Biology Exam review

Blood travels more slowly in the veins than in the arteries. The most likely reason this is true is...

Blood pressure in veins is low

Freshly picked corn tastes sweet because of the high sugar content in the kernels. Enzymes convert about 50% of the sugar to starch within one day after picking. To preserve the sweetness, freshly picked corn can be immersed in boiling water for a few minutes, and then cooled. What most likely explains why the boiled corn remains sweet?

Boiling deactivates the enzyme responsible for converting sugar to starch.

The human immune system has three major components, all of which repel foreign organisms. The skin and body are the first lines of defense. The final line involves the white blood cells. How do the white blood cells respond to chemicals on the surface of an invading organism?

By synthesizing antibodies that mark these organisms for destruction.

Which kingdoms contain only unicellular organisms?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Some fragile ecosystems like deserts can only support a certain number of organisms. What is the term for this limit?

Carrying Capacity

What cell organelle is most directly involved with the bonding of amino acids?

Ribosome

A homeowner will receive a large tax rebate for utilizing solar energy. She decides to replace a oil furnace heating system with expensive solar panels. What are the trade offs involved in making this decision?

High cost of solar panels, reduced fuel costs, and lower taxes.

The ability of water to resist rapid changes in temperature is best described by....

High heat capacity

What is the name of the group of chemicals that regulate activity in the human reproductive system?

Hormones

Many of the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth lack a very important piece of information. What is the missing piece of information in many scientific explanations?

How amino acids join together.

Most scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth agree that all early organisms were built from the same genetic material. Which substance do these explanations state was the most likely building block of genetic material?

Nucleic acids

Felicia observed that the lettuce plants in her garden had wilted after several days of drought. The next day there was a downpour of rain and began to swell . What cellular process caused this effect in the lettuce plants?

Osmosis

What product of photosynthesis is required for aerobic respiration to occur?

Oxygen

Which three substances must be present in the mitochondria for the process of aerobic repiration to take place?

Oxygen, enzymes, and organic molecules

Carbon cycles through the biosphere by,

Photosynthesis, burning of fossil fuels, and decomposition of plants and animals. Carbon does not cycle through the biosphere through transpiration.

Plants A and B are classified as members of the same species. Plants C and D are classified in the same genus as A and B, but not the same species as A and B. According to this information what would be correct?

Plant A has many characteristics in common with B.

Just below the Thalamus is the

hypothalamus and it is the control center for recognition and analyses of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. It also helps to coordinate the nervous and the endocrine systems

When a test tube water containing an aquatic plant is placed near a bright light, the plant gives off gas bubbles. When the light is placed at different distances from the plant, the rate of bubbling changes. What is the experimental variable in this demonstration?

The distance of the plant from the light.

Eating sweet potatoes provides energy for human metabolic processes. What is the original source of this energy?

The energy made available by photosynthesis.

What is one of the major advantages of using the five kingdom system of classification?

The evolutionary relationships between organisms become apparent.

Once a human egg is fertilized, what occurs next?

The fertilized egg becomes imbedded in the lining of the uterus.

What statement best describes the relationship between the blood systems of a human fetus and the fetus's mother?

Their blood systems are separate, but certain materials pass from mother to fetus.

What is the function of the coded instructions contained in the body cell of an organism?

They direct the synthesis of proteins necessary for proper cell function.

Eukaryotic cells pant cells

They function essentially in the same manner as other eukaryotic cells, but there are three unique structures which set them apart. Plastids, cell walls, and vacuoles are present only in plant cells.

Xylem

Type of transport tissue in vascular plants, Its basic function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients through the plant. the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout the plant.

The transplant method that would best prevent the rejection of tissue after and organ transplant is,

Using an organ donated by a close relative

A reflex is

a quick, automatic response to a stimulus

When a new viral infection appears, scientists try to develop a vaccine to destroy the virus. What would most likely be contained in the new vaccine?

a weakened form of the virus itself.

Nucleic acids

are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information.

Mitochondria

are found mostly in all eukaryotic cells and they convert the chemical energy stored in food to a usable form

Vacuoles

are membrane enclosed, saclike structures that store water, salts, and organic molecules

Chloroplasts

are only in plant cells, and they capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynethesis. These also contain chlorophyll

Phospholipids

are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers

Proteins

are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function.

