Biology Final exam

15) True or False: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells are very similar to prokaryotes.

True

10) What is the steep and sudden decline in population size as birth rates plummet and death rates soar? a. A population crash b. Demographic momentum c. A "boom and bust" cycle d.Carrying capacity

a. A population crash

13.) Which steps show show speciation in the correct order? a. Reproductive isolation, genetic incompatibility, geographic isolation. b. Geographic isolation, evolutionary changes, reproductive isolation c. Evolutionary changes, geographic isolation, reproductive isolation d. Genetic incompatibility, geographic isolation, evolutionary changes

b. Geographic isolation, evolutionary changes, reproductive isolation

16) Which kingdom would include an organism that is multicellular, relies on other organisms for food, and reproduces by spores? a. Kingdom animalia b. Kingdom fungi c. Kingdom protista d. Kingdom plantae

b. Kingdom fungi

20.) what causes disease tiberculosis? a. GHenetics b. A particular type of virus c. Exposure to polluted air d. A particular type of bacteria

c. Exposure to polluted air

31) True or false: the human population growth rate is higher now than ever before.

False

48) True or false: The "boom and bust" cycles found in animal populations are always caused by weather related factors.

False

50) True or false: scientists agree on the size of the carrying capacity of earth for the human population.

False

35) true or false: Flowering plants in areas of high predation have adapted to produce toxic secondary compounds.

True

40) true or false: global human population growth rates have declined since the 1960's by about 1%.

True

8.) Which variation could be subject to natural selection? a. A hyena born with a spotted fur may hide in the grass better than its littlermates b. A tree is not infested with a ground dwelling beetle when the lower branches are removed c. A dog with short legs due to malnutrition may crawl into holes better than its litermates d. A pigeon learns that when its keeper comes near it will get fed.

a. A hyena born with a spotted fur may hide in the grass better than its littlermates

40.) What is evolution? a. A process that occurs as a result of differences in reproductive fitness b. A process that occured only in the past c. A rare event d. A process that is constantly occuring at the same rate in all organisms

a. A process that occurs as a result of differences in reproductive fitness

11) What type of distribution includes the evenly spaced distribution of apple trees in an orchard? a. A uniform distribution b. No distribution c. A clumped distribution d. A random distribution

a. A uniform distribution

21.) Why might a trait make an organism less likely to survive and reproduce in a different environment? a. Adaptations relate to a particular environment, so fitness decrease in a new environment b. Organisms with trait die because perfection is not achieved in a new environment c. Mutations produced a lethal gene that killed organisms in the new environment d. The trait automatically makes the organisms sterilein the new environment

a. Adaptations relate to a particular environment, so fitness decrease in a new environment

42) which group would be an ecological population of organisms? a. All gray squirrels in a city park b. All plants and animals in a rain forest c. All domesticated animals on a ranch d. All evergreen trees on a tree farm

a. All gray squirrels in a city park

Why might Archaea be more difficult to grow in the lab than bacteria? a. Archaea often grow in unusual environments that would be hard to reproduce in the lad b. Archaea are much smaller than bacteria are are harder to see growing c. Archaea are larger cells and thus take in more food d. Archaea don't usually reproduce in captivity

a. Archaea often grow in unusual environments that would be hard to reproduce in the lad

20) What is the most important role of bacteria in the natural environment a. As decomposers b. As a source of restriction enzymes c. As disease-causing agents d. As fungal control

a. As decomposers

19.) Yellow flowers provide a food source for butterflies that are eventually eaten by birds. Which adaptation would provide an evolutionary advantage? a. Butterflies with yellow colors could match the flower petals b. Butterflies could remain longer in a caterpillar phase c. Butterflies in smaller sizes could hide from birds d. Butterflies could also feed on red flowers

a. Butterflies with yellow colors could match the flower petals

17)What results when a population grows larger than the carrying capacity a. Death rates rise b. The carrying capacity increases c. Birth rates remain stable d. Food become abundant

a. Death rates rise

17.) The oak trees on campus change color at slightly different times in autumn. What is the most likely explanation? a. Different alleles of the gene are responsible for color change b. Natural selection is causing some trees to change c. The weather changes the genes the genes of the oak trees each year d. All the trees have the same genes, but each tree makes different proteins from the genes

