Biology Final Review

When did life first appear on the planet?

3.5 billion years ago

How many nucleotides are required to code for 10 amino acids?

30

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?

Binary fission

What is the chemical equation for glucose?

C6H12O6

Which of the following statements is correct regarding chromosomes?

Chromosomes are strands of DNA, tightly wrapped up, that are located in the nucleus.

What does a gametophyte produce?

Haploid gametes

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The amount of fat does not affect the frequency of the size of cells found in cookies.

false

What is the sex of the person indicated in the photograph?

female

Fern sperm are ________, which is why ferns are dependent on water for reproduction.

flagellated

A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ________.

kuru

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their ________.

length

Gene cloning is used to ________.

produce large quantities of human proteins

HIV has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA when infecting a human immune cell. This type of virus is called a ________.

retrovirus

"Ecology" is best defined as the study of ________.

the interactions between living organisms and their environments

Aquatic biomes are defined primarily by ________.

their salinity

Worms all appear to be closely related but have distinct evolutionary histories, resulting in the classification of worms into ________ phyla.

three

Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy?

trans fat

The xylem primarily transports ________, while the phloem primarily transports ________.

water and minerals; sugars

The genetic code is ________.

what allows codons to be translated into amino acids

What contribution did Charles Lyell make?

He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought.

What separates the strands of DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique?

Heat

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

Helper T cells

How does CO2 enter a plant?

Through the stomata

Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from, how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cell divides?

Via binary fission

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?

Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell

Which of the following infects only plants?

Viroid

The processes of chemical cycling would be studied mainly by ________.

an ecosystem ecologist

The practice of using bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment is called ________.

bioremediation

Using sunflower plants to naturally remove heavy toxins from contaminated soil is an example of ________.

bioremediation

If you were to combine all of the ecosystems on the planet, you would have the ________.

biosphere

Which cellular structure is unique to plant cells?

chloroplasts

The echinoderms are most closely related to the ________.

chordates

DNA plus its associated proteins is called a ________.

chromatin

Genes are located on ________.

chromosomes

Some bacteria have a spherical shape, called ________.

coccus

The first animals evolved from ________.

colonies of protists

The 2+ in Cu2+ tells us that this atom ________.

has two more protons than electrons

All mammals ________.

have mammary glands

A test cross is performed to determine if a specific individual is a carrier. The results generate a 50/50 ratio of phenotypes. The test subject is therefore ________.

heterozygous

A sudden natural catastrophe resulting in massive die-offs would be categorized as a density- ________ limiting factor.

independent

Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve.

individuals; populations

Which nucleic acid acts like an enzyme, stabilizing and orienting different molecules to facilitate the formation of bonds between them?

rRNA

In what way(s) can mRNAs be processed?

All of the above -By splicing the exons (the coding regions) of the mRNAs in different ways -By removing the introns (the noncoding regions) of the mRNAs -By adding caps and tails to the ends of the mRNAs

For what purpose does a plant use the sugars produced during photosynthesis?

All of the above -For cellular respiration to produce ATP -For storage -For making cellulose, which makes the bulk of a plant

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution?

All of the above -Mutations -Natural selection -Genetic drift

At what level is biodiversity often studied and measured?

All of the above -The diversity of species in a community -The diversity of genes in a population -The diversity of ecosystems on the planet

All of the following are abiotic factors within an ecosystem except ________.

All of the above are abiotic factors. -fire -nutrients -energy

What is misleading about commercials that show "scientific proof" that laundry detergent X is better than another leading brand?

All of the above are aspects that are misleading. -We do not know whether the same amount of each detergent was used for washing. -We do not know if everything besides the detergents was the same (machine used, type of stains, etc.). -We are shown only one tee-shirt becoming whiter in each detergent, not 20 tee-shirts in each detergent.

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question(s) ask you to evaluate the pedigree chart shown here in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. According to the pedigree above, who is a not a carrier of albino?

All of the above are carriers of albino -Bill -Brandon -Aaron

What are some challenges land plants face compared to life in the water?

All of the above are challenges faced by land plants. -Obtaining and retaining moisture -Obtaining resources from air and soil instead of from water -Staying upright against the pull of gravity

Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types?

Bacteria cells

What are the two types of symbiotic relationships in plants?

Bacteria in root nodules, fungi in mycorrhizae

What information is used by the ribosome to assemble the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide?

Base sequence of mRNA

The following F1 cross is made: BBGg × Bbgg. Which is not a possible outcome in the F2 generation?

BbGG

Why must mosses live in moist environments?

Because they depend on water to reproduce

Why are gymnosperms no longer restricted to moist environments, as are ferns and mosses?

Because they have a new adaptation, seeds, that allow gametes independence from water

Where does the bond form that binds one strand of DNA to its other strand?

Between the bases

Which is not a method bacteria use to generate new combinations of genes?

Binary fission

What are the charophytes?

Closest living ancestors of the first plants

What is a photosystem?

Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

Why does transcription occur in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes?

DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

Which of the following statements is typically false?

DNA contains the same nucleotides as RNA.

Where are ribosomes located?

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm

Why do pine trees have two different types of cones?

One type produces ovules, the other type produces pollen.

Which processes can be carried out by consumers?

Only cellular respiration

Which genes are responsible for your overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they develop?

Homeotic genes

What specifically separates during meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes

What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution?

How many offspring an individual produces

Alcohol is a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of ________.

O2

Which of the following is a waste product of photosynthesis?

O2

What is typically the first step in the scientific method?

Observation

What are the ecological consequences of acidification of rain and oceans?

They damage the health of ecosystems

While mosses can cover a significant area of land, they are never more than a few centimeters tall. Why do they not grow tall?

They have no vascular system so they cannot transport water over long distances.

Which of the following best describes cnidarians?

They have radial body symmetry, tissues, and stinging cells.

If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?

They lack a nucleus.

Most of our food crops come from angiosperms.

True

Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels To obtain large, flat cookies, one should use more fat in a recipe.

True

There are more helpful types of bacteria on this planet than harmful types.

