BIOLOGY FINAL updated

69) Fishes have a two-chambered heart, a single atrium, and a single ventricle.

TRUE

Which species is least likely to become extinct?

A mammal species that can live equally well on dry land and in fresh water

54) Sexual reproduction produces individuals that are always genetically identical to the parents.

FALSE

47) Which of the following is responsible for stimulating the release of pancreatic juice into the small intestine? A) Ghrelin B) Cholecystokinin C) Gastrin D) Leptin E) Pepsin

B) Cholecystokinin

55) In most environments, two or more organisms occupy identical niches.

FALSE

58) The epididymis functions solely to store sperm.

FALSE

71) Human fingertips have the same number of touch receptors per square inch as the skin of the back.

FALSE

69) A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga. 69)

TRUE

56) Which of the following passageways delivers air directly into each lung? A) Larynx B) Pharynx C) Bronchiole D) Trachea E) Bronchus

E) Bronchus

17) If a field contains approximately 1,000 kilocalories of energy in grass, which is eaten by crickets, which are eaten by birds, then approximately how many kilocalories of energy could be in the birds that live in this field? A) 1,000 B) 900 C) 90 D) 100 E) 10

E) 10

41) After ejaculation, sperm live approximately ________ in the female reproductive tract. A) 1 month B) 2 weeks C) 24 hours D) 1 week E) 2 to 4 days

E) 2 to 4 days

78) Neurosecretory cells connect the hypothalamus directly to the posterior pituitary.

TRUE

78) Organisms that have the greatest reproductive success are considered the most evolutionarily fit.

TRUE

gametic incompatibility is an example of

a post-mating isolating mechanism

Two species of snails are physically unable to mate. This is an example of

mechanical incompatibility

83) A bird comes in a range of phenotypes, from white through gray to black. Disruptive selection favors the gray phenotype.

FALSE

The great Dane and the Chihuahua are both domestic dogs (the same species), but mating between them is limited because of

mechanical incompatibility

77) Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease because the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

TRUE

78) HIV weakens a person's ability to fight off other infections by infecting and destroying helper T cells.

TRUE

78) Living in a social group increases the risk of contracting an infectious disease.

TRUE

78) The control centers for breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate are located in the medulla.

TRUE

79) Increased levels of stress and trauma may enhance the release of cortisol.

TRUE

79) Many climatologists blame the recent extremes in weather on global warning.

TRUE

80) Emotions and the responses to emotions are controlled by the limbic system.

TRUE

80) Longevity in animals appears to be most related to their cells' ability to repair damage to their own

TRUE

80) Natural selection causes genetic changes in populations.

TRUE

80) The queen in a naked mole rat colony is the only female allowed to breed.

TRUE

80) Viruses are known to cause certain cancers.

TRUE

81) A neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable feelings is dopamine

TRUE

81) Suckling is an innate behavior in mammals.

TRUE

82) GABA is a neurotransmitter in the brain that can be affected by alcohol use.

TRUE

82) Mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland, such as aldosterone, regulate salt metabolism.

TRUE

83) The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine in response to stress or exercise.

TRUE

Organisms from two separate species can look anatomically similar

TRUE

Polyploidy is an important mechanism of speciation in plants

TRUE

Premating isolation mechanisms occur when two species have different and incompatible mating behaviors.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

TRUE

biological series concept cannot be applied to

extinct organisms

in northern Minnesota, the lynx (Lynx Canadensis) habitat overlaps the bobcat (Lynx rufus) habitat. The two can breed and produce healthy, fertile offspring, which could lead to

extinction of one or both species

Populations that were once considered separate species are sometimes reassigned to the same species because

it was discovered that they can produce viable and fertile offspring

69) During an erection, blood pressure in the penis is decreased.

FALSE

69) Territoriality increases aggression.

FALSE

69) The composition of glomerular filtrate is almost identical to that of urine.

FALSE

77) Barrier methods of contraception protect individuals from STDs.

FALSE

77) Deforestation decreases the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

FALSE

77) Genetic drift is more common in large populations than in small populations.

FALSE

77) Living in a social group decreases the odds of finding a mate.

FALSE

78) Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas.

FALSE

78) Maternal blood and fetal blood are mixed in the placenta.

FALSE

78) The contraceptive patch prevents pregnancy by killing sperm.

FALSE

79) HIV may be transmitted from one individual to another by holding hands.

FALSE

63) How many taste buds are on the human tongue? A) 5,000 B) 50 C) 500 D) 5 E) 5,000,000

A) 5,000

79) The function of honeybee queens is to bring nectar back to the hive.

FALSE

27) Fleas on a dog are an example of

B) parasites.

37) Plasma is primarily A) gases. B) water. C) protein. D) salt. E) cells.

B) water.

79) The hippocampus is responsible for processing sensory stimuli.

FALSE

33) How many semicircular canals are in the inner ear of the right ear? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

C) Three

68) Dominance hierarchies minimize aggression in social animals.

TRUE

66) Earthworms utilize Malpighian tubules to conserve water and excrete cellular wastes.

FALSE

66) In paracrine communication, paracrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

FALSE

66) The primary consumers in marine food chains are phytoplankton.

FALSE

67) Detritus feeders remove nutrients from the food chain.

FALSE

67) Flatworms have simple kidneys consisting of tubular structures called nephridia.

FALSE

67) In all symbiotic relationships, both species involved benefit from the association. 67)

FALSE

67) Only mammals produce hormones.

FALSE

68) Cartilage is well supplied with blood vessels. e

FALSE

30) Which of these neurotransmitters, released by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, helps prepare the body for energetic activity? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Dopamine E) Endorphin

A) Norepinephrine

59) Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian lung? A) The pharynx B) Alveoli C) The trachea D) Bronchioles E) Bronchi

B) Alveoli

68) In a mutualistic relationship, one species benefits and the other is harmed. 68)

FALSE

68) The increased levels of estrogen from the maturing follicle cause a decrease in GnRH levels.

FALSE

61) Suppose a population of mostly sand-colored crabs migrates from a sand beach to a pebble beach and evolves a darker, speckled coloration that closely resembles the pebble beach. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) genetic drift.

A) directional selection.

33) What will occur if a morula divides into three masses of cells? A) Normal identical triplets will be born. B) The resulting embryos will develop severe birth defects due to missing genes. C) Three distinctly different embryos will develop, depending on which homeoboxes went with which mass of cells. D) The resulting embryos will develop, but they may be missing some organs based on which germ layers were transferred with each section. E) The resulting embryos will die.

A) Normal identical triplets will be born.

48) Which of the following triggers the release of calcium from bones? A) Parathyroid hormone B) Insulin C) Calcitonin D) Prolactin E) Oxytocin

A) Parathyroid hormone

19) When walking your male dog, you notice that he urinates on every vertical object in his path. His urine is used to "mark" his territory and serves as a chemical signal to other dogs. What does the urine contain? A) Pheromones B) Hormones C) Releasers D) Apomones

A) Pheromones

53) Which hormone prepares the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilized egg? A) Progesterone B) Oxytocin C) Insulin D) Luteinizing hormone (LH) E) FSH

A) Progesterone

53) Which of these hormones stimulates the production of milk? A) Prolactin B) Progesterone C) Oxytocin D) Estrogen E) Colostrum

A) Prolactin

23) Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects? A) Gills of a fish B) Bronchi of a human C) Body surface of a flatworm D) Skin of an earthworm

B) Bronchi of a human

8) Receptor potentials are ________ the strength of the stimulus. A) directly proportional to B) inversely proportional to C) unrelated to D) much greater than E) the same regardless of

A) directly proportional to

69) The stronger the stimulus, the larger the action potential.

FALSE

42) In a certain species of salmon, some adult males are extremely large whereas other adult males are very small, compared to the females. There are no intermediate-sized adult males in the population. This is probably the result of A) disruptive selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) directional selection. D) artificial selection.

A) disruptive selection.

51) If you eat a meal that is high in sugar, which hormone will stimulate your cells to remove the sugar from your blood? A) Glucagon B) Insulin C) Glycogen D) Glucocorticoids E) Thyroxine

B) Insulin

69) Yolk sacs are found only in animals with shelled eggs.

FALSE

55) Your friend has trouble distinguishing the color red from the color green. You explain that he is color-deficient because his eyes A) do not have the photopigments stimulated by red or green light. B) were damaged by bright sunlight. C) are too elongated or have a cornea that is too round. D) have larger blind spots than normal. E) have rods but no cones.

A) do not have the photopigments stimulated by red or green light.

43) Foraging honeybees communicate the location of a source of food by A) doing a specific waggle dance. B) releasing pheromones. C) using a unique verbal language. D) creating noises with their wings. E) flying around the location.

A) doing a specific waggle dance.

