Biology final study
Metaphase of mitosis
A
A zygote
A)
Which of the following diagrams best represents hormone-activated gene expression?
A) Steroid hormone
Metaphase 1
B
The figure above shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle?
B) The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.
To evaluate the reliability of the results, it would be best to know which of the following?
B) The number of males in each sample
Anaphase 1
C
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
C) Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
Which genotype is not a result of nondisjunction?
D) XX
During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
a) A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
The process of cohesion is responsible for:
a) plants pulling water up from their roots
How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis
c) C4 plants are more efficient CO2 fixers
MTOC's migrate to opposite poles
d) prophase
The investigation is aimed at understanding how molecular size affects movement through a membrane. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?
A)
An organism has 3 independently assorted traits AaBbCc. What is the fraction of its gametes will contain a recessive gene abc?
B) 1/8
The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?
B) To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell
The FtsZ protein is present in prokaryotes and in chloroplasts. The protein is structurally and functionally similar to tubulin proteins of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following is a likely conclusion to draw from this information?
C) Tubulin genes are evolutionarily derived from the gene that codes for the FtsZ protein
From the cross CCSS x ccss, what is the probability of having an offspring that is CcSs?
E) 1
Which of the following are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a) ribosomes
A particular polypeptide contains 90 amino acids. When the polypeptide is completely hydrolyzed, how many water molecules must be added during this process.
c) 89
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S squared, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S cubed, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?
A) 10
Which of the following occurs in all species of living organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic variation?
a) Mutations in the genome
According to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degrees C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?
a) The mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees C
Chromosomes begin migrating to opposite poles
anaphase
The very acid pH in the stomach causes all of the following except:
b) emulsification of fats
Living cells typically have biosynthetic pathways to synthesize at least some of the amino acids used in making proteins. Some strains of E. coli, a prokaryote, can synthesize the amino acid tryptophan, while other E. coli strains cannot. Similarly, some strains of the yeast S. cerevisiae, a eukaryote, can synthesize tryptophan, while other S. cerevisiae strains cannot. Which of the following describes the most likely source of genetic variation found in the tryptophan synthesis pathways of both species?
d) Errors in DNA replication lead to genetic variation.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis, as represented in Figure 1. PFK can be allosterically inhibited by ATP at high concentrations. Which of the following is the benefit of regulating glycolysis by the concentration of ATP?
A) Glycolysis proceeds when the intracellular concentration of ATP is low, which provides ATP to drive cellular reactions.
The California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) is a small marine fish that lives in shallow waters near the ocean shore. Grunions swim as far onto the beach as possible to mate and lay their eggs (spawn). A researcher proposes that the spawning behavior takes place when the nighttime tides are highest during the month. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the researcher's claim?
A) Grunion spawning occurs every two weeks during the spawning season.
Which of the following is an independent variable in the investigation?
A) Year in which the sample was collected
Which of the following best describes the role of mitosis in the cell cycle?
A) distributing replicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei
... Relatively few test cross offspring have the same phenotype as the F1 offspring. Which of the following best explains the observation?
A)recombination between the leaf-shape and flower-color genes resulted in chromosomes carrying a dominant allele of both genes
From the cross CcSs x CcSs, what is the probability of having an offspring that is CcSs?
B) 1/16
Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence?
B) Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?
B) Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?
The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the lake over several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their natural habitat. Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms in the lake?
B) Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from cells to the environment.
Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
B) The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.
In an experiment, a scientist isolates mitochondria from living cells and suspends them in two different buffered solutions. One solution is maintained at pH 4, while the other solution is maintained at pH 9. The scientist finds that mitochondria in the solution at pH 4 continue to produce ATP but those in the pH 9 solution do not. The results of the experiment can be used as evidence in support of which of the following scientific claims about mitochondrial activity?
C) ATP production in mitochondria requires a hydrogen ion gradient that favors movement of protons into the mitochondrial matrix.
A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?
C) Lysosomes
flower color and pod shapes are
C) different chromosomes
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
Which of the following is true of glycogen, starch, and cellulose?
C) polysaccharides
From the cross CcSs x CcSs, what is the probability of having an offspring that is normal for both traits?
D) 9/16
Which of the following groups of cellular componets are found in all eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic?
D) An ER, mitochondria, and a nucleus.
Based on the model of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation shown in the figure, which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the production of the mitotic cyclin?
D) The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and the cell would stop dividing.
Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele?
D) The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.
A sample of human blood was placed in a test tube containing a physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). This type of solution is often used intravenously to quickly rehydrate patients. A drop of the blood from the test tube was placed on a slide and red blood cells (RBCs) were observed under a microscope. Three possible outcomes are diagrammed below. Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?
D) View 3 because the sodium-potassium pumps in the RBC membranes use energy to keep the sodium out but allow water to freely flow into the cells
The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction
Does the addition of the enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?
Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol
Which of the following is an ethical question about Tay-Sachs disease that cannot be answered using scientific methods?
Should genetic testing be required before individuals in subpopulation 1 are advised to not have children?
The rate of oxygen consumption in germinating pea seeds at 26ºC is
a) 0.05 mL / min
Which of the following descriptions of photosynthesis best explains the results of the experiment?
a) Availability of electrons for transfer to DCPIP depends on light energy.
the figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions?
a) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?
Water in a pond contaminated with the weed killer atrazine is suspected of inhibiting metamorphosis in northern leopard frogs. A team of scientists collected fertilized northern leopard frog eggs from a different pond that is not contaminated. Which of the following is the best experimental design to determine whether atrazine is responsible for inhibiting metamorphosis in northern leopard frogs?
a) Place half of the fertilized eggs in a pool of water with the same concentration of atrazine as the contaminated pond and place the other half of the fertilized eggs in a pool of water that has no atrazine. Monitor the development of the embryos through metamorphosis into adulthood.
Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same pH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen?
a) The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen.
A culture of Spirogyra (an autotrophic alga) is maintained in a water solution containing dissolved carbon dioxide and a source of phosphates but lacking nitrogen compounds. A researcher determines the rates of synthesis of several organic compounds found in the Spirogyra before and after several weeks in the water solution. Which of the following graphs best illustrates a likely result of the experiment?
b
The processes illustrated in the models depicted above all result in which of the following?
b) An increase in genetic variation
The relative location of four genes on a chromosome can be mapped from the following data on crossover frequencies Genes Frequency of Crossover B and D 5% C and A 15% A and B 30% C and B 45% C and D 50%
b) CABD
Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?
b) Comparing the observed results for sample 2 and sample 3
The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
b) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released
A feature of amino acids not found in carbohydrates is the presence of:
b) Nitrogen
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
b) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Which of the following scientific questions could be investigated using a similar experimental setup?
b) What wavelength of light best activates electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?
A colony of termites was exposed to an atmosphere of 100 percent oxygen for three days. The insects were not immediately harmed by the treatment, but the protozoa that lived in the termites' guts were eliminated. The treated termites continued to behave normally and to eat wood, but they began to starve after a short time. When the treated termites were instead fed wood contaminated with the feces of untreated termites, the treated termites regained the ability to digest wood and no longer starved. The best analysis of the results of the experiment is that
b) cooperative interactions between the termites and the protozoa allow termites to extract energy from wood to survive
Cytokinesis begins
b) telophase
A gamete
c
The graph above shows changes in glucagon and insulin secretions at different concentrations of blood glucose. Which of the following feedback mechanisms is best supported by the data?
c) A low glucose level causes the release of glucagon, which stimulates the release of more glucose from tissues, which in turn lowers the amount of glucagon being released.
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen. The graph below shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen
c) At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has
If an additional sample containing the chloroplast/DCPIP solution was placed at a distance of 90 cm from the lamp, which of the following predictions would be most consistent with the experimental results?
c) The change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of the other samples
If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the:
c) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells
According to the data, the crickets at 25 degrees C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10 degrees C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their
c) mode of internal temperature regulation
A solution with a pH of 10 is how many times more basic than a solution with a pH of 8?
d) 100
The figure above shows a model of a ligand precursor being cleaved to produce an active ligand that binds to a specific receptor. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the binding of the active ligand to its receptor?
d) A mutation in the receptor gene that causes a substitution of a charged amino acid for a nonpolar amino acid in the ligand binding site of the receptor
The equation above shows one of the reversible reactions that occur in blood. After exercise, an athlete's blood pH has dropped below the normal level. How will normal blood pH be restored?
d) An increase in breathing rate will lead to a decrease in blood CO2 and H+ concentration.
The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?
d) During meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?
d) In pea seeds an increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen consumption.
Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental results?
d) Light from a lamp can substitute for sunlight in stimulating chloroplast processes.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be a serious threat to human health. There is evidence that S. aureus infections are common in hospitals and that MRSA have become resistant to other antibiotics besides methicillin. This suggests that the rapid evolution of resistance in the bacteria poses a serious public-health challenge. Which of the following best explains the ability of MRSA to evade existing drug therapies?
d) MRSA exchange genetic material with other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can spread resistance in the S. aureus population.
Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele?
d) The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.
Which of the following is true of salts?
d) act as electrolytes
Which of the following is not a way of regulating enzymes?
d) all are ways of regulating an enzyme
Both glucose and fructose share the same chemical formula but are different compounds. This is an example of:
d) none of these
All of the following organic compounds contain a hydroxyl functional group EXCEPT:
d) triglyceride
chromosomes replicate
e) interphase
Polar covalent molecules
share electrons unequally