Centrioles

are organelles made from tubulins and they help organize cell division in animal cells

autotrophs

are organisms that make their own food.

heterotrophs

are organisms that obtain food by eating other organisms

Peptides

are short polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.

Lysosomes

are small organelles filled with enzymes that break down large molecules and organelles that are no longer useful

Ribosomes

are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells, they produce proteins by following coded instructions from DNA

Organelles

are structures that have specialized functions in eukaryotic cells

Enzymes

can be broken down into amino acids, can break down protein into amino acids, is found in high concentration in the small intestine of humans.

The brain stem

connects the brain and spinal cord. It is located just below the cerebellum, the brainstem includes three different regions, the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla ablongata

The cerebral cortex

is the outer layer of the cerebrum. It consists of densely packed nerve cell bodies known as gray matter. It processes information from the sense of organs and controls body movements. It's also where thoughts, plans, and learning abilities are processed.

Cytoplasm

is the portion of a cell outside the nucleus

The cerebellum

is the scond largest part of the brain. Information about muscle and joint positioning as well as other sensory inputs are sent her. Sensory information allows the cerebellum to coordinate and balance the action of these muscles.

Cellular respiration

is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

What characteristic determines the shape of a protein molecule?

its sequence of amino acids

The cerebrum is the

largest region of the brain. It's responsible for the voluntary or conscious activities of the body. It's the site of intelligence, learning, and judgement

Cerebellum

maintenance of coordination and balance

Most cells in a body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes. In some cells only four chromosomes are present. What process causes there to only be four chromosomes?

meiotic cell division

Anerobic means

no oxygen

Maltose

or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4)bond, formed from a condensation reaction

Amino acids

re molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

The Thalamus

receives messages from sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing.

Homozygous

refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.

Heterozygous

refers to having two different alleles for a single trait.

The three major areas of the brain are

the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem, and they are responsible for processing and relaying information

What would be most likely to cause an increase in the number of anaerobic bacteria in a pond?

A decrease in the amount of oxygen dissolved in the pond

What is the most likely effect a blood clot will have on blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

A blood clot will block blood flow, preventing oxygen from reaching tissue in a certain area

Which of the following is most likely to occur if the water of a lake suddenly changes temperature?

A change in the number and variety of species in the lake

Which of the following is most likely required for an ecosytem to remain stable?

A cycle of materials between biotic and abiotic components.

Capillary leak syndrome occurs when the number and size of the pores in capillaries increase. This causes blood to leak from the capillaries into the fluid surrounding the cells of organs. What factor is most likely to cause patients who suffer from capillary leak syndrome to experience a decrease in blood flow?

A drop in blood pressure.

Thousands of years ago, giraffes with short necks were common within giraffe populations. Nearly all giraffe populations today have long necks. Which of the following most likely caused the giraffes neck to lengthen?

A genetic mutation in the reproductive cells of giraffes.

What type of of organism is not a cell but the ability to reproduce within a living cell?

A virus

Which of the following are abiotic factors that determine the organisms that exist in marine environments?

Amount of oxygen and salt concentrations

When an individual has high cholesterol certain substances such as calcium and fats form plaque in arteries. How is this plaque known as arterial plaque most likely affect blood flow?

Arterial plaque clogs the arteries, limiting or stopping blood flow.

Within which group would the organisms be most similar? A. Genus B. Species C.Phylum D. Kingdom

B. Species

A cross between homozygous red tulips and homozygous white tulips yields only red tulips. What principle does this illustrate?

Dominance

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus; have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria ; instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid.

Which sequence of terms is in the correct order from simplest to most complex?

Cells-tissues-organs-organ systems

Which organ system in humans is most directly involved in the transport of oxygen?

Circulatory

The greenhouse effect, deforestation, and acid rain are a few major problems confronting people in the 21st century. These problems indicate which of the following is needed in human societies?

Cooperation between nations to reduce pollution

The occipital lobe is the area of the brain where....

Data about vision is processed.

Unlike meiosis, during normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing...

Four chromosomes

The gene frequency for a particular trait in a population was determined to be 80% A dominant allele and 20% a recessive allele. Fifty years later, the gene frequency was determined to be 60% A and 40% a. What does this change most likely indicate about the gene pool?

It is evolving

Many farmers currently grow genetically engineered crops. What would be an argument against the use of genetic engineering in agriculture?

Its long term effects on humans are still being investigated.

Which of the following molecules is made up of glycerol and fatty acids?

