Biology Exam Study Guide
Oil and water do not mix well because
Water is polar and oil is non polar
Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?
Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?
Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?
dialing a telephone number
The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's
environment
Nitrogen has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?
14
The number that represents neutrality on the pH scale is ________.
7
Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
ATP
Monomers that can be commonly made from components in Earth's atmosphere are
Amino acids
Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane?
Certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion, while others must be helped across by active or passive transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane.
Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?
Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers
Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?
Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.
Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the ________ bonds that form between them.
Hydrogen
Which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding?
Li+
The positively charged subatomic particle is located in the ________.
Nucleus
Examine the illustration below. Which statement best summarizes the contribution of photosystem I (PS I) during photosynthesis?
PS I energizes electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle and will eventually reduce the carbon in CO2.
The image below diagrams the action of an enzyme. Notice that the enzyme is depicted as being more tightly wrapped around the substrates in step 2 than it is in step 1. Why is this?
When a substrate locks into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to mold itself around the substrates.
Cells contain the molecule GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Would this molecule be useful as an energy carrier (similar to ATP)?
Yes, because it contains the same number of phosphates as does ATP.
A tissue is defined as
a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body
During transcription,
a template strand of DNA directs the production of an mRNA molecule.
After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain
an acid
nucleotides
are the building blocks of nucleic acids
The most basic solution in the figure shown below is
borax
The central element found in organic molecules is
carbon
chemical reactions that break down lipids are
catabolic
The smallest and most basic units of life are microscopic, self-contained units enclosed by a water-repelling membrane and are called ________.
cells
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?
cells à tissues à organs à individual
The pH scale measures the
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Carbon atoms are bound to each other by ________ bonds.
covalent
An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and
donates hydrogen ions to the solution
The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the
electrons
Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if they
encounter a substrate that fits their active site
Put the following steps in the process of transcription in chronological order RNA splicing RNA polymerase exposes the DNA template strand RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region RNA bases are paired with DNA bases
fourth second first third
which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?
glycolysis
The three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which group is the control group?
group 1
Ionic bonds ________, whereas covalent bonds ________.
hold together oppositely charged atoms; hold together atoms that share electrons
In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into some hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. Based on her observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, she can properly conclude that the sugar is
hydrophilic
Nonpolar molecules that are repelled by water are known as ________ molecules.
hydrophobic
The step of cellular respiration that produces a product that will also be used in the Calvin cycle is the ________.
krebs cycle
Match the descriptions to the molecules of transcription and translation. contains groups of nucleotides called codons double-stranded molecule that ultimately provides a template for protein synthesis important part of ribosomes molecule that carries amino acids to ribosomes
mRNA DNA rRNA tRNA
The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as
metabolism
A solution with a pH of 4 is ________ acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The solution with the pH of 4 has a ________ concentration of hydrogen ions than the solution with a pH of 5.
more; higher
If the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "A" of a selectively permeable membrane is 5 percent, and the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "B" of a selectively permeable membrane is 15 percent, the water will
mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side"A."
Match the correct term(s) with the sentence. ________ and ask questions about the natural world. Suggest a ________ to explain your observations and questions. Generate ________ to test your hypothesis. Design ________ of the predictions of your hypothesis. ________ your results to fellow scientists for their review and input. ________ your hypothesis, predictions, or test according to the results. ________ the results.
observe hypothesis predictions tests communicate accept, reject, or modify analyze
Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H + ions?
pH 1
Scientists are human beings and are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is
peer-reviewed publications
A new bacterial cell is found that is able to grow without food as long as sunlight is available. This cell likely uses ________ to produce its own food.
photosynthesis
Cells lining blood vessels can form vesicles outside of the cell that can fold into the cell taking in liquids and solutes from the bloodstream. This is an example of
pinocytosis
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together within an individual water molecule by ________ bonds.
polar covalent
The bonds connecting the atoms in the molecule below are ________ bonds
polar, covalent
In the reaction C 6H 12O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2O, the 6 CO 2 molecules are examples of
products
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause a bacterial infection of the throat. Since the bacterium lacks a nucleus or membrane-encased organelles, Streptococcus pyogenes is a(n) ________ cell type.
prokaryotic
Match the event or stage of mitosis with the appropriate description. Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells. The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell. As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin decondenses.
prophase cytokinesis anaphase metaphase telophase
The plasma membrane of some white blood cells contain ________ proteins that bind with proteins of cells such as bacteria that have invaded the human body.
receptor
Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?
reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions
require no oxygen
Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?
should everyone drink bottled water only?
Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis
still cannot be considered to have been proven true
the most acidic solution in the figure shown below is
stomach acid
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
sugars
a disaccharide consists of two
sugars
In many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each other because
these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathway, and keeping them closer together increases the efficiency of the pathway
The Krebs cycle functions to
transfer chemical energy from pyruvate to energy carriers.
Use the molecule of ethanol shown below to match the numbers with the questions they answer. Numbers may be used more than once or not at all. How many covalent bonds are indicated? How many valence electrons are in each carbon atom? How many electrons is the oxygen atom sharing? How many valence electrons are in each hydrogen atom? What is the total number of carbon atoms?
8 4 2 1 2
If iodide ions (I −) were dissolved in water, they would be attracted to
A and C
As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that
ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions.
Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?
No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation.