True

Which is not one of the four atoms that make up the bulk of living organisms?

calcium

Two alleles of the same gene ________.

can be the same or can be different

Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain ________ bonded to other elements.

carbon

Evolution can be best defined as ________.

change in allele frequency in a population

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

comparative anatomy

The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCl. What type of chemical is NaCl?

compound

A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The wolf is a(n) ________.

consumer

The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n) ________.

covalent bonds

The xylem is made from ________.

dead, hollow cells

The long extension of a cell that can propel a cell forward by whipping back and forth (such as human sperm) is called a ________.

flagellum

What is the reproductive organ of angiosperms?

flowers

Water is the least dense when it ________.

freezes

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ________.

genetics

A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the organism's entire genome is called a ________.

genomic library

Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds.

hydrogen

The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller individual subunits involves multiple ________.

hydrolysis reactions

All lipids are ________.

hydrophobic

Fungi are made of bundles of threadlike ________.

hyphae

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." Your statement, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms," is called a(n) ________.

hypothesis

Final protein refinements, storage, and packaging occurs ________.

in the Golgi apparatus

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. Answer the following question regarding these creatures' relationships. The bird-rhino relationship is an example of ________.

mutualism

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?

no

Abiotic factors are ________.

nonliving components of an ecosystem

Being a heterotroph means ________.

obtaining your food by eating other organisms

The signal transduction pathway allows ________.

one cell to regulate the gene expression of another cell

Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?

saturated fats

A biome characterized by warm, fairly dry climate that primarily contains grasses with scattered, isolated trees is a ________.

savanna

The type of mutation that alters the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from that gene is called ________ mutation.

silent

Beginning with an atom and working up to the entire planet, biologists view life as arranged from ________.

small and simple to large and complex

Gastropods are the most numerous group of mollusks and include the ________.

snails and slugs

All ecosystems need energy. What is the originating source for most of the energy that powers ecosystems on this planet?

solar energy

Species diversity is highest when ________.

species richness is high and relative abundance is evenly distributed

The tall ferns that we typically see in the tropics and temperate woodlands are the ________.

sporophytes

The male part of the flower is the ________.

stamen

The pollen tube grows from the ________ to the ________, where it eventually fertilizes the egg.

stigma; ovule

If a cell had a damaged central vacuole, it would have difficulty performing what function?

storing water

Name the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

stroma

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________.

survive and reproduce

The responsible management (use and conservation) of the earth's resources indefinitely is called ________.

sustainable development

Substances are often packaged into small ________ for transport, either through the membrane or throughout the interior of the cell.

vesicles

An infectious circular piece of RNA that can infect plants is called a ________.

viroid

Would a human clone have a bellybutton?

yes

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Which variable is the dependent variable?

yield

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." You conduct the experiment and gather the data presented in the figure below. Given the results, you can say that ________.

your hypothesis is supported

Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called a(n) ________.

zygote

When one cell goes through cell division, it produces ________.

two identical cells

If genes are described as "sex linked," then they are ________.

typically on the X chromosome

Cancer is ________.

uncontrolled cell growth

The offspring produced via sexual reproduction are genetically ________ to the parents.

unique

How many of the animal phyla include single-celled animals?

0

In a dihybrid cross involving two autosomal traits on different chromosomes in which the parentals are purebred for the opposite forms of both traits, how many of the offspring would be expected to be homozygous recessive for both traits?

1 out of 16

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question(s) ask you to evaluate the pedigree chart shown here in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. What was the probability that Deirdre and Geoff's first child would express the albino trait?

1/2

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." You decide to test the effects of Echinacea on 100 people who are experiencing similar cold symptoms. Which of the following groups would represent an appropriate control in your experiment?

100 sick people given tablets similar to Echinacea but with no herb

If a cell had 12 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis II, how many would each daughter cell have after the completion of meiosis II?

12

Which number represents the atomic weight of oxygen?

16

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of GENOTYPES of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

1:2:1

How many layers of phospholipids make up the plasma membrane?

2

When did the first eukaryotic cell form?

2.1 billion years ago

Imagine you were the manager of a national park with cheetahs. The cheetahs feed primarily on gazelles, while the gazelles eat grass. It takes an acre of grassland to feed one gazelle, and it takes ten gazelles to feed one cheetah. You have a maximum of ten cheetahs when the system is functioning optimally. You would like to increase the cheetah population because people pay money to see the cheetahs. How much grassland do you need to double the cheetah population supported by this grassland?

200 acres

How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father?

23

If a human diploid cell and a human haploid cell somehow managed to fuse together and not lose any of the chromosomes, how many sets of chromosomes would be inside the newly formed cell?

3

The PCR technique doubles the amount of DNA in a sample in each cycle. If you started the PCR technique with two fragments of double-stranded DNA, calculate how many double-stranded DNA fragments you would you have after four cycles.

32

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of PHENOTYPES of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

3:1

What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?

4

Approximately when did the earth's crust solidify?

4 billion years ago

How many chromosomes would be found in the karyotype of a Down syndrome female?

47

Predict how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from the mitochondrial "burning" of one molecule of glucose?

6

How many neutrons are in a typical oxygen atom?

8

The typical oxygen atom is described in the periodic table by the accompanying box. How many protons are in a typical oxygen atom?

8

While the maximum number of electrons required to fill the outermost shell of an atom varies depending on the size of the atom, almost all of the smaller atoms (atomic numbers 2-20) are considered stable (nonreactive) when they contain ________ electron(s) in the outermost shell.

8

Most animals fall into one of how many phyla?

9

How many chromosomes would a typical human cell have after mitosis but before cytokinesis?

92

Human white blood cells are often multinucleated (in other words, have more than one nucleus). How many chromosomes would be present in a white blood cell with two nuclei?

92

How much of your DNA is identical to that of another person of the same sex?

99.5%

Which protist group includes members with plantlike traits such as chloroplasts and multicellularity?

Algae

Which of the following is evidence for evolution?