47) Oogenesis begins A) during embryonic development. B) at puberty. C) after the sperm and egg merge. D) at around day 14 of each menstrual cycle. E) after copulation.

A) during embryonic development.

62) The activity of which of the following digestive enzymes will be affected by the regular consumption of antacids following a meal? A) Sucrase B) Pepsin C) Cellulase D) Amylase E) Lipase

B) Pepsin

18) Natural killer cells prevent viral infection by A) enzymatically destroying virus-infected cells. B) ingesting the viruses and digesting them. C) phagocytizing cells that are infected with a virus. D) secreting proteins that punch holes in viral plasma membranes.

A) enzymatically destroying virus-infected cells.

55) The recent appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is an example of A) evolution by natural selection. B) the action of memory cells. C) natural immunity. D) inflammation.

A) evolution by natural selection.

56) It is possible to remove calcium from compact bone by soaking the bone in vinegar for an extended period of time. Once the calcium is gone, the bone should be A) extremely flexible. B) completely dissolved. C) about half the size as before soaking. D) more rigid and inflexible.

A) extremely flexible

18) The intensity of a stimulus is indicated by the ________ of action potentials. A) frequency B) intensity C) loss D) speed E) duration

A) frequency

12) Which type of receptor signals that your stomach is full after a big meal? A) Thermoreceptor B) Chemoreceptor C) Photoreceptor D) Mechanoreceptor

D) Mechanoreceptor

39) Children who are pituitary dwarfs can now grow to normal height because of A) genetically engineered production of growth hormone by bacteria. B) pituitary transplants. C) genetic repair before birth. D) large supplies of growth hormone from dead animals. E) the invention of synthetic growth hormone.

A) genetically engineered production of growth hormone by bacteria.

17) In fishes, blood leaving the heart goes directly to the A) gills. B) brain. C) swimming muscles. D) kidney.

A) gills.

70) At a joint, the end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the bone that moves is known as the origin.

FALSE

49) The last 7 months of pregnancy are devoted to A) growth. B) formation of tissue layers. C) formation of major organs. D) organization of organs into organ systems. E) formation of the brain.

A) growth.

17) The malleus is also called the A) hammer. B) cochlea. C) pinna. D) anvil. E) stirrup.

A) hammer.

79) Sea stars prey on clams. Clam fishermen used to cut up sea stars and throw the parts back into the ocean in order to protect the clam beds they fished. Within months, the beds were crawling with even more sea stars, and there were almost no clams. Why, in hindsight, was cutting up the sea stars not such a good idea? A) Sea stars have the ability to regenerate new individuals from body parts. B) This allowed the sea stars to reproduce parthenogenetically. C) Cutting up sea stars stimulates spawning of sea stars in the immediate vicinity. D) This allowed sea stars to spawn more easily. E) Sea stars do not eat clams.

A) Sea stars have the ability to regenerate new individuals from body parts.

31) While walking barefoot along the beach, you step on a shard of glass and reflexively lift your injured foot. Which path did the reflex to lift your foot take? A) Sensory nerve → spinal cord → motor nerve → effector B) Motor nerve → sensory nerve → spinal cord → brain C) Sensory nerve → spinal cord → brain → spinal cord → motor nerve → effector D) Sensory nerve → motor nerve → spinal cord → brain E) Motor nerve → spinal cord → brain → spinal cord → sensory nerve → effector

A) Sensory nerve → spinal cord → motor nerve → effector

14) A population carries two alleles for a trait in which T is dominant and t is recessive. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 represents the A) proportion of homozygous dominant individuals. B) decrease in heterozygous individuals. C) proportion of homozygous recessive individuals. D) increase in homozygous individuals. E) proportion of heterozygous individuals.

A) proportion of homozygous dominant individuals.

41) White blood cells A) protect the body from microbes. B) carry oxygen in blood. C) clot blood. D) are formed in the spleen.

A) protect the body from microbes.

70) Humans are able to synthesize all the vitamins they need.

FALSE

33) Antibodies are A) protein molecules. B) amino acid molecules. C) produced by T cells. D) derived from vitamins. E) carbohydrate molecules.

A) protein molecules.

70) Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. 70)

FALSE

53) The vaginal ring A) releases hormones that prevent ovulation. B) prevents STDs. C) blocks sperm from reaching the egg. D) kills sperm. E) decreases testosterone production.

A) releases hormones that prevent ovulation.

70) Macronutrients are elements or small molecules that are needed in only trace amounts.

FALSE

45) In an area with nitrogen-poor soil, legumes often dominate over other plants because they A) have unique access to the large atmospheric pool of nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic bacteria. B) do not need nitrogen at all. C) inhibit the growth of denitrifying bacteria around their roots, thus keeping more nitrate in the soil. D) obtain supplemental nitrogen by trapping insects and other prey. E) have long taproots that can extract nitrogen from deeper down in the soil.

A) have unique access to the large atmospheric pool of nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic bacteria.

70) Platelets are large cells that aid in blood clotting.

FALSE

70) The glomerulus, like all other capillary beds, empties into a venule.

FALSE

47) The head of a giraffe is 5 meters above its heart. Compared to humans, giraffes have A) higher systolic blood pressure. B) veins of smaller diameter. C) less blood volume. D) lower systolic blood pressure.

A) higher systolic blood pressure.

71) A keystone species is the most numerous species in an ecosystem.

FALSE

20) All of the following statements regarding proteins are true EXCEPT A) humans can synthesize all of the amino acids needed to make proteins. B) some act as receptors on cell membranes. C) most enzymes are proteins. D) kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency. E) they are the primary components of muscle, connective tissue, nails, and hair.

A) humans can synthesize all of the amino acids needed to make proteins.

16) The funnel-like chamber of the kidney that collects urine is called the A) renal pelvis. B) renal medulla. C) glomerulus. D) renal cortex. E) smooth muscle.

A) renal pelvis.

36) Female peafowl (peahens) prefer to breed with males (peacocks) that have the longest tails. However, the longer the peacock's tail, the less well he can fly and the more likely he is to be eaten by predators. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Sexual selection favors longer tails, but natural selection favors shorter tails. B) Both sexual selection and natural selection favor longer tails in peacocks. C) Both sexual selection and natural selection favor shorter tails in peacocks. D) Sexual selection favors shorter tails, but natural selection favors longer tails.

A) Sexual selection favors longer tails, but natural selection favors shorter tails.

71) Antibodies are nonspecific.

FALSE

67) Pain receptors A) respond to bradykinin, which is produced as a result of cell damage. B) are sometimes called photoreceptors. C) do not respond to stretching. D) are activated when skin temperatures are between 65°F and 100°F.

A) respond to bradykinin, which is produced as a result of cell damage.

42) What causes smoker's cough? A) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus. B) Carbon monoxide in the smoke triggers the cough reflex. C) Smoking affects the respiratory center neurons in the medulla. D) Nicotine irritates the lining of the lung.

A) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus.

46) Which of the following occurs in the lungs? A) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air. B) Gases move by bulk flow into and out of the blood. C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. D) As oxygen-poor blood travels through the lungs, it releases all of its carbon dioxide. E) Air loses all of its oxygen.

A) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air.

2) Which of the following is a harmless bacterium, in which mutated strains may cause toxic shock syndrome, inhabits your skin? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Clostridium tetani C) Aeromonas hydrophila D) Streptococcus pyogenes E) Vibrio cholerae

A) Staphylococcus aureus

34) Where on the Y-shaped antibody does an antigen bind? A) Stem of the Y B) Tip of the arm C) Constant region of the light chain D) Constant region of the heavy chain

B) Tip of the arm

52) Which of the following regions of the digestive tract exhibits segmentation movements as well as peristalsis? A) Anus B) Rectum C) Esophagus D) Small intestine E) Stomach

D) Small intestine

71) Effectors pick up sensory stimuli.

FALSE

20) If the formation of the endoderm does not take place in an embryo, yet the embryo, for whatever reason, continues to develop, which of the following structures will NOT develop? A) Stomach B) Skin C) Heart D) Nervous system E) Kidneys

A) Stomach

51) What ecological process causes a lake to change into a marsh over a long period of time?

A) Succession

71) HIV, which causes AIDS, can be cured by using broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

FALSE

28) Cells differentiate during development because A) in each cell only some of the genes are expressed. B) each cell contains only a portion of the genes. C) chemicals in the sperm cytoplasm determine which cells develop. D) genes respond only to influences outside the mother's body.

A) in each cell only some of the genes are expressed.

66) Bright coloration in birds makes them stand out to predators. In female birds that sit on the nest, bright coloration is rare. This is likely the result of A) natural selection. B) gene flow. C) stabilizing selection. D) coevolution. E) artificial mutations.

A) natural selection.

71) Most carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells bound to hemoglobin.