a. Different alleles of the gene are responsible for color change

45) Three populations of one wildflower species are found in areas with nearly identical climates. Why would the three populations show different traits when habitat is similar? a. Founder effect in each population as the orginal population spread b. Independent mutations arising in each population c. Sexual selection acting on each population d. A chance event im each population as a original population spread

a. Founder effect in each population as the orginal population spread

48.) How did wallace vontribut to the history of ideas about evolution? a. He proposed a theory of evolution similar to darwin's b. He proposed the idea that earth is very old c. He proposed the their of inheritance of acquired characteristics d. He was the main opponent of darwin's ideas immediately after they were published

a. He proposed a theory of evolution similar to darwin's

36) Which description applies to a population that's exhibiting exponential growth a. It doubles every year b. It has as many individuals being born as are dying c. It will have growth proportional to the current total d. It shows a decreased growth rate over time

a. It doubles every year

5) what problem is associated with using NPP to calculate the carrying capacity for humans a. It fails to consider our need for other resources, such as water, clean air, and fuel b. Humans grow their own food, which isn't a part of the NPP c. It overestimates the effects of humans on the ecosystem d. NPP isn't important when considering the human population

a. It fails to consider our need for other resources, such as water, clean air, and fuel

27.) What circumstances is required for a change in allele frequency in a gene pool? a. The change in allele frequency must occur within different environments b. The change in allele frequency must occur without the presence of predators c. The change in allele frequency must occur within a biological species d. The change in allele frequency must occur within a short time

a. The change in allele frequency must occur within different environments

14) Which population was unaffected by density-dependent factors? a. Norway lemmings b. A bacterial culture with a constant nutrient supply c. Elk in yellowstone national park in the 1990's d. Yeast that ferment grape juice into wine

b. A bacterial culture with a constant nutrient supply

49.) The blueberries found in a typical grocery store have several gene differences compared to the wild blueberries. What has caused this genetic variagtion? a. Genetic engineering b. A change in the environment c. Artifical selection d. Natural selection

b. A change in the environment

22) what form does exponential growth make on a line graph a. A wavy line that eventually straightens b. A j-shaped curve c. An s-shaped curve d. An m-shaped up and down line

b. A j-shaped curve

23.) Which situation is an example of diversifying selection? a. Bees prefer flowers in violet colors that become dominant compared with dark or light blue b. A moth population with white and gray forms lives on trees with light and dark bark. c. Orange fruit is preferred by animals and becomes more common rather than yellow or red. d. Wild cat populations gradually develop spots for camouflage in the dark forests.

b. A moth population with white and gray forms lives on trees with light and dark bark.

32.) How do scientists define the term theory? a. Proven facts that never change b. An explanation of findings supported by repeated testing c. Someone's best guess as to what will happen d. A hypothesis that has not yet been tested

b. An explanation of findings supported by repeated testing

How would scientists define the term theory? a. Someone's best guess as to what will happen b. An explanation of findings supported by repeated testing c. A hypothesis that has not yet been tested d. Proven facts that never change

b. An explanation of findings supported by repeated testing

8) an organism is described that can live in high temperature water. What group would contain this organism a. Animalia kingdom b. Archaea domain c. Protista kingdom d. Bacteria domain

b. Archaea domain

33) How are organisms in domain Archaea similar to organisms in domain Bacteria? a. Both groups thrive in extreme environments b. Both groups have prokaryotic cells c. Both groups are photosynthetic d. Both groups have DNA enclosed in a nucleus

b. Both groups have prokaryotic cells

34) Without traveling to remote areas of the world to protect habitat, we can make choices to reduce habitat destruction and slow the rate of species extinction. What action could you take to reduce habitat destruction caused by mining, drilling, and transport of fossil fuels? a. Only buy products that are sustainably harvested b. Carpool or use public transportation c. Keep the thermostat turned to warmer levels in winter and cooler levels in summer d. Eat lower on the food chain