All are evidence for evolution -Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides -Cells with common features and chemically similar DNA -Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A current trend among professional baseball players is to wear braided titanium necklaces. The titanium reportedly regulates the flow of energy through the body. The player wearing the necklace then improves strength, tires less, and recovers more quickly. Which of the following would be the strongest evidence for or against the necklace's effectiveness?

A bar graph comparing batting averages of the players who wear the official titanium necklace and those who were unknowingly wearing a fake titanium necklace

What does the term theory mean to a scientist?

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments

What is the smallest unit of life?

A cell Submit

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it?

A colleague (Alfred Wallace) was about to publish a similar manuscript.

What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?

A community includes interacting populations without their surrounding environment, while an ecosystem includes the surrounding environment.

What is the basic structure of typical dietary fats?

A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails

What do sharks have in common with goldfish?

A lateral line system

Use the following graph to answer the following question. What type of graph is this?

A line graph

What is a "benign" tumor?

A mass of cells that grows out of control but remains at the site of origin

What is a fruit?

A mature ovary

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." If you give 100 sick people tablets similar to Echinacea but with no herb, what kind of control would this be?

A negative control

Choose the pencil that has the lowest potential energy.

A pencil laying on the ground

What is a karyotype?

A picture of all the chromosomes in one person's cell

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary source?

A primary source is the original material published by the scientists, whereas a secondary source is a description of the original material.

What causes the furrow during cleavage?

A ring of contractile protein fibers pinches the cell in two.

Which of the following is not a primate?

All are primates.

A homozygous milk chocolate Easter bunny is crossed with a homozygous dark chocolate Easter bunny. Assuming dark chocolate is dominant over milk chocolate and the traits segregate according to Mendelian genetics, which traits will the offspring express?

All dark

What is recombinant DNA?

A segment of DNA containing sequences from two different sources

What is a phospholipid?

A special kind of lipid with a water-loving head and 2 water-fearing tails

Which statement best describes active transport?

A substance goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, and this requires energy.

What is a tuber?

A sugar storage structure of a plant

What category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future?

A threatened species

Which property or properties of life does a virus possess?

A virus has order.

Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?

ATP

Organize the following steps of the light reaction in order.

Absorb sunlight, split water to release electron, produce oxygen as a by-product, capture energy in ATP and NADPH

Imagine you were able to travel back in time to any place you wanted to witness the evolution of humans. Answer the following question related to your journeys. On which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of Homo sapiens?

Africa

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA and RNA?

All of the above are correct. -DNA is double stranded, and RNA is a single strand. -They each contain a slightly different sugar molecule. -They are found in different locations in the cell. -One of the bases is different.

Fire can move, grow, reproduce, use energy, consume oxygen, and interact with its environment. Why is it not alive?

All of the above are correct. -It does not pass on genes for traits to its offspring. -It does not have cells. -It does not consist of complex, well-ordered structures.

The eastern meadowlark and the western meadowlark are two bird species that look very similar to each other. Why do biologists not consider them the same species?

All of the above are correct. -The two species experience the reproductive barrier of habitat isolation. -Species are not determined by appearance but by their ability to interbreed naturally. -The two species do not live in the same habitat and thus do not interbreed in nature.

Which of the following is not an example of goods and services provided by the environment?

All of the above are examples of goods and services provided by the environment.-The control of erosion-Water treatment-Raw materials for goods we use every day, such as wood

Which of the following features are used to identify chordates?

All of the above are features used to identify chordates. -A hollow nerve cord -A tail during embryonic development -A notochord

Which of the following is not a form of passive transport?

All of the above are forms of passive transport -Osmosis -Facilitated diffusion -Diffusion

Which of the following is a fungus?

All of the above are fungi Yeast used to make bread -Mushrooms -Truffles

Although freshwater biomes cover less than 1% of the Earth's surface, they are important because ________.

All of the above are reasons why freshwater biomes are important. -they are the source of our irrigation for agriculture -they are home to lots of species -we depend on them for drinking water

Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment?

All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment. -They break down dead organisms in the soil and recycle nutrients. -They remove pollutants from the environment. -They are used to water in sewage treatment facilities

Which of the following can carry out photosynthesis?

All of the above can carry out photosynthesis -plants -bacteria -seaweeds

Which of the following processes does not generate genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

All of the processes above generate genetic variation -Independent assortment -Crossing over -Random fertilization

Which of the following are considered to be fossils?

All of these -Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone -Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber -Mineralized bones

What is a gene?

All of these and more are part of the expanding definition of a gene. -A discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides -A section of DNA that codes for a portion of a protein -A section of DNA that codes for one or more proteins

Although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait?

All of these are distinctive amphibian traits. -Skin is smooth with no scales, feathers, or hair. -Respiration occurs through the skin. -Juveniles have gills, adults have lungs.

Which of the following do not get infected by viruses?

All of these can be infected by viruses. -bacteria -animals -plants

What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid?

All of these happen. -he amino acid chain folds incorrectly. -The protein can no longer function properly. -The protein has a new shape.

To which group do orangutans belong?

Anthropoid apes

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.

Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What does "transfer RNA" actually transfer?

Amino acids

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2 gas) into ammonium (NH4). Why is this conversion important for life on Earth?

Ammonium is a very important plant nutrient.

Identify the biotic factor of an ecosystem among the following options.

Amount of moss available to the consumers

What is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?

Amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, while reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land.

What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs?

An asteroid impact

What is a trace element?

An element that is required in miniscule amounts for life

What is ATP?

An energy molecule

Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane?

Animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells

Serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum?

Annelids

What defines radial symmetry?

Any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organism splits it into equal halves.

Which arthropod subgroup includes the spiders?

Arachnids

Halophiles are a type of ________.

Archaea

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions?

Archaea

Which of the following statements is correct regarding archaea cells?

Archaea cells are often found in extreme environments.

Which arrow would be most closely related to kinetic energy?

Arrow A, the tongue extending

Since energy cannot be created, which arrow represents the energy that will be converted to chemical energy the chameleon can later use?

Arrow B, the insect being eaten

What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?

Asexual species cannot be distinguished using this concept.