Lipids

What is the main tenet of the cell theory?

Living organisms are composed of cells that arise from preexisting cells

A pond dries up over the course of a year as a result of a drought. What will most likely happen within the second year if the pond remains dry?

Meadow grasses will grow on the bottom of the dried up pond.

Which statement describes an exception to the cell theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic material and can replicate.

In 1952, the American chemist and biologist Stanley Miller mixed a variety of inorganic substances in a beaker. Then he put an electrical charge through them. A few days later, a brown goo, a possible precursor to life, formed on the sides of the beaker. What did Miller's famous experiment most likely generate?

Multiple scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth.

What set of conditions would most likely cause a change in gene frequency in a population that reproduces asexually?

Mutations and small populations

Most invertebrates reproduce sexually, and many also produce asexually. What is one advantage of sexual reproduction?

Populations maintain genetic diversity because individuals are made with new combinations of genes.

The temporal lobe is where the brain..

Processes data regarding auditory signals, specifically, hearing, pitch, and volume.

The heterotrophy hypothesis describes the abiotic production of organic molecules. According to the heterotrophy hypothesis, what were the energy sources for formation of the first organic molecules from inorganic substances?

Radiation, lightning, and heat

Functions of the stomata(part of flower) is,

Releasing water during transpiration, absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, enabling flow of nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

What could an individual person do to have a positive impact on an environmental system?

Remove exotic species of plants from a swamp

Sugars

Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose and galactose. They are carbohydrates and as this name implies, are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Scientists have different explanations of the origin of life on Earth. Which of the following best describes the two main schools of thought on the origin of life on Earth?

Some scientists theorize that life on Earth originated on the surface of Earth's oceans, and other scientists theorize that life originated at the bottom of the oceans.

A sample of food containing one type of a large molecule was treated with a specific digestive enzyme. Tests performed to determine the chemical makeup of the products that were created in the reaction only showed the presence of simple sugars. Based on these results, what were the original large molecules in the sample?

Starch

When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin's concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?

Survival of the fittest

One of the following scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?

Synthesis of organic molecules

A natural fire burns a live oak forest in central Florida to bare ground. Over the next 150 years, if the climate and landscape of the area remain the same, what is most likely to occur?

The area will become a younger live oak forest

A cartoon appearing in a recent newspaper shows two explorers bundled up wearing parkas reaching the North Pole. There they see a group of people playing volleyball in their bathing suits and sunbathing. Which of the following human activities has resulted in the phenomenon depicted in this cartoon?

The burning of fossil fuels

The population of field mice in an ecosystem near Naples, Florida has remained steady for many years. What is the most likely reason that the population has not increased nor decreased?

The carrying capacity of the environment has remained constant

A chemical company produced a genetically engineered potato called the New Leaf Superior. This plant produces a chemical that repels insects which might eat the plant. The offspring of the plant will also produce the chemical. What is one possible disadvantage of growing this type of potato?

The chemical might be harmful to humans when they eat the potato.

Andrea divided a group of a species of the insect she found in her backyard into two groups based on antenna size. The insects with short antennae produced young with short antennae. The insects with long antennae produced young with long antennae and short antennae. What is most likely true?

The gene for the short antennae is recessive and the gene for the long antennae is dominant.

El Nino is a short term climatic change. It causes ocean waters to remain warm when they would normally cool. The warmer temperature disrupts food webs and alters weather patterns. What is most likely to result from the changes?

The genes of individual organisms will mutate to adapt to the new environmental conditions.

Robert Hooke was the first to describe the cells in plants. What invention allowed Hooke and later scientists to develop the cell theory?

The light microscope

A mouse in a field eats food containing relatively high amounts of a certain pesticide. The pesticide causes a mutation to occur in the liver cells of the mouse. What is most likely?

The mutation will not spread because it is not in a sex cell.

In an area in Africa, temporary pools form in wetlands. Some fish have developed the ability to use their ventral fins as "feet" to travel on land from one temporary pool to another. Fish without this ability die when the pools dry up. What can be expected to happen to this area after many years?

The number of fish using ventral fins as "feet" will increase

What characteristic do biologists use to classify organisms into kingdoms?

The organisms structure

Krebs Cycle

The pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis contain a lot of energy in the bonds between their molecules. In order to use that energy, the cell must convert it into the form of ATP. To do so, pyruvate molecules are processed through the Kreb Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle.