b. Carpool or use public transportation

26) Salmonella enteritidis, bacteria found mainly in poultry products, causes a food-borne illness that kills 400-600 Americans each year. Rather than give large doses of antibiotics to poultry, some poultry producers infect the intestinal tract of hens with a harmless bacteria, dramatically decreasing S. enteritidis found in the chickens. What biological principle did the producers use? a. Parasitism b. Competitive exclusion c. Predation d. Mutualism

b. Competitive exclusion

23) which sequence lists classification groups in order from most broad to most specific a. Species, phylum, domain, kingdom b. Domain, kingdom, phylum, species c. Kingdom, species, phylum, domain d. Phylum, kingdom, domain, species

b. Domain, kingdom, phylum, species

45) How many global mass extinction occurred prior to the current mass extinction? a. Seven b. Five c. Two d. Zero

b. Five

29) Scientists have used the fossil record to estimate the average length of time that a species inhabits earth. How can this estimate assess the impact on humans in earth's biological diversity? a. It can determine which species might become extinct soon, even if humans aren't involved b. It can estimate how many species extinctions are caused by human activity c. It can help determine how long the human species might survive d. It can assure us that human activity is not the cause of most species extinctions

b. It can estimate how many species extinctions are caused by human activity

47.) Which trait is explained by convergent evolution? a. Tall height in children from tall women in mating with tall women b. Light skin color in many northern populations c. Sickle-cell anemia in areas where malaria is common d. Broad nose shape in humid rain-forest areas

b. Light skin color in many northern populations

46) what pattern of population growth corresponds to the principal of a carrying capacity a. A straight line b. Logistic c. Bell shaped d. J-shaped

b. Logistic

19) which energy source is nonrenewable resource a. Hydrogen fuel cell b. Natural gas c. Wind power d. Solar energy

b. Natural gas

7.) Which plant is the most fit? a. A plant with deep root b. Plant with traits suited to the environment c. Plant with large leaves d. Plats with large flowers

b. Plant with traits suited to the environment

44.) How are populations involved in speciation? a. Interbreeding with other populations must occur b. Population gene pools must become isolated c. Small populations must increase in number d. Large populations must decrease in number

b. Population gene pools must become isolated

47) what evolutionary milestone is shown in the figure? a. Protists evolving into animals b. Prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes c. Algae evolving into plants d. Bacteria evolving into archaea

b. Prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes

41.) Why are some lice able to survive permethrin treatments whereas other cannot survive? a. Exposure to other antilice treatmenst makes lice resistent to all lice treatments. b. Some lice are natrurally resistent due to genetic variation c. Offspring become resistant after parents expose to permethrim d. Some lice will become resistant after exposure to low levels of permethrin

b. Some lice are natrurally resistent due to genetic variation

21) which experiment would not be considered an ecological study a. The effect of a housing development on a spotted salamander population in a vernal pool b. The effect of a hormone on the rate of blood vessel formation c. The effect of a red tide outbreak on sea birds in the area d. The effect of changing availability of acorns on a population of squirrels

b. The effect of a hormone on the rate of blood vessel formation

31.) How would you describe the gene changes shown in this figure? a. The frequency of the fast enzyme allele has decreased. b. The frequency of the fats enzyme allele has increased c. No genes have changed, because all the flies have a gene for alcohol processing d. The number of genes in the population has increased

b. The frequency of the fats enzyme allele has increased

34.) What is a molecular clock? a. The rate at which new species diverge from ancestral species b. The rate at which mutations accumulate in DNA within species c. The rate at which new discoveries are made about gene homology d. The rate at which structures are no longer needed to become small and insignificant

b. The rate at which mutations accumulate in DNA within species

11.) According to the theory of common decent, how should each species of Earth today compare? a. They should not have ancestors in common with members of other species b. They should have a single ancestor in common c. They should look very similar to all other species d. They should have DNA that is most unique from other species.