When does the cell plate form during cell division?

At the completion of plant cell mitosis

All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?

Atmospheric CO2 taken in by photosynthesis

All living things need nitrogen. How does nitrogen enter the living portion of an ecosystem?

Atmospheric N2 taken in by soil bacteria

Which of the following is not an example of an abiotic factor?

Bacteria

What is the term used to describe relatively small areas with unusually high concentrations of species found there and nowhere else, including many species in high risk of extinction? These areas receive the focus of global conservation efforts.

Biodiversity hot spot

What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?

Biogeography

What type of mutation leads to a frameshift in the reading of DNA?

Both insertions and deletions Submit

What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?

Both of these -Crossing over -Independent assortment

What can a human population's age pyramid tell you about current and future needs?

Both of these -How many workers will be needed to support retirees -How many schools to build or to close down

Which process requires DNA to undergo duplication before it can proceed?

Both of these -meiosis -mitosis

How do buffers minimize change in the pH of biological systems?

Both of these -By donating H+ ions when there is a shortage -By absorbing H+ ions when there is an excess

The following question(s) relate to the data table below, showing typical fluctuating pH and dissolved oxygen levels in a fish pond with a heavy concentration of algae over a 24-hour period. What is a possible reason for oxygen to be so low by the end of the night?

Both of these explain the low level of oxygen -Fish consume oxygen during the night, and oxygen starts to run out by dawn. -Algae produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis mostly during the day, and not at night.

Which processes can be carried out by producers?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

How does ATP release energy that can be used by living cells?

By breaking a bond within an ATP molecule

If a fungicide was applied near a plant, how might it kill the plant?

By killing the fungus associated with the plant's roots

How does an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases increase global temperatures?

By preventing some of the heat from escaping the planet's surface

How does a plant's cuticle allow it to live on land?

By preventing water loss

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

By the fusion of hyphae from two different fungi

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected

Identify the reactants in the following chemical reaction: C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

C10H8 and 12 O2

If the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the mRNA?

CGGUAAUG

Which is the dominant greenhouse gas leading to global warming?

CO2

Which process produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3GP)?

Calvin cycle

Based on the suffix, a molecule of "maltose" is most likely what type of macromolecule?

Carbohydrate

Which of the following classes of large organic molecules includes table sugar?

Carbohydrates

What are the four classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

Cellulose

Name the part of the chromosome indicated by the arrow.

Centromere

Which of the following best defines microevolution?

Changes in genes within a population over time

Of the biomes listed, which is best adapted to seasonal fires?

Chaparral

Which of the following is human's closest living relative?

Chimpanzees

Plastids are storage organelles. A chloroplast is a type of plastid. What does a chloroplast store?

Chlorophyll

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?

Chloroplasts

Which theorem states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist?

Competitive exclusion principle

Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells?

Conjugation

Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Based on the table above, which cookies were the moistest?

Cookies with the least fat

Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Based on the table above, which type of cookie was the heaviest?

Cookies with the least fat

Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Based on the table above, which of the following statements is not correct?

Cookies with the most fat were the cookies that were not only the thickest but also the largest in diameter.

A cloned mammal is made by a similar technique as the one used to produce transgenic animals, except the entire genome is replaced instead of a single gene. This is accomplished by removing the DNA from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, replacing it with DNA from a normal body cell of a mature animal, and then implanting that cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a normal embryo. Answer the following question regarding a clone. Of whom is the baby a clone?

DNA donor

How is DNA linked to the production of proteins?

DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins

Which enzyme is responsible for adding complementary DNA bases to an exposed DNA strand?

DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements is correct regarding DNA and RNA?

DNA remains in the nucleus at all times; RNA is produced in the nucleus but then leaves the nucleus.

What do the letters D-N-A stand for?

Deoxy-ribonucleic-acid

In which tissue system of plants would you expect to find the guard cells?

Dermal tissue system

What are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves?

Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems

A current trend among professional baseball players is wearing braided titanium necklaces. The titanium reportedly regulates the flow of energy through the body. The player wearing the necklace then improves strength, tires less, and recovers more quickly. If you were to evaluate these claims using the scientific method, what would be the first step?

Develop a hypothesis

What causes the annual growth rings of trees?

Different growth rates at different times of the year

The following question(s) relate to the data table below, showing typical fluctuating pH and dissolved oxygen levels in a fish pond with a heavy concentration of algae over a 24-hour period. You are investigating a massive fish kill in one of the shallow lakes in the area. Lab reports show no toxins in the water, but a monitoring station reported these oxygen and pH values. Based on the table above, what, if any, is the relationship between oxygen and pH?

Direct relationship: when one increases, the other also increases

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

Domain

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

Domain Eukarya

When would chromatin be the most tightly coiled?

During cell division

When is cell-to-cell communication particularly important in regulating gene expression?

During embryonic development

A college campus-including the students, birds, trees, sidewalks, and air-makes up one complete ________.

Ecosystem

Which of the following is the correct organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest, in the hierarchical order of life? (Some levels have been omitted, so you are looking for the correct order.)

Ecosystem → Community → Population → Organ → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Atom

Why is one side of a single water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive?

Electron pairs are unevenly shared between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms.

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?

Electron transport chain

Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?

Electron transport chain

How could an embryonic stem cell be used to repair a severed spine?

Embryonic stem cells can grow into any other cell type, including a nerve cell.

Which of the following is not located in the nucleus?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?

Endospore

Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?

Eutherians

Assuming it doesn't die unexpectedly, how often would you need to replant an annual plant?

Every year

What is the name of the model of maximum rate of population growth?

Exponential

What is the main cause of cancer?

Exposure to carcinogens in the environment

Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?

Extinct species

If your grandparents were in the F1 generation, what generation are you in?

F3

Evaluate this statement: Cholesterol is a type of lipid, and thus all cholesterol lipids are bad for human health.

False, because some types cholesterol increase heart disease, but other types are necessary, especially in the plasma membrane.

Which grouping immediately follows Order in the classification hierarchy?