Using the answer choices below, match the characteristic with its macromolecule class. participate in nearly every chemical reaction in living systems. store and transmit genetic information speed chemical reactions act as short-term energetic molecules form the major framework of biological membranes exhibit various levels of structure function energy storage and structural support used to create steroid molecules like cholesterol
Proteins Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbs Lipids Proteins Carbs Lipids
David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What were the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?
The independent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. The dependent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS.
In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into the hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. In this scenario, the sugar is
a solute
Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?
a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box
The ________ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and set of chemical properties that allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.
active site
________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas ________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy.
active; passive
Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of
an organ system
A plant cell is mutated so ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?
both photosynthesis and respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle the element ________ through the environment. When a plant does photosynthesis, it takes this element from the air and produces sugars. When animals conduct cellular respiration, they break down sugars and exhale a gas that contains this element.
carbon
For each characteristic below, determine if it applies to photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. (You will use one choice 2X) produces carbon dioxide produces sugars used by plant cells used by animal cells produces light energy
cellular respiration photosynthesis only both photosynthesis and cellular respiration cellular respiration only neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration
A worker is paid every two weeks. She uses some of this money to pay for essentials and puts the remainder of her money in a savings account at a bank. The money the worker saves is analogous to the
conversion of ADP and phosphate into ATP
The first law of thermodynamics states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
energy is released and can power cellular activities
Match the following terms with the corresponding characteristic of life. maintaining a relatively constant internal environment genetic material used to transfer information from parent to offspring the smallest living unit a change in the characteristics of a group of organisms over time the way organisms capture, store, and use energy from the environment
homeostasis DNA cell evolution metabolism
When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific
hypothesis
Ross buys a bunch of small, round, red radishes at the grocery store; they are on sale because they have been sitting in the produce aisle for a while. When he gets home he notices their texture is not as crisp and crunchy as he would like. Ross's friend recommends that he refrigerate them in a bowl of water overnight. The next day the radishes are crisp and crunchy again. The most likely explanation of why they became crunchy again after soaking in water is that the water was ________ to the radish cells it contained. So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes ________ the radish cells, ________ the turgor pressure inside of the cells.
hypotonic; into; increasing
Dialysis tubing is a selectively permeable membrane that can be filled with a solution to simulate a cell. A piece of dialysis tubing has been filled with a cloudy white solution of 5 percent starch, 5 percent egg albumin (protein), and 5 percent glucose (a small sugar) dissolved in water to simulate a cell. This simulated cell is weighed and then placed in a beaker of water. After soaking in the water for one hour, the simulated cell is once again weighed. Over time, the weight of the simulated cell can be expected to
increase because the solution in the beaker is hypotonic to the simulated cell and water will enter the simulated cell through osmosis
After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n) ________ in the concentration of ________.
increase; products
a given enzyme
increases the rate of a particular reaction
DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life;
it is the blueprint that guides the growth, development, behavior, and reproduction of all organisms.
For each characteristic below, determine if it applies to the light reactions or the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. (You will use the choices more than once) produces oxygen gas produces sugars uses energy carriers produces energy carriers uses water uses carbon dioxide
light reactions light-independent reactions light-independent reactions light reactions light reactions light-independent reactions
Which of the following events in a cell would require ATP?
linking together amino acids to form a protein
If the mitochondria of a cell did not produce an inner membrane, the mitochondria would be unable to
maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production
in a human cell,
nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
A cell containing a nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, both smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, a large vacuole, and chloroplasts would be an example of a typical ________ cell.
plant
All cells have a ________ that acts as a barrier separating the cellular components from the external environment.
plasma membrane
Examine the figure below. Assume each sugar molecule represents a percentage point of sugar dissolved in the solution. Over time, the solution level on the left side of the figure would ________, while the solution level on the right side of the figure would ________. This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is ________, while the solution on the right side of the figure is ________.
rise; decrease; hypertonic; hypotonic
Cheryl is in a lab attempting to prepare a slide of cow blood for observation in a wet mount. She places a small drop of the blood on a slide, adds a drop of strong saline (salt) solution, and then covers all of it with a coverslip. After returning to her desk, she observes the slide with her microscope and notices that all of the red blood cells (RBCs) do not look like the nice round donut-shaped cells in her lab manual. Instead, the RBCs look very shriveled up. Her lab partner, Derek, has also made a slide, but the RBCs on his slide do look like the ones in the lab manual. Derek used a more dilute solution of saline but the same vial of blood. The most plausible explanation for the appearance of the blood cells on Cheryl's slide is that the
saline she used was hypertonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly out of the cell.
DNA technology can be used with all organisms because they all
share the same chemical DNA structure
The illustration below indicates that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced. An excess of sugars produced fossil fuels like coal and petroleum; this suggests that in the past,
the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration
Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?
they capture energy from sunlight
What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms?
they make their own energy
Match the following cellular structures with their primary function (you may need to use a function more than once). central vacuole nucleus cytoskeleton mitochondrion ribosomes rough ER smooth ER golgi apparatus lysosome plasma membrane cell wall chloroplast
water and solute storage location of DNA internal organization and structural support cellular respiration protein synthesis protein synthesis lipid synthesis tags proteins for movement enzymatic breakdown of large molecules regulate what moves in and out of cell structure and support for cell photosynthesis
