dioxide.
The __________ the wavelength, the _______ the energy.
shorter...greater
Arrange the steps that describe the flow of energy from sunlight to cellular work.
solar energy is given off by the sun, chloroplasts of primary producers absorb solar energy, solar energy, water and CO2 are used to generate sugars through photosynthesis, sugars are broken down by organisms that consume the plant, breakdown of sugars release chemical energy that can power cellular work
Definition of thermodynamics
study of energy and energy transfer involving phsysical matter
What is synthesized in the Calvin cycle?
sugar
What is energy?
the capacity of a system to do work
Choose the best description of kinetic energy.
the energy an object has as a result of its own movement
What is visible light?
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum most often used by living organisms
What is visible light?
the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation living organisms most often use
Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
thykaloid membrance
A granum is a stack of ____________________.
thykaloids
Select the component of choloroplast that is the site of light-dependent reactions.
thykaloids
What is the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?
transform energy. light-- chemical energy with ATP and NADPH
Which of the following molecules are reactants in photosynthesis in plants?
water and carbon dioxide
What type of organisms can carry out fermentation?
yeast, some bacteria, human muscle cells (skeletol)