Family

A cloned mammal is made by removing the DNA from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, replacing it with DNA from a cell of a mature animal, and then implanting that cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a regular embryo. Answer the following question(s) regarding a clone. Will the clone typically be sterile or fertile?

Fertile

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Which variable is the independent variable?

Fertilizer amount

What are the steps toward multicellularity, in the correct order?

First a colony of protists forms, then some protists start to specialize in specific tasks, and finally some cells become gametes. Submit

Which plant group is the largest with the most number of living species?

Flowering plants

Which is not a characteristic of the gymnosperms?

Flowers

Which is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?

Flowers

What does the term biogenesis mean?

Formation of life from nonliving materials

How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose?

From the air

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?

From the inward folding of the plasma membrane

What type of cells do not undergo mitosis?

Gametes

What term describes the failure of one species' sperm to fertilize the egg of a different species?

Gametic incompatibility

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates ________.

Genetically identical bacteria

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?

Genus

Which of the following represents a simple sugar (also called monosaccharides)?

Glucose

Identify the stage (or stages) of cellular respiration that occurs entirely outside of the mitochondria.

Glycolysis

Identify the stage of cellular respiration when glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Glycolysis

Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin?

Graduated model

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll?

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts.

What are the main causes of biodiversity loss?

Habitat destruction, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change

Which of the following most often should lead to allopatric speciation?

Habitat isolation

Fungi spores are haploid; what distinguishes haploid spores?

Haploid spores have a single set of chromosomes, half the number of chromosomes of diploid organisms.

Which one of the following is a defining characteristic of animals but not of plants?

Heterotrophic

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?

Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.

DNA helicase breaks which type of bond in the DNA molecule?

Hydrogen bonds

Where do you expect to find thermophiles?

In hot environments

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

In the cytoplasm only

Where would you expect to find methanogens?

In the digestive tract of cows

Where does cellular respiration occur?

In the mitochondria

Where would a coral reef most likely be found?

In the oceanic photic zone

Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use?

In the roots

Where would you find the double-stranded HIV DNA in an infected cell?

Incorporated directly into the host cell's chromosome

Which arthropod subgroup includes those with six legs?

Insects

What defines a population in evolution?

Interbreeding members of the same species

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

Interphase

How does AZT fight AIDS?

It blocks the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA.

What might be the advantage to a cell if it assimilated a photosynthetic bacterium rather than digesting it?

It could now use sunlight to make its food.

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

It energizes electrons.

Which of the following statements about heat is false?

It is a highly organized form of energy.

Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.

It is a waste product in the light reactions.

How does a scientist get the corrected version of a gene into the cells of a gene therapy patient?

It is delivered with a modified virus.

Identify the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.

It is split to become incorporated into sugars.

Identify the role of water in photosynthesis.

It is the initial electron releaser when split.

Why is an estuary considered an intermediate biome?

It is the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater biomes.

What is the definition of endocytosis?

It is the transport of large molecules INTO the cell.

What is the role of the ribosome in protein production?

It is where proteins are made.

Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science?

It is wrong that male lions kill baby lions when taking over a new pride.

What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?

It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP.

The cytoskeleton has several primary functions. The first and most obvious is it acts as an interior skeleton that supports the rest of the cell. What is another function of the cytoskeleton?

It provides a series of tracks along which vesicles can move throughout the cell.

A recent commercial advertised for a wristband that claimed to restore health and balance by taking advantage of natural frequencies of your biofield. It supports its claim by showing several people first struggling to balance without the wristband and then balancing fine with the wristband. Why should you be skeptical of the claims made in this ad?

It was not a controlled experiment.

How would the cDNA created in the lab compare to the original DNA?

It would be shorter because it only represents the genes that were transcribed in the cell at the time.

When I say a flower is "purple," what have I described?

Its phenotype

Which group of fishes evolved first?

Jawless fishes

The following question relate to the following data table of typical fluctuating pH and dissolved oxygen levels in a fish pond with a heavy concentration of algae over a 24-hour period. Upon closer examination, the fish appeared to have died from a lack of oxygen. What time of day did the fish most likely die?

Just before dawn

What type of species, if removed from the community, could lead to the collapse of the entire community?

Keystone species

What is the name of the syndrome that produces the XXY combination of sex chromosomes?

Klinefelter syndrome

Which is most closely related to the hagfish?

Lamprey

How is life defined?

Life is defined through a set of shared characteristics that all living things display.

What characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?

Lives on land, has four limbs

Which growth model would you expect to see in a stable population?

Logistic

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell?

Lytic cycle

You want to know whether cookies made with unbleached flour taste better than cookies made with bleached flour; which of the following has the strongest experimental design to test this question?

Make two batches of cookies, one with bleached flour and one with unbleached flour; twenty tasters try both types without knowing which ones they are eating and rank which type they like best.

There have been several mass extinctions in the planet's history, such as the extinction of the dinosaurs, but the current mass extinction is different. Greater numbers of species are now going extinct faster than ever before. Also unique to the current mass extinction is the cause. What is causing the current mass extinction?

Man's direct activities

Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true?

Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?

Marsupials

What produces four daughter cells?

Meiosis

What produces genetically unique daughter cells?

Meiosis

When does crossing over occur?

Meiosis I

In which region of the plant are you most likely to find cells dividing by mitosis?

Meristem region

What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?

Metabolism

What harvests energy from food molecules to make ATP?

Mitochondria

A zygote (i.e., a fertilized egg) undergoes development to grow. What mechanism is used to generate more cells?

Mitosis

Which type of angiosperm typically has parallel leaf veins and a fibrous root system?

Monocot

What are the main steps of biogenesis, in the correct order?

Monomers, Polymers, self-replicating molecules, first cells

Which of the following is not made from long chains of glucose?

Monosaccharides

Which began first?

Multicellular life in the ocean

What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon?

Mutation

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question(s) ask you to evaluate the pedigree chart shown here in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. What is Dawn's genotype?

NN or Nn

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?

Natural selection

Which of the following represents a double-blind study?

Neither the test group nor the researchers know whether the test group is receiving a placebo or the actual treatment until all the data are collected.