b. They should have a single ancestor in common

27) Which organism would be most threatened by habitat fragmentation? a. Sheep b. Tiger c. Duck d. Frog

b. Tiger

9.) Which example relates to biological evolution? a. A tree branch is broken off and another grows in its place b. The average woman's dress has increased over the past 50 years c. A moth is the same color as the tree bark its rest upon d. The positions of rock layers are changed by a volcanic eruption

c. A moth is the same color as the tree bark its rest upon

30.) what is an allele? a. A gene that has been changed by natural selection b. A trait that has been influenced by artificial selction c. A particular version of a gene d. A gene that hasn't changed over time

c. A particular version of a gene

25.) Which group is able to evolve? a, An HIV virus that has infected a patient b. Individual cats in a home c. A population of asexually reproducing bacteria d. A rose bush

c. A population of asexually reproducing bacteria

42.) Which scientist also proposed a mechmanism for evolution similair to natural selection. a. Charles Lyell b. John Henslow c. Alfred Russel Wallace d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

c. Alfred Russel Wallace

25) Fossils of ancient organisms are found in deep layers of rock, whereas more recent fossils are found in shallower layers. Which two groups' common ancestor would be found in relatively shallow fossils? a. Fungi and Archaea b. Protists and Bacteria c. Animals and plants d. Plants and protists

c. Animals and plants

37) What free-living organism developed into both mitochondria and chloroplasts? a. Plants b. Protists c. Bacteria d. Animals

c. Bacteria

13) In what way are fungi similar to animals? a. Both produce antibiotics b. Both produce hair like hyphae c. Both take in food from the outside d. Both form embryos when they reproduce

c. Both take in food from the outside

14.) What prevents mules from producing an offspring? a. Embryos die early in developement b. Mules have incompatible sex organs c. Chromosomes cannot pair correctly during mitosis, causing them the be sterile d. All mules are male

c. Chromosomes cannot pair correctly during mitosis, causing them the be sterile

38.) Which taxonomic groupings are in order from broadest to most narrow? a. Kingdoms, species, genus b. Phylum, kingdom, genus c. Class, family, species d. Family, order, class

c. Class, family, species

12) Although the carrying capacity of a population is determined by food availability, what other factor affects the carrying capacity? a. The energy fluctuations of the sun b. The prevalence of war c. Clean air and water d. A woman's choice to not have children

c. Clean air and water

44) Teosinte is a wild grass in mexico from which corn was originally domesticated. How might corn that is grown commercially compare with teosinte? a. Corn is about as genetically diverse as teosinte b. Corn is more genetically diverse than teosinte c. Corn is less genetically diverse than teosinte d. Corn is a threat to teosinte populations

c. Corn is less genetically diverse than teosinte

39.) What information do scientists currently use to determine allele frequencies in a human population? a. Punnett squares b. Physical characterics of fossils c. DNA technology d. Microscopic observations of chromosomes

c. DNA technology

16.) What type of selection is shown in the figure? a. Diversifying Selcdetion b. Disruptive Selection c. Directional Selection d. Stabilizing Selection

c. Directional selection

12.) How did the geologist charles Lyell influence Darwin? a. He provided evidence that Earth was really only about 10,000 years old. b. He charted the currents found off the coast of the Pacific coast of South America c. He suggested the slow, gradual changes shaped the feature of the Earth. d. He proposed a theory about how small islands were formed.

c. He suggested the slow, gradual changes shaped the feature of the Earth.

33.) Drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is a problem. Why does drug resistance appear so rapidly in HIV? a. It's sensitive to antibiotics b. It's sexually transmitted c. It has a high rate of mutation d. It's found in the Blood

c. It has a high rate of mutation

39) Over the past two centuries, how has the growth of human population changed? a. It has leveled off slowly b. It has exhibited "boom and Bust" growth c. It has increased exponentially d. It has increased steadily

c. It has increased exponentially

28.)Which observation is not part of the theory of natural selection? a. All species are descended from a common ancestor b. Individuals in a population vary c. Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support d. Some variation can be passed on to offspring

c. Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support

43) how are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes? a. Prokaryotes have no ribosomes and cannot produce proteins b. Prokaryote have no DNA c. Prokaryote have no nucleus separating the DNA from the rest of the cell d. Prokaryotes cause disease, but eukaryote don't

c. Prokaryote have no nucleus separating the DNA from the rest of the cell

32) Which classification group includes algae? a. Fungi b. Plantae c. Protista d. Archaea