FALSE

44) Evolution by natural selection is A) a process that occurs as a result of differences in fitness. B) a rare event that has never been observed by scientists. C) constantly occurring at the same rate in all organisms. D) currently occurring but only in scientific laboratories. E) a process that has occurred only in the past.

A) a process that occurs as a result of differences in fitness.

71) The nonliving components of an environment, such as weather and water availability, are A) abiotic components. B) alleles. C) phenotypes. D) genotypes. E) biotic components.

A) abiotic components.

40) After hiking for an hour in the desert without drinking water, your circulating levels of ADH will be A) above average. B) average. C) below average.

A) above average.

9) The symptoms of pellagra are due to a lack of A) niacin. B) riboflavin. C) pantothenic acid. D) pyridoxine. E) thiamin.

A) niacin.

9) Odor molecules stimulate responses in A) olfactory receptors. B) hair cells. C) rods. D) free nerve endings. E) stretch receptors.

A) olfactory receptors.

5) The gene pool for a particular population is made up of A) all the genes that occur in the population. B) the sum of all the heterozygous individuals in the population. C) all the alleles for a certain trait in a given individual. D) the sum of all the homozygous individuals in the population. E) all the genes for a certain trait that occur in the population.

A) all the genes that occur in the population.

48) Osteoporosis may occur when the activity of ________ exceeds the activity of ________. A) osteoclasts; osteoblasts B) osteocytes; osteoclasts C) osteoclasts; osteocytes D) osteoblasts; osteoclasts

A) osteoclasts; osteoblasts

32) In the "typical" menstrual cycle, day 13 or 14 is when A) ovulation occurs. B) progesterone levels peak. C) menstruation begins. D) the corpus luteum disintegrates. E) estrogen levels reach their lowest point.

A) ovulation occurs.

11) Myelin speeds the conduction of action potentials along a neuron by A) allowing the action potential to "jump" over sections of the axon. B) lowering the threshold at which action potentials are generated. C) increasing the resting membrane potential. D) increasing the diameter of the axon. E) inserting additional voltage-gated K+ channels into the membrane.

A) allowing the action potential to "jump" over sections of the axon.

71) People whose kidneys have failed can eat and drink whatever they like as long as they go to dialysis three times a week as scheduled.

FALSE

38) A thin slice of lung tissue looks like a cross-section of A) a piece of wood. B) a ball of worms. C) a carrot. D) a sponge. E) a blown-up balloon.

D) a sponge.

72) All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

FALSE

48) Vasectomy and tubal ligation result in A) an interruption of the path taken by the egg or sperm. B) atrophy of the gonads. C) inability to produce eggs or sperm. D) a lack of semen or menstrual flow. E) decreased levels of hormones.

A) an interruption of the path taken by the egg or sperm.

43) Micronutrients A) are needed in smaller quantities than are macronutrients. B) benefit organisms if they are present but are not essential. C) are not naturally occurring and must be synthesized by scientists. D) are smaller molecules than are macronutrients. E) include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A) are needed in smaller quantities than are macronutrients.

40) The ________ coordinates muscle movements of the body. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) parietal lobe D) medulla E) hypothalamus

B) cerebellum

72) Plants absorb small amounts of carbon from the soil in the form of simple sugars or monosaccharides.

FALSE

72) Ruffini corpuscles respond to a light touch against the skin.

FALSE

37) The structure produced by cleavage of a human zygote is called a(n) A) blastocyst. B) chorion. C) gastrula. D) blastopore. E) embryonic disk.

A) blastocyst.

11) Vitamin K is required for A) blood clotting. B) night vision. C) energy metabolism. D) proper kidney function. E) collagen synthesis.

A) blood clotting.

73) Digestion in humans occurs in a gastrovascular cavity.

FALSE

22) Filtration of the blood occurs when fluid is forced by blood pressure out of the A) nephron loop. B) glomerulus. C) proximal tubule. D) glomerular capsule. E) distal tubule.

B) glomerulus.

36) Addictive drugs that make people feel good, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, block the uptake of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain? A) Dopamine B) Acetylcholine C) Nitric oxide D) GABA E) Serotonin

A) Dopamine

20) Aspirin reduces fevers;however, many physicians do NOT recommend aspirin to patients with a low-grade fever. Why not? A) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates. B) Aspirin increases the release of pyrogens. C) Aspirin increases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells. D) Fevers decrease the amount of interferon produced by the body.

A) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates.

24) The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for which type of response? A) Fight-or-flight responses B) Rest-and-digest responses C) Slowing of the heart rate D) Constriction of the air passages in the lungs E) Stimulation of digestion

A) Fight-or-flight responses

22) Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of animal respiratory systems? A) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird B) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird C) Bird, lizard, salamander, fish D) Lizard, fish, bird, salamander E) Salamander, lizard, fish, bird

A) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird

8) Which of the following has a urinary system that makes use of flame cells? A) Flatworm B) Mollusk C) Shark D) Bird E) Earthworm

A) Flatworm

62) Which type of fish is more likely to live in an environment that has a lower osmolarity than that of its body fluids? A) Freshwater fish B) Brackish water fish (salt- and freshwater combined) C) Saltwater fish

A) Freshwater fish

14) ________ is the developmental event that results in the formation of a primitive gut and the three tissue layers. A) Gastrulation B) Cleavage C) Blastulation D) Induction E) Metamorphosis

A) Gastrulation

18) Which of these animals has a heart with only two chambers? A) Goldfish B) Bullfrog C) Hummingbird D) Cat E) Human

A) Goldfish

44) Which of the following causes most cases of cervical cancer? A) Human papillomavirus (HPV) B) Pubic lice C) Trichomoniasis D) Chlamydia E) Gonorrhea

A) Human papillomavirus

35) Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid? A) IgG B) IgE C) IgA D) IgM E) IgD

A) IgG

72) Alcohol increases urine output by inhibiting the release of ADH.

TRUE

67) Imagine you are a family physician. You see an 18-year-old with a lower-than-normal body weight and teeth that have been eroded by acid. Your diagnosis is A) bulimia. B) anorexia. C) pancreatitis. D) liver failure.

A) bulimia.

12) Vitamin D is added to milk because it increases A) calcium absorption. B) digestion of lipids in milk. C) digestion of milk protein. D) iron absorption. E) the shelf life of milk.

A) calcium absorption.

59) Which of the following attaches one bone to another bone at a joint? A) Ligament B) Callus C) Tendon D) Cartilage

A) Ligament

17) Which of the following nutrients would yield the most energy per gram? A) Lipids B) Proteins C) Vitamins D) Minerals E) Carbohydrates

A) Lipids

14) You are a veterinarian working for the San Diego Zoo. Today, you are performing an autopsy on a 22.7-gram frog and a 21.2-gram lizard, both of which appear to have died of a respiratory infection. Why are you not surprised to find that the lungs of the lizard have a larger internal surface area than those of the frog? A) Lizards have dry, scaly skin, whereas frogs have thin, moist skin. B) Lizards are more susceptible than frogs to atmospheric pollutants. C) Lizards have a higher metabolic rate than frogs. D) The lizard is larger than the frog. E) Lizards lay shelled eggs on land, whereas frogs lay jelly-like eggs in water.

A) Lizards have dry, scaly skin, whereas frogs have thin, moist skin.

73) The developing fetus secretes chorionic gonadotropin only during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy.

FALSE

32) During inhalation, the diaphragm A) contracts and flattens. B) relaxes and flattens. C) relaxes and becomes dome-shaped. D) contracts and becomes dome-shaped.

A) contracts and flattens.

52) If taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, the "morning after" pill should A) delay or prevent ovulation. B) reduce sperm motility. C) increase progesterone secretion from the ovary. D) thicken the cervical mucus. E) encourage the formation of the corpus luteum.

A) delay or prevent ovulation.

17) All of the following are part of the nephron EXCEPT the A) proximal tubule. B) renal medulla. C) glomerular capsule. D) glomerulus. E) nephron loop.

B) renal medulla.

14) The ability of the blood to transport oxygen is greatly reduced in individuals who have a dietary deficiency of this mineral. A) Potassium B) Calcium C) Sodium D) Zinc E) Iron

E) Iron

39) The constant region of an antibody A) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response. B) recognizes and binds to the antigen. C) has no function. D) stimulates the production of macrophages and T-cells.

A) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response.

73) The more complex the organism, the more likely it is to have nerve net.

FALSE

73) There are three small bones in the inner ear.

FALSE

75) At 10 weeks, the blastocyst becomes an embryo.

FALSE

72) Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States.

TRUE

62) An autoimmune disease is characterized by A) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system. B) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions. C) the absence of an inflammatory response. D) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.

D) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.

