Biology Final Exam Practice Questions 2019

CHAPTER 5 - What insights were gained into how DNA polymerase (DNAP) works based on the experimental results in Figure 5.1? (select all that apply)

-Primers must contain 3'OH. -DNAP incorporates primers into the growing DNA chains.

The RNA world hypothesis proposes how primitive life began abiotically on earth. What is the RNA world hypothesis? (select all that apply)

-the first enzymes were ribozymes -RNA enzymes can be RNA polymerizes

What is the probability of a couple having a child with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis given one parent is a carrier but the other one is homozygous for the normal allele?

0

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

How does Figure 4.5 support the scientific theory that life began from abiotic processes?

Biologically active amino acids were formed from inorganic salts, heat and electricity.

Which branch point in Figure 6.24 represents the most recent common ancestor of current Africans and current non-Africans?

Branch point B

The more virulent a viruses are correlated positively with large genomes size.

False

Viral genomes can be identified because they are smaller than bacterial genomes

False

The true breeding parental pea plants were all

Homozygous

What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell (see Figure 8.9)?

It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

CHAPTER 10 - The major concept of biology that we are focusing on that is linked to the study of the transformation of energy is

Homeostasis

Figure 7.16 reveals how new membrane tubes are produced inside cells. Which cellular process was revealed by these data?

Membranes are pulled by protein motors on protein tracks.

For many years, Mendel was accused of falsifying his data so that the numbers of progeny more closely fit the expected ratios. What is the correct response to this accusation?

Mendel's pea counts are very close to the expected ratios because he performed hundreds of matings with true breeding plants.

Which of the following statements accurately describes wavy plasma membrane surfaces?

Lipid composition can determine membrane shape and luminal diameter.

Abiotic lipids present on ancient earth would need to form membranes before life could evolve. How could membranes form in the absence of life?

Lipids can form bilayer vesicles spontaneously when suspended in water.

Figure 8.10 contains the first published images of a completely new type of organism called nanobacteria. What was the final conclusion about nanobacteria?

Nanobacteria are not real, they are chemical crystals.

Viruses can have double-stranded RNA genomes.

True

Viruses can maintain internal environments that differ from their external environments.

True

What is the difference between secondary and tertiary protein structure?

Secondary structures come in only two shapes whereas tertiary structures results in many diverse shapes.

CHAPTER 4 - What is the scientific definition for theory?

Validated Understanding

Figure 6.18 provides evidence for which understanding about the origins of these organelles?

The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

What mistake did the investigators make when they discovered E. fishelsoni shown in Figure 8.6?

They mistakenly thought this was a eukaryote rather than a bacterium.

Which of the following is a common example of covalent modulation of a protein?

addition of a phosphate group

According to these experimental results, ________ .

all 3 subunits function in the production of cAMP/

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they ________.

amplify the original signal many times

According to this figure of the dry weight of genetically identical bacterial cells harvested at various times under different conditions, growth rate is

at least partially influenced by the environment.

Which of the following shows the correct order of events in a growing population of eukaryotic cells?

cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, mitosis

What does the green diagonal line indicate in Figure 5.3?

inversion

What is a good working definition for homeostasis?

maintain internal conditions within a range of acceptable extremes

When a stressed vesicle grows at the expense of a relaxed vesicle, a portion of what biologically important mechanism is exhibited?

natural selection

If the number of H+ ions doubles in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 0.3

If the number of H+ ions is reduced to 1/10 the original number of H+ ions in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 1

If the number of H+ ions changes 100-fold in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 2

Imagine a Bird of Paradise jumping around and actively cleaning its"dance" area. The energy that is used to do all of this work is stored in the cell as

electrons in covalent bonds

Which term means deliberate manipulation of data to generate a desired outcome?

falsification

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a migratory animal mating with a new population?

gene flow

What evidence of aneuploidy is present in cancer cell line AB98 shown in Figure 5.5?

he data between diploid and tetraploid

What is the term used to describe the movement of DNA from one species to another?

horizontal gene transfer

ATP is __________ to ADP + inorganic phosphate releasing 32 kj/mole of energy.

hydrolyzed

Based on the data in Figure 6.24, which individual has the largest number of DNA base changes compared to #6 Kikuyu?

#2 San

The amino acid that is phosphorylated by PKA is Serine. Which of the following -R groups will allow for this reaction?

--OH hydroxyl

Which of the following factors affect the accuracy of DNA polymerase? (Select all that apply.)

-Age of Cell -metal ion cofactor

Figure 6.9 provides evidence for which statements related to compacting genomes to fit inside nuclei? (select all that apply)

-DNA is wrapped around "beads" of proteins. -Each bead has about 200 bp wrapped around it. -The more beads there are, the more compact the DNA becomes.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the data to explain the origins of humans from all parts of the earth? Select all that apply.

-Humans evolved once in Africa and then migrated to different parts of the world. -All humans share common African ancestors.

Which statements related to the origins of life are true? Select all that apply.

-Not all enzymes are protein -Some abiotic molecules can self-assemble into cell-like shapes -Complex biological molecules are made abiotically in outer space -Rna molecules can polymerize other RNA molecules.

Which of the following statements reflect the evidence-based understanding of human origins and diversity on earth? Select all that apply.

-There are more genetic differences within a single race than differences between any two races. -The human species originated in Africa only once. -The diversity of humans around the world stems from genetic diversity still found in Africa today. -Human races cannot be defined objectively by DNA or biological features.

Which shared features of chloroplasts and mitochondria support the current explanation of how they evolved? (Select all that apply)

-They both have their own genomes. -The both have double outer membranes.