c. Protista

7) Red maple tree seeds are dispersed by the wind. This species of tree can be found in fields, woods, and even wetlands. What type of distribution applies to this example? a. Clumped b. Uniform c. Random d. Normal

c. Random

9) Which factor explains a uniform distribution of individuals in a population a. Soil nutrients available to a species of plant b. Food availability for humans living in a certain geographic area c. Territoriality in a species of bird d. Oxygen levels in a pond, where an oxygen-dependent bacterial species lives

c. Territoriality in a species of bird

5.) Which example shows nonevolutionary change in population? a. After decreases in airborne soot, the most common color of moths changes. b. Plants in dryer climates have faster-growing roots than plants found there 20 years ago. c. The number of people diagnosed with colon cancer has increased. d. Mosquitos that are resistent to insecticide increase in number

c. The number of people diagnosed with colon cancer has increased.

28) What definition describes the background extinction rate? a. The rate of species extinction caused by human activity b. The rate of habitat changes affecting reproduction rates c. The rate of species loss through normal evolutionary process d. The rate of environmental cycles affecting natural selection

c. The rate of species loss through normal evolutionary process

29.) Mutations in human presenilin genes result in higher risk developing early onset ALzheimer's disease. The human penilicin proteins from these genes alter other proteins by cleaving(cutting) them at specific positions. These nematodes do not have a brain and do not get Alzheimer's disease. What function is performed by nematode presenilins? a. They are responsible for transporting proteins to a new locations within the cells b. They are responsible for the development of the central nervous system c. They are responsible for altering other proteins by cleaving them d. They are responsible for the synthesis of new proteins.

c. They are responsible for altering other proteins by cleaving them

46.) What results in populations that change due to genetic drift? a. They havent really undergone evolutionary change yet b. They will change back to their original form due to natural selection c. They have increased increased in allele frequency and evolved d. They will then be subject to strong sexual selection

c. They have increased increased in allele frequency and evolved

37) What is a gene pool? a. Spread of an allele throughout a species' genetic line b. Entire group of genes present in an organism c. Total of alleles found in all individuals of a species d. Hereditary information required for making proteins

c. Total of alleles found in all individuals of a species

41) which statement describes viruses? a. Viruses are living cells that can invade other organisms b. Viruses will die unless they are inside an organism c. Viruses use host cells to make more viruses d. Viruses use energy to perform life functions

c. Viruses use host cells to make more viruses

49) the entire species of north american right whales currently consists of less than 400 individuals through genetic testing, it has been determined that at some point in the past, probably around the time they were first protected in the beginning of the twentieth century, the population had only three reproducing females. All individuals that exist today are thought to be descendants of those females. As a result, why is this species vulnerable? a. Habitat loss b. Deleterious genes c. Low genetic variability d. Increased hunting pressure

c. low genetic variability

1) On august 8, 2005, the temperature in New Haven, Connecticut was 82 degrees F with partly cloudy skies. What term defines this description on New Haven's conditions? a. Climate b. Ecosystem c. Weather d. Biome

c. weather

3) In 2015 how many people were part of the global population a. 7.3 million b. 7.3 billion c. 730 million d. 73 million

b. 7.3 billion

4) Which kingdom would include an organism that is multicellular and makes its own food? a. Kingdom fungi b. Kingdom animalia c. Kingdom Bacteria d. Kingdom Plantae

d. Kingdom Plantae

24) Which organism comprises the largest and bottom base level of the trophic pyramid? a. Secondary consumers ' b. Decomposers c. Primary consumers d. Producers

d. Producers

2.) How would natural selection progress in lice no longer controlled by permethrin? a. Permethrin resistance is common in lice: permethrin is used to kill lice: most lice become sensitive to permethrin. b. Permethrin is used to kill lice; individual lice change to survive exposure to permethrin; most lice become resistant to permethrin. c. A louse population evolves resistance to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice become more common in school children. d. Some lice are resistant to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice resistent to permethrin become most common.

d. Some lice are resistant to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice resistent to permethrin become most common.