69) Peptide hormones such as insulin cannot pass through the plasma membrane so they bind to receptors on the target cell's surface, triggering the production of second messengers.

TRUE

70) A second messenger, such as cyclic AMP, carries a hormonal signal to molecules inside a cell.

TRUE

70) In male bighorn sheep, the dominant male is usually the one with the largest horns.

TRUE

70) It is likely that a hospitalized patient with a high lymphocyte count has some type of infection.

TRUE

57) Behaviors result from an interaction between genes and environment.

TRUE

which is most prevalent immediate cause of extinction?

environmental change

The introduction of a few individuals into a new habitat that is unoccupied by other members of the species is a(n)

founder event

One method of protecting the genetic isolation of a population is the inability of sperm to fertilize eggs of a different species. This is called

gametic incompatibility

The biological concept of species requires that

organisms reproduce sexually.

overspecialized adaptations

result of natural selection

two fossils may be assigned different species if

they are anatomically different

59) Migration is an innate behavior among whooping cranes.

TRUE

59) Some toxic animals are brightly colored, as a means of warning others of their danger. 59)

TRUE

59) Spermatids are haploid, containing only half the amount of genetic material present in the primary spermatocyte.

TRUE

60) In species with direct development, fewer offspring are produced, but a higher proportion survives to adulthood.

TRUE

60) Invasive species outcompete native species because they lack predators and have high reproductive rates.

TRUE

60) Nerves are groups of axons bundled together.

TRUE

60) Pheromones have the ability to modify reproductive behaviors in some animals.

TRUE

61) Organisms introduced as biocontrols for an invasive species can harm native species.

TRUE

61) The primary source of Earth's energy is the sun.

TRUE

62) A diploid primary spermatocyte divides to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes.

TRUE

62) A neuron's resting potential is due in large part to the diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell, leaving the negatively charged DNA and proteins inside the cell.

TRUE

62) Birds produce species-specific songs.

TRUE

62) Mitotic cell divisions of the zygote are collectively called cleavage.

TRUE

63) A morula is a solid ball of undifferentiated cells.

TRUE

63) Autotrophs use solar energy to build their own complex organic molecules from inorganic compounds such as water and carbon dioxide.

TRUE

63) The pattern of flashes produced by fireflies is an example of visual communication.

TRUE

64) Histamine is a local hormone.

TRUE

64) Horses and cows are primary consumers.

TRUE

64) The blastopore forms during gastrulation.

TRUE

65) Contractions of the uterus during childbirth are stimulated by oxytocin.

TRUE

65) Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not benefit. 65)

TRUE

66) All flatworms use their skin as a respiratory organ.

TRUE

66) An influx of calcium ions causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synapse.

TRUE

73) Lymph nodes aid in the destruction of bacteria and viruses.

TRUE

73) The head bobbing of lizards is a visual mating signal.

TRUE

73) The kidneys help regulate blood pressure.

TRUE

74) A female dog in estrus attracts males with pheromones.

TRUE

66) In women, the combined effects of estrogen and progesterone cause a decrease in GnRH levels.

TRUE

66) Parasites are generally smaller than their host. 66)

TRUE

66) Pheromones are species specific.

TRUE

66) The mesoderm develops into the dermis of the skin and the skeleton.

TRUE

67) After ovulation, the mature follicle becomes the corpus luteum.

TRUE

28) Most specialized immune cells are located in the A) lymph nodes. B) gall bladder. C) thyroid gland. D) hypothalamus.

A) lymph nodes.

67) The amnion forms the watery environment that encloses the embryo.

TRUE

30) Plasma contains all of the following components EXCEPT A) lymph. B) albumin. C) water. D) hormones.

A) lymph.

34) Each of the following types of white blood cells is found within the circulatory system EXCEPT A) macrophages. B) leukocytes. C) lymphocytes. D) monocytes.

A) macrophages

67) The fur standing up along a dog's back when it confronts a strange dog is an example of visual communication.

TRUE

67) The sternum is part of the axial skeleton.

TRUE

74) Animals vary the composition of their urine depending on their environment and their need to conserve water.

TRUE

74) Binocular vision is an adaptation found in many animals that benefit from good depth perception.

TRUE

74) Plants often grow poorly in sterilized soils because the soils lack nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

TRUE

74) The blastocyst implants in the endometrium about 7 days after fertilization.

TRUE

74) The small intestine is the principal site of both digestion and nutrient absorption.

TRUE

75) B cells and T cells cannot design and build antibodies or T-cell receptors to fit specific invading antigens.

TRUE

75) Gene flow results when new individuals migrate into an area and join the breeding population there.

TRUE

75) Sour sensations occur when H+ binds to taste receptor cells

TRUE

75) The most common pioneer species are mosses and lichens.

TRUE

76) A good meal and a pleasant evening relaxing in front of the fire trigger the parasympathetic nervous system.

TRUE

49) Long nephron loops correlate with A) more concentrated urine. B) urine hypotonic to the blood. C) more dilute urine. D) urine with glucose in it. E) urine isotonic to the blood.

A) more concentrated urine.

48) Digestion begins in the A) mouth. B) pharynx. C) colon. D) small intestine. E) stomach.

A) mouth.

76) Burning high-sulfur coal increases acid deposition.

TRUE

76) Contraceptive implants prevent ovulation by releasing progesterone.

TRUE

76) Low blood oxygen levels trigger the release of erythropoietin.

TRUE

39) The cells that line the human respiratory passageways secrete A) mucus. B) water. C) enzymes. D) hormones. E) blood.

A) mucus.

76) The most rapid differentiation in an embryo occurs during the first 2 months of pregnancy.

TRUE

77) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system responses usually oppose each other.

TRUE

77) The extraembryonic membrane that sends blood vessels into the endometrium is the chorion.

TRUE

63) Organisms introduced as biocontrols for an invasive species can harm native species.

FALSE

64) At a chemical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons touch and chemicals are exchanged through gap junctions.

FALSE

64) Following ovulation, the levels of LH increase dramatically.

FALSE

64) Parasites kill their hosts, but predators do not kill their prey. 64)

FALSE

64) The effectiveness of sound for communication is limited because only simple messages can be transmitted.

FALSE

37) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Which drug produces a relaxing effect by blocking the receptors for glutamate? A) Nicotine B) Methamphetamine C) Caffeine D) Alcohol E) Cocaine

D) Alcohol

61) For smokers who quit smoking, when does healing begin? A) After a year B) After 6 months C) After 5 years D) Almost immediately

D) Almost immediately

45) Which of the following can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream? A) Polysaccharides B) Large proteins C) Fats D) Amino acids E) Triglycerides

D) Amino acids

65) Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is when ovulation occurs.

FALSE

65) Iron is a limiting factor in many aquatic ecosystems. If the iron level is increased, the amount of phytoplankton (which feed on iron) decreases.

FALSE

35) When threatened, a cobra will rear up and spread its hood, which makes its head look larger and displays the eye spots. What kind of behavior is this? A) A desire to fight B) An aggressive display C) Dominance in a social group D) A submissive posture E) A readiness to mate

B) An aggressive display

50) Plasma cells are derived from A) dendritic cells. B) B cells. C) macrophages. D) neutrophils. E) T cells.

B) B cells.

65) Motor units are all of the sarcomeres that make up a muscle fiber.

FALSE

55) If two or more phenotypes in a population are both favored by selection, what is happening? A) Sexual selection B) Balanced polymorphism C) Directional selection D) Stabilizing selection E) Gene flow

B) Balanced polymorphism

6) Which of the following groups of animals is most efficient at extracting oxygen from the atmosphere? A) Amphibians B) Birds C) Insects D) Reptiles E) Mammals

B) Birds

65) Only primates have the ability to communicate by sound.

FALSE

65) The concentrations of ions inside and outside of a neuron are maintained by sodium-chloride (Na+-Cl−) pumps.

FALSE

4) ________ is the asexual process by which an organism grows a small version of itself on the body of the adult, which then pinches off when it is large enough to be independent. A) Regeneration B) Budding C) Fission D) Parthenogenesis E) Mitosis

B) Budding

26) Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? A) A B) C C) D D) E E) K

B) C

3) Which nutrients provide energy for animals? A) Carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids B) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins C) Carbohydrates and fats D) Fats and proteins E) Carbohydrates and proteins

B) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

65) The nervous system develops from the endoderm.

FALSE

65) Urea is more toxic to the human body than is ammonia.

FALSE

66) Action potentials stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release chloride ions into the muscle cell.

FALSE

67) The stronger the stimulus, the more powerful the action potential.