Aerobic Respiration

The pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes further breakdown through a process called aerobic respiration in most organisms. This process requires oxygen and yields much more energy than glycolysis. Aerobic respiration is divided into two processes: the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain, which produces ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation.

In 1839 Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, published research showing that a cell's nucleus plays a part in its reproduction. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist, published research showing that cells come from preexisting cells. What best describes how the two scientists discoveries influenced the cell theory?

The two scientists discoveries helped the cell theory become more accurate.

A scientist maintains a healthy culture of a single species of bacteria in a container. He then discovers a new substance and introduces it into the bacterial culture. Within a day most of the bacteria died. Which of the following best explains why some of the bacteria survived?

They had a genetic variation that gave them resistance to the added substance.

A fetus weighs about 43/4 pounds. The layers of fat are filling the fetus out, making the fetus rounder with lungs that are well developed. What trimester is the embryo in?

Third trimester

Some vaccines involve injecting dead microbes into the human body. Others involve injecting living, but weakened strains of the microbes into the human body. Which of the following best describes the purpose of injecting live , weakened microbes into the human body?

To stimulate the immune system to fight future invasions by these microbes.

Which of the following properties of water contributes most directly to form cloud formation?

Water exhibits strong cohesion

Several years ago Lake Superior froze over because of an especially cold winter. However aquatic life in the lower regions of the lake survived because the ice that formed remained near the surface if the lake. What property causes ice to float on water?

Water expands when it freezes

When is a species is most likely to remain genetically unchanged?

When the gene pool of the species remains stable.

Monosaccharides

are the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), galactose, xylose and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides such as sucrose and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different chemical and physical properties.

Why is water widely used as as solvent?

because water dissolves more substances than any other liquid.

Prokaryotes

cell wall

The spinal cord is the main

communication link between the brain and the rest of the body

Eukaryotic cells

comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. contain many internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. These organelles such as the mitochondrion or chloroplast serve to perform metabolic functions and energy conversion. Other organelles like intracellular filaments provide structural support and cellular motility.

If some of the xylem of a young oak tree was destroyed, it would most likely interfere with the trees ability to..

conduct water to leaves.

Lipids

constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K). The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules.

Nucleus

contains DNA and controls the activity of a cell

A peptide bond (amide bond) is a

covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and usually occurs between amino acids. The resulting C(O)NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide.

Eukaryotic cells

do not have a cell wall

Fructose

fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Pure, dry fructose is a very sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.[4] From plant sources, fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries and most root vegetables. In plants, fructose may be present as the monosaccharide and/or as a component of sucrose. Commercially, fructose is usually derived from sugar cane, sugar beets and corn and there are three commercially important forms. Crystalline fructose is the monosaccharide, dried and ground, and of high purity. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides. Sucrose is the third form. All forms of fructose, including fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability, taste enhancement and improved browning of some foods, such as baked goods.

Lactose

is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose. Lactose makes up around 2~8% of milk (by weight), although the amount varies among species and individuals. It is extracted from sweet or sour whey. The name comes from lac or lactis, the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. It has a formula of C12H22O11.

monoglyceride

is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage.

A diglyceride

is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.

A polymer

is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These sub-units are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds.

Cytoskeleton

is a network of protein filaments and it helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in movement

Glucose

is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) and an important carbohydrate. Cells use it as the primary source of energy[1] and a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and fuels for cellular respiration.

A polypeptide

is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code.

Galactose

is a type of sugar that is less sweet than glucose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose.

A triglyceride

is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.

Endoplasmic reticulum

is an internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials

Golgi aparatus

is an organelle that appears as a stack of flattened membranes and it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

A disaccharide or biose

is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides form an aqueous solution when dissolved in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose,[2] and maltose. 'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide).

Phloem

is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, sucrose,[1] a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark; The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This is called translocation.

Sucrose

is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste, it is best known for its nutritional role. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the molecular formula C12H22O11.

Anaerobic respiration

s a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen. In order for the electron transport chain to function, an exogenous final electron acceptor must be present to allow electrons to pass through the system. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen.

You are an evolutionary biologist studying a population of bats in the rainforest of Brazil. Most of the population processes moderate length wings, although some have long wings and some have short wings. Over time you notice that the frequency of moderate length wings increases. You conclude that the most likely cause of this development is,

stabilizing natural selection