Figure 7.5 shows the major steps in the response to epinephrine. Which of the following steps shows amplification of the signal? Select all that apply.

-activated receptor activating the G protein -adenylyl cyclase production of cAMP -covalent modulation of phosphorylase kinase -protein kinase A activation

When you respond to fear, the cellular response in your liver cells includes (select all that apply)

-allosteric modulation -signal amplification -covalent modulation -enzyme activation -enzyme inhibition -feedback regulation

In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n = 10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?

20

Approximately how much distance would there be between two molecules if there were 100 inside E. coli?

200 nm

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers, and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of producing plants with white axial flowers?

3/16

When 2 individual plants are crossed that are heterozygous at the trait for smooth/wrinkled seed coats, the probability that the offspring will have the dominant phenotype (smooth) is

75%

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

8

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive sscacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cacti have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cacti have no spines at all. If cacti heterozygous for both traits, SsNn, were allowed to self-pollinate, the offspring would segregate into which of the following phenotype ratios?

9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

Based on data similar to Figure 3.9, Mendel discovered which famous ratios?

9:3:3:1 phenotype ratios

How does Figure 4.8 support the hypothesis that life began from abiotic processes?

A Ribozyme was able to add bases onto pC5 to form longer polymers

Which of the amino acids in the figure above have hydrophilic R groups? Select all that apply.

A, D, B

The catalytic domains of Protein Kinase A use _________ to __________ other proteins.

ATP; phosphorylase

The experiment associated with this figure demonstrated which fundamental trait that resembles living cells?

Abiotic vesicles can grow in size when they consume more fatty acids.

When Mendel's F2 plants shown above were allowed to self pollinate, the wrinkled green seeds produced plants that had

All green and wrinkled seeds

How can an abiotic vesicle store energy in the absence of any proteins?

By flipping protonated fatty acids to inner leaflet

What conclusions are consistent with the data in Table 5.3?

Cd2+ is the most mutagenic ion tested.

What two events must happen before a bacterial cell will divide?

Cells must grow in size and replicate their DNA

Look at the data in Figure 6.21 to determine how multicellularity in algae produced a selective advantage.

Colonial Volvox evolved because it had a selective advantage in growth rate at a particular body size.

CHAPTER 7 and 8 - Which is the following is the most important difference between covalent and allosteric modulation of proteins?

Covalent modulation includes the transfer of functional groups like phosphates to reactive R groups on specific amino acids.

What is the experimental evidence that supports our understanding of how genomes can fit inside tiny nuclei?

DNA wraps around proteins to become compacted.

Figure 4.10 shows the outcome from a directed evolution experiment that started with a ribozyme found in nature. What was the outcome of this experiment?

Directed evolution produced mutated ribozymes that polymerized faster

What evolutionary adaptation lead to the origin of multicellularity as seen in algae?

Division of Labor

CHAPTER 6-What hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes was supported by the data in Figure 6.1?

Eukaryotes evolved from a fusion of archaea and bacteria genomes.

Which statement best summarizes the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes evolved from both Archaea and Eubacteria.

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of natural selection?

Evolution results in a gradual improvement of species.

Since cells are 70% water the rate of diffusion of a molecule is 70% of its rate in pure water.

False

Symbionts will have smaller genomes than free-living organisms.

False

All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes.

False

All bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

False

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by an allele disappearing from a population due to an explosion?

Genetic Drift

Explain why starch is rich in calories for a human, but cellulose is not.

Human enzymes can bind to and break α 1-4 bonds but not β 1-4 bonds.

Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction but not asexual reproduction?

If gametes were diploid, the progeny would be tetraploid and not be the same species as their parents.

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a change in DNA sequence?

Mutation

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

Racial categories are based on subjective assessments and not biological traits.

Which of the following are correct interpretations of the data in Figure 6.26B?

Systemic racism in the US is the best explanation for the data trend for Black mothers from Africa or the Caribbean.

CHAPTER 3 - What is the scientific definition of random? Events that:

The outcome is not knowable but will happen with a predictable frequency

When a vesicle divides in half, which statement reflects the mathematical analysis of spheres?

The total volume of the two smaller vesicles is 2/3 the volume of the larger parental vesicle

What can be concluded from Mendel's data in Table 3.2?

The wrinkled allele is recessive

Stanley Prusiner won a Nobel Prize for his work with prions. What was so unusual about prions?

They are the only infectious substances that lack nucleic acids.

What role do phosphatases play in signal transduction pathways?

They inactivate protein kinases to turn off signal transduction.

A cell typically spends more time in interphase than it does undergoing mitosis.

True

Antibodies are part of your adaptive immune system. Which statement is NOT true about antibody-mediated immunity?

While the amount of antibodies produced remain the same during secondary responses their affinity for the antigen is much greater

Is it possible to know the probability that a fertilization event will occur between 2 heterozygotes?

Yes

Protein kinase is an enzyme that functions in which of the following ways?

activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them

Kinase activity

can either activate or inhibit reactions.

On of the main rules seen in biology is "change in structure- ____________"

change in function

The primary reason cells are small, even in large organisms, is...?

diffusion of cell components would be too slow in a large cell.

Which of the following DNA alterations would produce parallel lines in a dot plot with a sliding window of 9?

duplication of more than 9 bases

Amphiphilic molecules are molecules that are

part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic

FRAP is a method that measures which physical properties of cells?

percent mobile proteins and their rate of movement

Which type of DNA mutation is the most difficult to detect in a dot plot comparison of two alleles?

point mutation or SNP

Which part of the flower functions to recognize pollen from the same species?

stigma