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question(s) ask you to evaluate the pedigree chart shown here in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. What is Bill's genotype?

Nn

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question(s) ask you to evaluate the pedigree chart shown here in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. What is Geoff's genotype?

Nn

Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Based on the table above, which of the following statements is correct?

No information is provided on the table regarding the effects of sugar on cookies, so only conclusions regarding the effects of fat can be drawn.

Is most of our DNA made up of genes?

No, genes make up only 1.5% of our DNA. Submit

Is a virus alive?

No, it does not possess all of the requirements for life.

Do only plants have vacuoles?

No, other organisms, such as certain types of fungi and protists, have vacuoles that serve different functions.

Do all cells of the body express the same genes?

No, since they don't all need to make the same proteins

Can the PCR technique be used to copy an entire chromosome all at once?

No, the PCR machine can only copy fragments of DNA.

Is the number of chromosomes in each cell of an organism a good indicator of the complexity of that organism?

No, the number of chromosomes does not indicate how complex an organism is.

Are all fungi prokaryotes?

No, they are all eukaryotes.

Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?

Nonbranching evolution

What leads to an individual having too many or two few chromosomes?

Nondisjunction

What do sponges and cnidarians have in common?

None of the above

What is the role of chloroplasts in animals?

None, as animals do not have chloroplasts

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during mitosis?

Nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes line up, chromosomes split, nuclear membrane forms

What is the monomer of the DNA molecule?

Nucleotide

How long did it take in the history of life on Earth to go from the first prokaryotic cells to the first eukaryotic cells?

Over a billion years

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

Overproduction and limited resources

What is the most common element in your body?

Oxygen

What are carcinogens?

Physical or chemical factors that can lead to mutations causing cancer

Assuming incomplete dominance, if a homozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring?

Pink

Not all plants have seeds. What advantage do seeds provide a plant?

Plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction.

Water "beads up" on synthetic fabric like polyester but binds to cotton. What is the most likely explanation for this?

Polyester is nonpolar, whereas cotton is polar.

Which of the following processes generates a continuum (spectrum) of varying phenotypes?

Polygenic inheritance

Which body form of the cnidarians is sessile?

Polyp

What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

"There are 628 squirrels living on campus." I have just described the ________.

Population

If you were to put some water in a bucket and left it in your backyard, the water level would rise and fall over time with the weather. The data here represents data collected from a bucket that was initially filled to the halfway mark with water. The water depth was measured on the first of the month for two years. Although the water never completely dried up, it also never overflowed during this time. Answer the next three questions based on the data. Which statement explains the general upwards trend of the data over the two-year time period?

Precipitation exceeded evaporation

Many of the organic molecules associated with life can be created spontaneously under certain conditions. What do these conditions resemble?

Primordial Earth

What is the role of mitochondria in plants?

Produce ATP

Which was first on the planet, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes

All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.

Prokaryotes are in two different domains

Which of the following statements is correct?

Prokaryotic cells evolved a lot earlier (over a billion years) than eukaryotic cells.

Which of the following is not a modification to the mRNA?

Promoter binding

What is the function of a fish's operculum?

Protects the gills

How does a cell typically know when to divide?

Proto-oncogenes code for growth factor proteins that initiate cell division.

By what means do the amoebas move?

Pseudopodia

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance?

RNA

What passes through the nuclear pores?

RNA

If DNA directs the production of RNA, what does RNA make?

RNA makes proteins.

Predict what would happen as the entropy of a system approached 100%.

Randomness would become maximized.

What is a major role that fungi play in ecosystems?

Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

What is the main role of membrane proteins?

Regulate the passage of materials in and out of the cell

What should one do if the results of the experiment consistently do not support the original hypothesis?

Reject the original hypothesis and formulate a new hypothesis

What is the name of the enzyme that builds cDNA out of mRNA?

Reverse transcriptase Submit

Which is the correct pathway of a protein through a cell as it is being made?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle, Golgi apparatus

Which phylum is most closely related to the arthropods?

Roundworms

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called ________.

Salmonella

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?

Seeds

If mitosis makes somatic cells, what does meiosis make?

Sex cells

What are attached at the centromere?

Sister chromatids

What specifically separates during meiosis II?

Sister chromatids

What specifically separates during mitosis?

Sister chromatids

Skin is sometimes referred to as the largest organ of the body. Why is skin considered to be an organ and not a tissue or some other structure?

Skin consists of multiple tissue types that cooperate to perform a specific task.

Which chordate trait evolved first?

Skull and backbone

What are plasmids?

Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria

Which statement is true regarding bacteria?

Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans.

Which would most likely pass unaided through a plasma membrane?

Something small and nonpolar, such as nitrogen gas

Ferns often have small bumps called sori arranged in rows on their undersides. What are these structures?

Spore capsules

Which statement related to gymnosperm reproduction is true?

Spores produce pollen grains which contain sperm.

Which stage of photosynthesis, if any, can function in the dark?

Stage 2 (the Calvin cycle)

What role does lignin play in a plant's adaptation to life on land?

Strengthens the cell wall to allow plants to stand up straight and tall

The purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ________.

Sugar

Which reaction represents cellular respiration?

Sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Which reaction represents cellular respiration?

Sugar + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide+ Water + ATP

If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant?

Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots.

Certain parasites, such as intestinal tapeworms, cannot survive outside of the host. Why are they still considered alive?

Survival outside of a host is not a requirement for life.

According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

TCCGAAT

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow?

Taxonomy

Prior to the publication of Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

That species were permanent and unchanging

Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following question. According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?

The Asiatic black bear

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack?

The ability to reproduce on their own

Which of the following phyla is the most diverse and numerous?

The arthropods

What is different from one DNA nucleotide to the next?

The base

Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following question. According to the phylogenetic tree above, which bear is most closely related to the sun bear?

The brown bear

What is the definition of energy?

The capacity to do work

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?

The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible.

A needle can be made to "float" on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?

The cohesion of water molecules to each other

Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What defines a geological time period known as an era?