FALSE

48) As predator and prey species acquire new adaptations to help them survive the constant "arms race" between them, what evolutionary phenomenon is occurring? A) Competition B) Coevolution C) Artificial selection D) Sexual selection E) Genetic drift

B) Coevolution

27) Most reabsorption takes place in what part of the tubule system in the kidney? A) Distal tubule B) Proximal tubule C) Collecting duct D) Nephron loop E) Glomerular capsule

B) Proximal tubule

68) Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier;however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

FALSE

50) Stem cells developed by inserting genes that regulate the transcription of specific genes into cells from an adult are ________ cells. A) chorionic villi B) induced pluripotent stem C) embryonic stem D) gastrula E) embryonic disk

B) induced pluripotent stem

68) When a rabbit eats the lettuce in your garden, the rabbit uses all of the energy in the lettuce.

FALSE

69) The level of environmental toxins such as DDT decreases as you move into the higher trophic levels.

FALSE

71) Thyroxine is an amino acid-derived hormone that binds to plasma membrane receptors on the surface of target cells.

FALSE

73) Fossil fuels are the major reservoir in the phosphorus cycle.

FALSE

73) IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE are types of white blood cells.

FALSE

73) Insulin production is regulated by a positive feedback loop that helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

FALSE

73) Sexually transmitted infections can be spread only via unprotected intercourse.

FALSE

73) Shade-tolerant plant species are generally found early in succession and are replaced by hardier, shade-intolerant species.

FALSE

74) Antibodies and T-cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

FALSE

40) An exoskeleton is characteristic of ________, whereas an endoskeleton is a characteristic of ________. A) reptiles;insects B) insects; reptiles C) sea anemones; humans D) mammals; spiders

B) insects; reptiles

74) If a woman is attempting to become pregnant, the best time for her to have intercourse is day 21 of the "typical" menstrual cycle.

FALSE

74) In a population, the most common phenotype represents the dominant allele.

FALSE

74) Only males make the hormone testosterone.

FALSE

74) The first organisms to colonize a disturbed ecosystem are the climax species.

FALSE

74) The peripheral nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

FALSE

75) Only primates play.

FALSE

75) Overproduction of thyroxine causes a decrease in metabolic rate and energy levels.

FALSE

75) Smooth muscle responses are controlled by the somatic nervous system.

FALSE

75) The large intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract.

FALSE

75) The major reservoir in the nitrogen cycle is the water.

FALSE

75) The myometrial lining of the uterus thickens in response to increased levels of estrogen and progesterone.

FALSE

76) In a single family, the parents have brown eyes but all five of their children have green eyes. This is an example of evolution.

FALSE

76) Play inhibits normal behavioral development.

FALSE

76) The rejection of a transplanted kidney is due to a humoral immune response.

FALSE

40) Kidney failure or end-stage renal disease is most commonly associated with A) low blood pressure. B) a low-protein diet. C) a low-carbohydrate diet. D) diabetes and high blood pressure. E) a high-fat diet and low blood pressure.

D) diabetes and high blood pressure.

66) When interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system, it becomes known as A) macrophage. B) globulin. C) plasma. D) lymph. E) interstitial fluid.

D) lymph.

77) As TSH levels increase, thyroxine levels should decrease.

FALSE

14) Inflammation occurs in response to chemicals, such as histamine, secreted by A) T cells. B) plasma cells. C) natural killer cells. D) mast cells. E) neutrophils.

D) mast cells.

79) The placenta prevents pathogenic microbes such as HIV and chemicals such as alcohol from reaching the baby's bloodstream.

FALSE

21) During mammalian development, a A) zygote becomes a blastula. B) gastrula becomes a morula. C) morula becomes gastrula. D) morula becomes a blastula. E) blastula becomes a zygote.

D) morula becomes a blastula.

8) Competition between the members of two species is

D) most intense when the species are most similar and is referred to as interspecific.

79) The use of antibiotics caused the mutation that produced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

FALSE

21) Macrophages A) cannot squeeze through capillary walls. B) phagocytize invading microbes C) produce proteins that digest bacterial cell walls. D) are large, ciliated cells found in tears, saliva, and mucus. E) release chemicals that initiate blood clotting.

B) phagocytize invading microbes

47) Natural selection selects for or against certain A) gene pools. B) phenotypes. C) populations. D) alleles. E) genotypes.

B) phenotypes.

80) Alcohol prevents dehydration by increasing the production of ADH.

FALSE

81) Blood glucose levels are regulated by glucagon and insulin, two hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

FALSE

81) Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.

FALSE

81) Natural selection causes genetic changes in an individual.

FALSE

10) Chemical signals released into the environment are called A) apomones. B) pheromones. C) telemones. D) hormones. E) spermatophores.

B) pheromones.

32) Evolution by genetic drift is most obvious in A) aquatic organisms. B) migratory species. C) large populations. D) small populations. E) invertebrate species.

D) small populations.

82) Environmental change causes the heritable variations in individuals that natural selection acts upon.

FALSE

Hybrid inviability occurs when two species mate and produce fertile offspring able to move into new habitats

FALSE

Polyploidy is an important mechanism of speciation in animals

FALSE

23) Habitat loss, natural catastrophes, and/or excessive harvesting of a species often result in A) increased gene flow. B) population bottlenecks. C) increased mutation rates. D) artificial selection. E) increased fitness of individuals.

B) population bottlenecks.

26) The ________ pituitary releases hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus. A) anterior B) posterior C) ventral D) median E) dorsal

B) posterior

49) The next time you need to mow the grass, you can excuse yourself, saying that by mowing you are helping to maintain a man-made

B) subclimax community.

Two species of flowers that both use honeybees as pollinators but reproduce at different times of year-one spring, the other midsummer-demonstrate geographic isolation.

FALSE

61) Allergies occur when A) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances. B) too much complement is released into the blood. C) antibodies malfunction and attack "self" cells. D) foreign MHC proteins trigger an immune response.

A) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances.

31) In the "typical" menstrual cycle, day 1 is the day A) menstruation begins. B) LH levels surge. C) the corpus luteum disintegrates. D) ovulation occurs. E) fertilization occurs.

A) menstruation begins.

22) Your biceps muscle is derived from the A) mesoderm. B) blastopore. C) ectoderm. D) amnion. E) endoderm.

A) mesoderm.

22) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are located in the A) middle ear. B) outer ear. C) auditory canal. D) inner ear. E) cochlea.

A) middle ear.

43) Sensory information processing as well as the direction of voluntary movements are carried out by the A) cerebrum. B) amygdala. C) cerebellum. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla.

A) cerebrum.

58) Smell and taste are detected by A) chemoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) olfactory receptors. D) thermoreceptors. E) nociceptors.

A) chemoreceptors.

10) Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with A) classical conditioning with dogs. B) breeding experiments with pigeons. C) operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning). D) insight learning. E) imprinting experiments with ducks.

A) classical conditioning with dogs.

12) According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, if 75% of the alleles in the gene pool are A1 and 25% are A2, what is the proportion of individuals with genotype A1A2 in this population? A) 0.375 B) 0.025 C) 0.1875 D) 0.0625 E) 0.5625

A) 0.375

41) How much urine does the average adult human excrete per day? A) 1,500 milliliters (1.5 quarts) B) 250 milliliters (1 cup) C) 500 milliliters (1 pint) D) 1,000 milliliters (1 quart) E) 125 milliliters (1/2 cup)

A) 1,500 milliliters (1.5 quarts)

26) In a grassland of Kansas, 1,000 grams of grass are produced per square meter per year by all the different grass species. A theoretical upper limit to the biomass of secondary consumers that can be supported in this ecosystem is A) 10 grams. B) 1,000 grams. C) 0.1 gram. D) 1 gram. E) 100 grams.

A) 10 grams.

48) Most fetuses can survive outside the womb after a minimum of ________ weeks. A) 32 B) 45 C) 15 D) 38 E) 20

A) 32

52) What percentage of the water that enters a nephron is reabsorbed into the blood in the absence of ADH? A) 80% B) 25% C) 99% D) 50%

A) 80%

50) Which of the following individuals is most likely to have the greatest bone density? A) A person who walks 30 minutes a day B) A computer programmer C) An astronaut who has been in space for an extended time D) A person who has been chronically ill and in bed

A) A person who walks 30 minutes a day

36) You arrive at the beach only to discover that you forgot your water bottle. You decide to tough it out. However, after spending 4 hours in the sun you decide to head home. If you were to take a blood sample now, you would expect to find elevated levels of A) ADH. B) ACTH. C) TSH. D) insulin. E) FSH.

A) ADH.

9) Which of the following structures protects the delicate gills of many fish? A) An operculum B) Lamellae C) Tracheoles D) An alveolus E) Spiracles

A) An operculum

56) Which of the following hormones increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles all over the body? A) Angiotensin B) Aldosterone C) Erythropoietin D) ADH

A) Angiotensin

37) Dwarfism is sometimes due to inadequate levels of a hormone produced by which gland? A) Anterior pituitary B) Pancreas C) Adrenal cortex D) Parathyroid E) Adrenal medulla

A) Anterior pituitary

24) Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever? A) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells. B) Aspirin reduces the production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest. C) Aspirin reduces the fever and stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response. D) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued.

A) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.

53) After an accident, a professional musician cannot associate any of the instruments he has played with the sounds they make. What part of his brain is most likely damaged? A) Auditory association areas B) Primary sensory areas C) Primary auditory areas D) Basal ganglia E) Sensory association areas

A) Auditory association areas

10) Which of the following have four-chambered hearts? A) Birds B) Spiders C) Frogs D) Fishes

A) Birds

38) At what stage does a human embryo implant in the uterus? A) Blastocyst B) Embryonic disk C) Morula D) Gastrula E) Fetal

A) Blastocyst

32) What is the force that drives glomerular filtration (movement of fluid from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule)? A) Blood pressure B) pH gradients C) Smooth muscle contraction D) Salt gradients E) Osmosis

A) Blood pressure

76) It is estimated that more than 90% of Americans get a daily dose of caffeine from coffee, sodas, tea, or "energy" drinks. Excessive caffeine intake can result in difficulty sleeping, jitteriness, and anxiety. It can also cause increased urination, which can lead to dehydration. Based on your knowledge of urinary systems and on the information provided in this scenario, which of the following explains the effects of caffeine? A) Caffeine decreases the amount of ADH in the blood. B) Caffeine increases the amount of erythropoietin in the blood. C) Caffeine increases the amount of ADH in the blood. D) Caffeine decreases the amount of renin in the blood.

A) Caffeine decreases the amount of ADH in the blood.

52) Which of the following is smallest in diameter? A) Capillary B) Artery C) Venule D) Arteriole E) Veni

A) Capillary

47) ADH exerts its effect on which of the following? A) Collecting duct and distal tubule B) Descending portion of the nephron loop C) Proximal tubule and nephron loop D) Collecting duct and proximal tubule E) Proximal and distal tubules

A) Collecting duct and distal tubule

80) To take advantage of ecotourism, a resort is built near a coral reef so that tourists can observe the spawning that occurs shortly after a full moon. As an added benefit, several species of colorful fishes are attracted to the area. Tour boats go out nightly and shine large spotlights to attract the fish. Tourists are enchanted by the display of fishes but have begun to question why spawning among the corals has ceased. What is the probable cause for the lack of spawning? A) Corals time their spawning by the phase of the moon;spotlights mimic the full moon, so spawning can't occur. B) The tourists are too loud. C) The fish are eating the spawn. D) The spotlights are causing the corals to spawn during the day rather than at night. E) The fish are releasing chemical signals that interfere with spawning among the corals.

A) Corals time their spawning by the phase of the moon;spotlights mimic the full moon, so spawning can't occur.

21) A species of caterpillar develops toxic spikes that deter the birds that prey on it. Over time, the genetics of the bird population shifts so that an allele for a digestive enzyme that neutralizes the toxin becomes more common. This is an example of

A) coevolution.

42) Which is the correct sequence of structures through which light passes in the eye? A) Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina B) Lens → pupil → cornea → aqueous humor → retina C) Lens → cornea → vitreous humor → retina → aqueous humor → pupil D) Pupil → vitreous humor → aqueous humor → retina → cornea E) Aqueous humor → cornea → lens → pupil → retina → vitreous humor

A) Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina

50) It is possible that brain damage from a stroke or other injury could leave a person with the ability to comprehend written language but not spoken language (assume the person's hearing is fine). Which statement best explains this? A) Different parts of the brain are involved in different aspects of language comprehension. B) The ability to understand written language is controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere, whereas the ability to understand spoken language is controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere. C) Different cells of the frontal cortex control different aspects of language comprehension. D) The same region of the brain controls all aspects of language comprehension.

A) Different parts of the brain are involved in different aspects of language comprehension.

44) Which of the following occurs in the placenta? A) Eroding blood vessels in the endometrium bathe chorionic villi in pools of maternal blood. B) Fetal blood and maternal blood mix. C) The amnion and the chorion grow into the endometrium. D) Hormones are absorbed to prevent them from influencing the developing fetus. E) All substances in maternal blood that may be harmful to the fetus are prevented from moving across the walls of the villi.

A) Eroding blood vessels in the endometrium bathe chorionic villi in pools of maternal blood.

1) Of the following answer choices, which would NOT be found in a closed circulatory system? A) Hemocoel B) Vessels C) Heart D) Blood

A) Hemocoel

41) What is the effect of increased levels of parathyroid hormone? A) Increased blood calcium levels B) Decreased metabolism C) Decreased blood calcium levels D) Increased estrogen levels E) Increased metabolism

A) Increased blood calcium levels

9) The feces of which of the following would contain a high concentration of uric acid? A) Insect B) Flatworm C) Mollusk D) Bird

A) Insect

48) How does a cell "inform" the immune system that it is infected with a virus? A) It displays viral proteins on its membrane. B) It synthesizes enzymes that activate helper T cells. C) It secretes steroid hormones. D) It produces interferon. E) It releases histamine into the bloodstream.

A) It displays viral proteins on its membrane.

38) What is the major disadvantage of an exoskeleton? A) It must be periodically shed for growth to occur. B) It does not provide effective support for muscles. C) It hardens only after an extended exposure to air. D) It does not protect the internal organs.

A) It must be periodically shed for growth to occur.

45) What is the function of surfactant? A) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing. B) It increases alveolar expansion. C) It increases surface tension. D) It stimulates activity of the cilia lining the walls of the alveoli. E) It enhances contraction of the inspiratory muscles.

A) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing.

47) Phosphate fertilizers have increased the amount of phosphate in lakes and other bodies of water. What effect does this increase have on the phytoplankton in the water? A) It stimulates their growth. B) It increases their likelihood of being eaten. C) It kills them. D) It causes them to form toxic compounds. E) It reduces their photosynthetic capacity.

A) It stimulates their growth.

53) What effect will increased blood levels of ADH have on blood volume? A) It will increase blood volume. B) It will have no effect on blood volume because ADH affects only urine output. C) It will decrease blood volume. D) Only the plasma (fluid) part of the blood will decrease.

A) It will increase blood volume.

48) Each summer, a large "dead zone" devoid of fish and other animals develops where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. What causes this? A) Large quantities of fertilizer run off from Midwestern farm fields into the Mississippi River. B) High levels of pesticides are used in the Mississippi River basin. C) There are high levels of mercury in the river water. D) Acid rain makes the gulf's water too acidic to support fish. E) Global warming is making the river water too hot for the fish to tolerate.

A) Large quantities of fertilizer run off from Midwestern farm fields into the Mississippi River.

65) Which of the following is delivered from the small intestine to the bloodstream through the lymphatic system? A) Lipids (fats) B) Amino acids C) Carbohydrates (sugars) D) Proteins

A) Lipids

26) How would a calcium deficiency affect the process of skeletal muscle contraction? A) Myosin heads would not bind to actin efficiently. B) Skeletal muscles would not be able to utilize ATP as a source of fuel. C) The action potential would be blocked from entering the muscle fiber. D) The myosin heads would remain attached to actin molecules.

A) Myosin heads would not bind to actin efficiently.

33) Smooth muscle A) contracts when stretched. B) is under voluntary control. C) produces rapid contractions. D) does not contain actin or myosin.

A) contracts when stretched.

14) In men, as testosterone levels increase, LH levels A) decrease. B) move up or down depending on the point in the cycle. C) increase. D) remain the same.

A) decrease.

Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations? A) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. B) The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. C) Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. D) Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes.

A) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes

67) Cancer cells form in our bodies every day. How does the immune system destroy them? A) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them. B) Immune secretions, such as interferon, disrupt the DNA of the cancer cells. C) Fevers slow the replication of cancerous cells. D) The immune system cannot destroy cancer cells. E) Antibodies attach to the cancer cells and then macrophages engulf them.

A) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them.