35.) Two populations of trout were established from one common population. The southern population of fish now have a slightly different mouth shape that works well in catching prey common in that habitat. The mouth shape in the northern population remained the same as the original population. Why are gene differences found in each population? a. The mutation only appeared in the southern population after it was exposed to the new prey. b. The southern population has additional chromosomes that carry the mouth variation gene. c. The northern population uses asexual reproduction to produce clones of the parents. d. The mouth variation gene is present in the northern population but provides no selection advantage.

d. The mouth variation gene is present in the northern population but provides no selection advantage.

22.) In the figure, what do the branching points of the tree represent? a. Descendants from specific common ancestors b. All the answers are correct c. Species threatened by extinction d. The origin of a new species from an ancestral form

d. The origin of a new species from an ancestral form

26.) What happens when a population of organisms is evolving? a. The population improves b. The population increases c. The population remains static with no change d. The population changes over time

d. The population changes over time

24.) Which observation was most influential to charles darwin? a. The difference between organisms of south american and organisms of Europe b. The wide variety of living things in south america c. The similarity between organisms of south America and organisms of Europe d. The slight differences between organisms on nearby islands.

d. The slight differences between organisms on nearby islands.

15.) How do fossils support the theory of common descent? a. They can easily and precisely be dated by comparing rock layers where they are found b. They contain complete DNA genomes, so they can be compared with modern organisms c. They are found equally all over the world and can explain questions about biology d. They are a record of some intermediate organisms documenting evolutionary processes.

d. They are a record of some intermediate organisms documenting evolutionary processes.

6.) When geographic isolation occurs, what conditions produce the most rapid speciation? a. When one of the two groups becomes extinct b. When the species has a long c. When there is similarity in the food supply of both locations d. When the climate is very different in the two locations

d. When the climate is very different in the two locations

36.) Which taxonic level would contain members that are the most similar? a. Phylum b. Kingdom c. Family d. genus

d. genus

4.) What is the primary source for new, unique genes in a population? a Sexual selection b Artificl selection c Random alignment d mutation

d. mutation

6) an annual death rate of 1.3% in a population would equal 13 deaths per ____ Individuals a. 10,000 b. 100 c. 1,000,000 d. 1,000

d. 1,000

38) what carrying capacity is estimated for earth based on human uses of the net primary production (NPP) a. 40 billion b. 21 billion c. 6.6 billion d. 10.6 billion

d. 10.6 billion

30) what term includes the variety of species in an area of interest a. The ecological niche b. Biomass c. The trophic pyramid d. Biodiversity

d. Biodiversity

18.) Why would the DNA of cats and dogs be more similar than the DNA of cats and hamsters? a. The ancestors of cats and dogs evolves in similar environments b. Cats and dogs have fewer offspring than hamsters for less genetic transfer c. Cats and dogs have lived together with humans for a long time d. Cats and dogs have a more recent common ancestor than cats and hamsters.

d. Cats and dogs have a more recent common ancestor than cats and hamsters.

10.) Why were Darwin's ideas so widely accepted by scientists of his day? a. Darwin's ideas fit well with what most people already understood about evolution b. Darwin was from a rich and powerful family c. He published his book soon after he returned to England, and all his recollections were fresh in his mind. d. Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.

d. Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.

18) What does a completely columnar population pyramid represent? a. Proportionally more young than middle aged or elderly people b. Proportionally more middle aged and elderly than young people c. Proportionally more middle aged than elderly and/or young people d. Equal proportions of young middle-aged and elderly people

d. Equal proportions of young middle-aged and elderly people

3.) What change occurs due to chance events? a. Population bottleneck b. Sexual selection c. Gene flow d. Genetgic drift

d. Genetgic drift

43.) What was Lamarck's idea about how organisms changed? a. He proposed that all organisms were unchanging over time b. He proposed that humans evolved from fish c. He proposed that variations in populations were selected by the environment d. He proposed that body parts changed as a result of extra use or disuse

d. He proposed that body parts changed as a result of extra use or disuse

2) New England Salt marshes experience a greater amount of plant growth in a given area in one year than any other temperate ecosystem, What characteristics do these salt marshes have? a. High biodiversity b. Low net primary productivity(NPP) c. An unlimited carrying capacity d. High NPP

d. High NPP