The distinct life-forms that were present

What molecule(s) link the light reactions (stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle (stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

The electron shuttles (ATP and NADPH)

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of bryophyte not seen in the other plant groups?

The gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte.

What does it mean when we say a gene is "turned off"?

The gene cannot be transcribed and translated into a protein.

Why can a person who is unable to produce insulin be successfully treated with insulin derived from genetically modified bacteria?

The gene that produces insulin in humans was inserted into the bacteria where it continues to produce human insulin.

Yeast is used to produce beer and wine but can also make bread rise. All of these processes involve the production of alcohol. Explain why you can eat bread and not get drunk.

The heat of cooking bakes out the alcohol.

Human birth rate peaked in the 1980s and has been slowly declining ever since. How is this expected to affect our population size over the next several decades?

The human population size will continue to increase, but not as fast as before.

What is different between two alleles of the same gene?

The information they carry. For example, one allele might carry the information for blue eye pigment, while the other carries the information for brown eye pigment.

Define Mendel's law of independent assortment.

The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another character.

Many, though not all, mollusks have a shell. What secretes the shell?

The mantle

Many medical studies include a control group in which patients receive a medically ineffective treatment that resembles the treatment tested. What do we call the ineffective treatment?

The placebo

Many medical studies show that patients who receive a treatment feel better even if the treatment was an ineffective sugar pill. What is this phenomenon called?

The placebo effect

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

The population

What is radiometric dating?

The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes

What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction?

The reaction will proceed more quickly.

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population. Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover?

The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.

To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein's shape?

The sequence of amino acids Submit

What is cytokinesis?

The stage of the cell cycle after the cell has divided its DNA and during which the cytoplasm gets divided Submit

Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet.

The sun

Why does yogurt taste sharp?

The taste is from the lactic acid it contains, and acids taste sharp.

Which of the following represents a blind study?

The test group does not know whether they are receiving a placebo or the actual treatment, but the researchers do

If you were to put some water in a bucket and left it in your backyard, the water level would rise and fall over time with the weather. The data here represents data collected from a bucket that was initially filled to the halfway mark with water. The water depth was measured on the first of the month for two years. Although the water never completely dried up, it also never overflowed during this time. Answer the next three questions based on the data. What is the most likely expectation during the third year?

The water will overflow the bucket or nearly so.

Compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water?

Their eggs do not have an amnion which prevents them from drying out.

Three of the following statements are correct. Identify the statement that is not correct regarding genetically modified organisms.

There are no risks associated with GM crops.

What happened during the Cambrian explosion?

There was a rapid diversification of animal forms.

Why are roots essential for terrestrial plants?

They absorb water and minerals needed for growth.

What is the role of the histone proteins of the chromatin?

They act as a spool around which the DNA is wrapped.

Which of the following best describes sponges?

They are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move.

Which of the following best describes mollusks?

They are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body sometimes covered with a shell.

Explain how molecules other than glucose can be used as energy sources.

They are modified first and then enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose.

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be a "weak hybrid"?

They are sterile.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria share something with the nucleus that the other organelles do not. What is this shared characteristic?

They are the only organelles that contain DNA.

What characteristic do plants, algae, and some bacteria have in common that is not shared with fungi or animals?

They can do photosynthesis.

Where do the molecules used as the inputs of the Calvin cycles (ATP and NADPH) come from?

They come from the light reactions.

What does it mean when we say, "This scientific study was published in a peer-reviewed journal"?

This study was evaluated by qualified and impartial experts before being published.

What is the main purpose of flowers?

To attract pollinators

Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.

To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars

Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.

To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

What is the main function of the nucleus?

To hold all of the DNA

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

To produce ATP

What is the role of primers in the PCR techniques?

To target specific areas of DNA

Which process results in the creation of mRNA?

Transcription

Which of the following statements is true?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes are directly associated with which process?

Translation

All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems.

True

Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?

Two layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within

How is translation initiated?

Two ribosomal subunits bind to the mRNA transcript.

If the codon is AAA, what is the complementary anticodon?

UUU

What is the main function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

Unzipping the DNA double helix

What is the main by-product of cellular respiration?

Water

Where do the electrons that are excited by the energy in sunlight first come from?

Water

Which of the following best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy = Sugar + Oxygen

How might the removal of a wetland affect a nearby city?

Wetlands reduce flooding.

When might a frameshift or nonsense mutation not result in a completely defective protein?

When the mutation occurs in one of the very last codons

How do bony fish regulate buoyancy?

With an air-filled swim bladder

Barr bodies are associated with ________.

X chromosome inactivation

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Is the study presented above a controlled experiment?

Yes, because only the amount of fertilizer was changed, everything else was kept the same.

Can energy be harvested by the cells from glucose without oxygen?

Yes, but much less than with oxygen.

Can one gene make different proteins?

Yes, by splicing the resulting mRNA differently (i.e., removing different exons)

Are there ways to prevent cancer?

Yes, there are many ways cancer can be prevented, including through a healthy diet and exercise.

Were there any eukaryotic cells on Earth 1.5 billion years ago?

Yes, they first appear in the fossil record around 2 billion years ago

Imagine you were able to travel back in time to any place you wanted to witness the evolution of humans. Answer the following question(s) related to your journeys. If you traveled back in time and met a living hominin, which clues might tell you that your new friend was in the genus Australopithecus and not Homo?

You had traveled 3.5 million years into the past.

What might happen to your red blood cells if you were suddenly unable to regulate the solute concentration of your blood and it began to rise?

Your blood cells would shrivel because water would move out of the cells via osmosis.