84) Marta has been having terrible headaches. Now her hand feels like it is being gripped even though it is not actually being touched. She's also having a hard time interpreting sensations. For example, she blistered her hand on a hot pan because she interpreted the heat sensation as cold. Which portion of Marta's brain is most likely damaged? A) Parietal lobe B) Hypothalamus C) Temporal lobe D) Frontal lobe E) Hippocampus

A) Parietal lobe

57) Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both air and food? A) Pharynx B) Bronchioles C) Larynx D) Bronchi E) Trachea

A) Pharynx

61) Which gland responds to light and is involved in daily rhythms in some animals? A) Pineal B) Pituitary C) Thymus D) Adrenal E) Pancreas

A) Pineal

1) Which of the following can evolve? A) Populations B) Genes C) Individuals D) Communities

A) Populations

25) ________ are substances that induce fever. A) Pyrogens B) Cytokines C) MHC proteins D) Interferons

A) Pyrogens

68) What two organs are considered to be part of the lymphatic system? A) Spleen and thymus B) Gall bladder and kidneys C) Heart and lungs D) Thalamus and hypothalamus E) Pancreas and liver

A) Spleen and thymus

54) When a species lives in a constant environment for a long time, the "average type" of individual may have the best chance of surviving and producing the most offspring. What type of selection is occurring? A) Stabilizing B) Sexual C) Directional D) Artificial E) Disruptive

A) Stabilizing

58) You arrive ten minutes late for your final exam and immediately regret stopping for donuts, which feel like a dead weight in your stomach. Your heart is pounding and your palms are sweaty. What part of your nervous system is in control? A) Sympathetic B) Parasympathetic C) Somatic D) Nerve net E) Voluntary

A) Sympathetic

65) A 50-year-old woman visits her doctor with complaints of bruises that will not heal. Her doctor has had her on long-term antibiotic treatment to control some chronic infections. Which of the following explains how her antibiotic treatment is related to her bruising? A) The antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting. B) The antibiotics weaken the cells lining her capillaries, causing them to leak blood into the surrounding tissues. C) She is malnourished because the antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her digestive system that are responsible for producing the digestive enzymes that she needs to break down her food. D) The antibiotics have traveled to her liver and are now preventing the liver from producing proteins that circulate in the blood and help with clotting.

A) The antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting.

37) Which of the following components is NOT involved in the phosphorus cycle? A) The atmosphere B) Decomposers C) Consumers D) Producers E) Some rocks and soil

A) The atmosphere

51) Imagine that a patient is admitted to the hospital after falling from the second-story window of her apartment. Tests reveal no injuries other than some swelling in the brain. Why, then, would her breathing become irregular? A) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla. B) Her swollen brain is causing a decrease in blood pressure. C) The blood returning to the lungs from the brain is too high in oxygen. D) The respiratory center in the lungs is malfunctioning due to a lack of carbon dioxide. E) Her tissues require more oxygen for healing.

A) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.

39) Why do your parents or grandparents most likely need glasses to read? A) The lens of the eye stiffens with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects. B) They have spent more time reading books at close range than have younger people. C) The lens of the eye becomes rounder with age. D) The optic nerve sends signals more slowly as people age. E) The photoreceptors of the eye are no longer as responsive.

A) The lens of the eye stiffens with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects.

35) In which respect do spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ? A) The number of gametes produced is different. B) The number of chromosomes in gametes is different. C) The number of meiotic divisions is different. D) Spermatogenesis occurs in the epididymis, whereas oogenesis occurs in the ovary.

A) The number of gametes produced is different.

23) Which of the following is NOT part of the inflammatory response? A) The release of antibodies B) The release of histamine C) Localized tissue swelling D) Elevated body temperature E) Migration of phagocytes to the site of injury

A) The release of antibodies

62) How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? A) They have "dead ends." B) They contain red blood cells. C) They have a wall only one cell layer thick. D) They are made by lymphocytes. E) They contain plasma.

A) They have "dead ends."

28) The vocal cords are located in the A) larynx. B) pharynx. C) trachea. D) bronchi. E) epiglottis.

A) larynx

48) A storm strips an island in Lake Superior down to bare rock. The first organisms to recolonize the island are most likely

A) lichens.

76) Different species of animals have very different nutritional requirements and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) specializations, depending on their primary diets. For example, carnivorous animals have relatively short small intestines, fast gut passage rates, and high protein requirements, in accordance with the high-protein, easily digested prey they consume. Based on your knowledge of nutrition and digestion and on the example provided in this scenario, what do you conclude about ruminants, which eat low-protein, difficult-to-digest plant leaves? A) They have reduced protein requirements, long GITs, and slow gut passage rates to extract as many nutrients as possible from their diet. B) They have normal nutritional requirements but extremely short GITs and fast gut passage rates to maximize the amount of food passing through the GIT. C) They have reduced protein requirements but GITs and gut passage rates similar to those of carnivores. D) Their GITs and nutritional requirements are similar to those of carnivores, and they must also eat some animal prey to obtain enough dietary protein.

A) They have reduced protein requirements, long GITs, and slow gut passage rates to extract as many nutrients as possible from their diet.

Based on your knowledge of the immune system and on the information in this scenario, what do you conclude about anti-inflammatory steroids? A) They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response. B) They cause a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. C) They interfere with mast cell function. D) They stimulate bacterial reproduction.

A) They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response.

11) How does an action potential enter a skeletal muscle cell? A) Through a T tubule B) In response to the release of calcium ions C) As a result of the interaction between actin and myosin D) By diffusion

A) Through a T tubule

34) In 1956, people in Minamata, Japan, began to exhibit severe neurological disorders and birth defects. This problem was eventually attributed to methylmercury, a water-insoluble and breakdown-resistant chemical formed from mercury dumped into the adjacent bay by a local factory. Which of the following types of seafood would have the highest levels of methylmercury, and therefore cause the severest effects? A) Tuna that feed on smaller fish that feed on krill that feed on algae B) Krill (small crustaceans that eat tiny microscopic algae) C) Sea urchins that feed on kelp D) Mussels that feed on tiny microscopic algae E) Kelp (large, multicellular, photosynthetic protists)

A) Tuna that feed on smaller fish that feed on krill that feed on algae

53) Which of the following has the lowest pressure? A) Veins B) Venules C) Capillaries D) Arterioles E) Arteries

A) Veins

55) What are the sources of sulfur in the atmosphere? A) Volcanoes and hot springs, but mostly (about 75%) human activities such as burning coal B) Mostly (over 90%) volcanoes and photosynthetic bacteria C) Decomposition and small amounts from pollution D) Mostly transportation modes, such as autos, trucks, and planes E) Natural and human sources, in equal amounts

A) Volcanoes and hot springs, but mostly (about 75%) human activities such as burning coal

15) The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called A) a calorie. B) the resting metabolic rate. C) the body mass index. D) a Calorie. E) the basal energy quotient.

A) a calorie.

53) Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases cause Earth's temperature to increase by A) absorbing heat energy and holding it close to Earth. B) increasing plant respiration. C) increasing the amount of radiation from Earth's surface. D) allowing greater transmission of incoming solar radiation. E) reducing photosynthetic rates.

A) absorbing heat energy and holding it close to Earth. B) increasing plant respiration.

44) The respiratory membrane is a combination of A) alveolar and capillary walls. B) bronchi and air sacs. C) bronchioles and capillary walls. D) bronchioles and air sacs. E) bronchi and bronchioles.

A) alveolar and capillary walls.

19) In a bird egg, the ________ provides the watery environment in which the embryo develops. A) amnion B) allantois C) blastocyst D) chorion E) yolk sac

A) amnion

49) Kin selection refers to A) an animal promoting the survival of the genes of its close relatives. B) deciding which related animals can share the food. C) the selection of a mate. D) determining which related animals must live and which must die. E) deciding which related animals can live in the colony.

A) an animal promoting the survival of the genes of its close relatives.

7) Skeletal muscle appears striped because of the A) arrangement of thick and thin filaments. B) way the sarcoplasmic reticulum wraps around the myofibril. C) arrangement of ions across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. D) accessory proteins in thin filaments. E) orientation of T tubules.

A) arrangement of thick and thin filaments.

66) Chemotherapy drugs make patients nauseous because they A) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract. B) cause fever, which can trigger nausea. C) interfere with the brain's interpretation of sensory input. D) stimulate stomach acid production.

A) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract.

70) When natural selection tends to split a population into two phenotypic groups, it is called A) balanced polymorphism. B) genetic drift. C) stabilizing selection. D) gene flow. E) coevolution.

A) balanced polymorphism.

65) The sense of taste relies on A) both taste buds and olfactory receptors. B) taste buds, olfactory receptors, and mechanoreceptors. C) taste buds, olfactory receptors, and nociceptors. D) olfactory receptors only. E) taste buds only.

A) both taste buds and olfactory receptors.

44) Bile aids in fat digestion by A) breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes. B) converting lipids to proteins, which can then be digested by proteases. C) removing the fatty acid chains from the glycerol. D) acting directly as a lipid-digesting enzyme.

A) breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes.

16) Because steroid hormones are lipid soluble, they A) can pass through the plasma membrane. B) are repelled by the plasma membrane. C) only affect muscle cells with high lipid content. D) must bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane. E) dissolve easily in water.

A) can pass through the plasma membrane.

7) An ecological niche

A) cannot be shared by two species.