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.

a common ancestor and all its descendants

An age pyramid with a broad base that quickly slopes up to a narrow top would be indicative of ________.

a developing nation

A population consists of ________.

a group of interacting individuals of one species

Pathogen is ________.

a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans

Environmentalism is ________.

a philosophical and social movement concerned with preserving the environment

All vertebrates have ________.

a skull and a backbone

The edible portion of the mushroom is the ________.

above-ground reproductive structure

Something with a pH of 5 would be ________.

acidic

Which form of transport requires the expenditure of energy?

active transport

Albinism is a recessive disorder in which the skin and hair fail to produce pigment. The following question ask you to evaluate the following pedigree chart in which "N" is the allele for normal pigmentation and "n" is the allele for albinism. The shaded circles for Deirdre and Shannon represent the only individuals expressing the disorder. What is Deirdre's phenotype?

albino

Flatworms are most closely related to the ________.

annelids

Identify the prokaryotic organism?

bacteria

Use the following graph to answer the following question. Regardless of the amount of fat contained in cookies, the most common cell size in a cookie was ________.

between 280 and 500 μm

The main hypothesis about the origin of the first living organisms is called ________.

biogenesis

Comparing DNA and protein sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

bioinformatics

Ecology is a science that can be carried out by ________.

both A and B -learning via discovery -having hypotheses that are then tested

The distribution of terrestrial biomes on Earth depends mostly on ________.

both temperature and rainfall

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population. Certain traits will have been lost from the gene pool forever. Some may be obvious, like people with red hair or double jointed thumbs. Others will be less obvious, like the ability to process cholesterol or being allergic to peanuts. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called ________.

bottleneck effect

The building of a large organic molecule from small subunits involves multiple ________.

dehydration synthesis reactions

We use energy in many ways. Describe one thing we cannot do to energy.

destroy it

Somatic cells are ________.

diploid (2n)

Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species, is known as ________.

discovery science

Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following is not a typical function of proteins?

energy storage

Organic molecules that end in the suffix "-ase" often function as ________ molecules.

enzymatic

What is the unifying or "core" theme of biology?

evolution

All protists are unicellular organisms.

false

Ecology and environmentalism are the same scientific discipline.

false

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.

inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

The use of multiple forms of pest control including biological, chemical, and the planting of pest-resistant crops is a strategy commonly called ________.

integrated pest management

The Asian kudzu bug (Megacopta cribaria) arrived in Atlanta in 2009 and is quickly spreading across the South. In addition to eating kudzu, it also eats soybeans and can decimate entire crops. The kudzu bug is a type of ________ species.

invasive

If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ________.

ion

The scientific method ________.

is a rough recipe for answering questions, but the steps need not be performed in the same order as outlined

In an atom, the number of neutrons determines most specifically the ________.

isotope

If you were looking at a cell under a powerful microscope, what would tell you that it is a eukaryotic cell?

it has a nucleus

Respiration is called aerobic because ________.

it requires oxygen

An organism is considered truly multicellular when ________.

its cells cannot survive on their own

Genes located near one another on the same chromosome are often inherited together. These are called ________.

linked genes

An ecosystem is a collection of all the ________ in a given area.

living and nonliving things

The older fossils are typically found in the ________ sediments.

lower

Which cellular structure is unique to animal cells?

lysosome

Which organelle functions to break down and recycle large molecules?

lysosome

The tendency of toxins to accumulate in top predators is called biological ________.

magnification

Is an individual with the XXY combination of chromosomes anatomically male or female?

male

Recessive disorders related to genes found on the X chromosome but not on the Y are more commonly expressed in ________.

males

The spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to sites distant in the body is called ________.

metastasis

Select the cellular structure that can be found in both plant and animal cells.

mitochondria

Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of ________.

mitosis

Some restaurants serve seafood platters that contain oysters, mussels, and clams. Such platters therefore consist of ________.

mollusks

If you were to put some water in a bucket and left it in your backyard, the water level would rise and fall over time with the weather. The data here represents data collected from a bucket that was initially filled to the halfway mark with water. The water depth was measured on the first of the month for two years. Although the water never completely dried up, it also never overflowed during this time. Answer the next three questions based on the data. Which month was the wettest? (Remember that the readings are taken at the first of each month.)

month 15

Sponges are found ________.

mostly in seawater

A community in ecology is defined as ________.

organisms from multiple species interacting in the same place

The passive transport of water is specifically called ________.

osmosis

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. Answer the following question regarding these creatures' relationships. The tick-rhino relationship is an example of ________.

parasitism

What kind of bond joins amino acids together to form a protein?

peptide bond

Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________.

phages

The small circular molecules of DNA commonly found in bacteria are called ________.

plasmids

Which cellular structure is unique to prokaryotic organisms?

plasmids

The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________.

plate tectonics

Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam.

potential

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. Answer the following question regarding these creatures' relationships. The bird-tick relationship is an example of ________.

predator-prey

The buildup of soil on bare rock by the decomposition of early colonizers is characteristic of ________ succession.

primary

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is the ________.

prion

A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The grass is a ________.

producer

Phytoplankton is an example of a(n) ________.

producer

Enzymes are a type of ________.

protein

What is the most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals?

protist

The rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the ________ model of evolution.

punctuated equilibrium

During a chemical reaction, atoms are ________.

rearranged

Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical properties of the atom.

the number of electrons

Terrestrial biomes are defined in a large part by ________.

the plants that live there

Which structure selectively regulates the transport of substances into and out of a plant cell?

the plasma membrane

A dispersion pattern refers to ________.

the spacing of organism throughout a habitat

The bulk of a plant is made from ________.

the sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide

The majority of the elements essential to life are found in what part of the periodic table?

the top third

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) ________.

theory

A controlled experiment is one in which ________.

there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.

these two species are very closely related

Oil hydrogenation can produce a product, such as vegetable shortening or margarine, that is spreadable at room temperature because of an unusual bond that does not occur naturally. What is the name of this category of lipid?

trans fat

Genetically modified organisms that acquire genes from a different species are called ________ organisms.

transgenic

Aquatic biomes cover most of the Earth's surface.

true

Birds are a type of reptile.

true

Humans are more related to fungi than to plants.

true

Roundworms are more closely related to arthropods than to flatworms.

true

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The cookies with the least amount of fat had more cells around 500 μm in size than did the cookies with the most amount of fat.

true

How many domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

two

DNA profiling relies on an individual's ________, no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins.

unique set of short tandem repeats within DNA

Most chordates are ________.

vertebrates