3) Early animal embryos are composed of stem cells, unspecialized cells that are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. If a stem cell divides by mitosis so that one cell eventually becomes part of the brain and the other cell becomes part of a salivary gland, the cells have A) differentiated. B) increased their genetic variability. C) diffused. D) taken up genes from surrounding cells. E) lost genes.

A) differentiated.

1) One characteristic of animal development is the specialization in both structure and function that cells undergo. This is called A) differentiation. B) direct development. C) indirect development. D) placental development. E) internal development.

A) differentiation.

7) In the lungs, oxygen moves from air into blood by A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) osmosis. E) bulk flow.

A) diffusion.

28) During spermatogenesis, committed spermatogonia undergo mitotic cell division, producing A) diploid primary spermatocytes. B) haploid secondary spermatocytes. C) haploid primary spermatocytes. D) diploid sperm. E) diploid secondary spermatocytes.

A) diploid primary spermatocytes.

6) Birds hatch out of their eggs looking like small versions of the adult. This is an example of A) direct development. B) indirect development. C) external development. D) internal development. E) genetic dwarfism.

A) direct development.

59) A population of hummingbirds with a variety of beak sizes finds a new food source in a plant that has a long trumpet flower with nectar at the bottom of the trumpet. Over time, these hummingbirds develop longer beaks. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) genetic drift.

A) directional selection.

67) The net migration of alleles into or out of a population from neighboring populations is called A) gene flow. B) genetic drift. C) sexual selection. D) stabilizing selection. E) coevolution.

A) gene flow.

36) Ruminants A) harbor symbiotic microorganisms that digest cellulose. B) have a two-chambered stomach. C) are obligate meat-eaters, or carnivores. D) rely on a muscular gizzard to grind their food. E) have a very short small intestine.

A) harbor symbiotic microorganisms that digest cellulose.

27) Interferon A) helps cells resist viral infection. B) causes fever. C) causes inflammation. D) kills bacteria.

A) helps cells resist viral infection.

5) In animals that have open circulatory systems, the interstitial fluid that functions as blood is called A) hemolymph. B) lymph. C) hemocoel. D) leukocyte. E) plasma.

A) hemolymph.

17) If an insect eats the lettuce seedlings in your yard, it is acting most like a(n)

A) herbivore.

30) Based on experiments with amphibian embryos, Spemann and Mangold found that A) in most cases, transplanted donor cells assumed the developmental fate of the area to which they were transplanted in the host. B) donor cells maintained their original differentiation no matter where in the host they were transplanted. C) transplanted cells always formed a whole new embryo. D) transplanted cells completely undifferentiated into random masses of tissue. E) transplanted cells always died.

A) in most cases, transplanted donor cells assumed the developmental fate of the area to which they were transplanted in the host.

60) Officials associated with international track and field competitions have noted an increase in the number of athletes who use a synthetic form of erythropoietin. Athletes use this drug because it A) increases the number of oxygen-transporting red blood cells, which helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event. B) increases urine output so that they can shed weight just prior to an important competition. C) stimulates the release of ADH, which then goes on to cause an increase in the number of red blood cells and helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event. D) decreases blood pressure so that they can be more focused and relaxed during a competition.

A) increases the number of oxygen-transporting red blood cells, which helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.

26) Transplanting embryonic eye tissue into the back of a developing tadpole will cause a lens to grow on the back of the tadpole. This is an example of A) induction. B) gastrulation. C) cleavage. D) programmed cell death. E) metamorphosis.

A) induction.

17) Pyrogens are produced by phagocytic white blood cells in response to infection. Pyrogens A) initiate an increase in body temperature. B) increase the concentration of iron in the blood. C) relax the smooth muscle of arterioles delivering blood to the site of infection. D) kill bacteria by digesting their cell walls. E) are the chemicals that triggers an inflammatory response.

A) initiate an increase in body temperature.

55) When you break your leg, a thickened area forms around the outside of the bone. Over a period of time, this thickened area A) is dissolved by osteoclasts as osteoblasts add new bone. B) is digested by enzymes secreted by the muscles. C) forms new tendons, ligaments, and/or muscles. D) moves to the skin surface and is shed as dead skin. E) becomes a permanent part of the spongy bone.

A) is dissolved by osteoclasts as osteoblasts add new bone.

40) Phosphorus, which is often a limiting nutrient in ecosystems, is important because it A) is needed for molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cell membranes, and nucleic acids. B) is part of the hydrologic cycle. C) is necessary for the production of cellulose so that autotrophs can grow and provide food for heterotrophs. D) is found only in sedimentary rocks. E) evaporates quickly.

A) is needed for molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cell membranes, and nucleic acids.

45) The ascending limb of the nephron loop A) is permeable to salt. B) pulls salt from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more concentrated. C) is permeable to water. D) is the primary site of tubular secretion. E) responds to high levels of ADH in the blood.

A) is permeable to salt. B) pulls salt from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more concentrated.

21) A muscle fiber generates maximum contractile force when A) it receives repeated action potentials from a motor neuron. B) it has been exposed to creatine phosphate. C) it has been stretched excessively. D) some of the myofibrils contract and then relax at the same time.

A) it receives repeated action potentials from a motor neuron.

37) The Masai people of Kenya, in east Africa, regularly consume the blood and milk of their cattle. The cattle derive a net benefit because the Masai also protect them from predators and help them find water and food. Based on this information, the relationship between the Masai and cattle is best classified as

A) mutualism.

6) The thick filaments of a myofibril are composed of A) myosin. B) actin. C) myoglobin. D) sarcoplasm. E) T tubules.

A) myosin.

14) Training an animal to respond in a specific way to a stimulus is called A) operant conditioning. B) insight learning. C) habituation. D) trial-and-error learning. E) imprinting.

A) operant conditioning.

28) Taking a nap after meals is probably a good idea because it allows the body to digest the food as a result of the activities of the ________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) central C) sympathetic D) sensory E) somatic

A) parasympathetic

27) A chemical produced by one animal that is usually only detectable by another animal of the same species is called a A) pheromone. B) releaser. C) neurotransmitter. D) subliminal suggestion. E) hormone.

A) pheromone.

25) Chemicals produced by an individual that influence the behavior of members of the same species are called A) pheromones. B) hormones. C) stimuli. D) steroids. E) enzymes.

A) pheromones.

57) ADH is released into the blood by the A) pituitary gland. B) liver. C) small intestine. D) kidney.

A) pituitary gland

24) When you scratch a mosquito bite, you damage some cells. Damaged cells release histamine, which causes localized swelling that can crush additional cells, causing the release of more histamine. This is an example of A) positive feedback. B) negative feedback. C) neurotransmitter activity. D) paracrine communication. E) synaptic communication.

A) positive feedback.

61) Atherosclerosis A) reduces blood flow in arteries. B) is a condition of the veins. C) is caused by a diet high in salt. D) is another name for high blood pressure. E) causes a loss of plaque from the walls of the arteries.

A) reduces blood flow in arteries.

19) In mammals, blood with a low oxygen content enters the ________ of the heart. A) right atrium B) aorta C) left ventricle D) left atrium E) right ventricle

A) right atrium

42) Amylase is produced by the A) salivary glands and pancreas. B) small intestine only. C) salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas. D) pancreas only. E) salivary glands only.

A) salivary glands and pancreas.

20) When the hormone epinephrine binds to receptors on the surface of a heart muscle cell, a new molecule, called cyclic AMP, is produced. Cyclic AMP then causes the heart muscle cells to contract more strongly, increasing blood flow throughout the body. In this example, cyclic AMP is acting as a(n) A) second messenger. B) hormone. C) target cell. D) intercellular enzyme. E) energy carrier.

A) second messenger.

25) A snake that eats a small rabbit that feeds on grass is classified as a(n) A) secondary consumer. B) tertiary consumer. C) primary consumer. D) primary producer. E) autotroph.

A) secondary consumer.

42) A person taking antibiotics must take pills several times each day to maintain effective concentrations in the blood. This is because of A) secretion. B) a decrease in angiotensin. C) a decrease in antidiuretic hormone. D) reabsorption. E) osmoregulation.

A) secretion.

32) The ________ detect movement of the head. A) semicircular canals of the inner ear B) pinna and auditory canal of the outer ear C) bones in the middle ear D) oval and round windows of the inner ear E) olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity

A) semicircular canals of the inner ear

19) Inbreeding is defined as A) sexual reproduction among closely related individuals. B) reproduction among unrelated individuals. C) reproduction within a geographically isolated population. D) sexual reproduction in a large population. E) sexual population among unrelated individuals.

A) sexual reproduction among closely related individuals.

7) The production of new phenotypes occurs with A) sexual reproduction. B) fragmentation. C) parthenogenesis. D) regeneration. E) budding.

A) sexual reproduction.

9) Female salmon build nests in gravel river bottoms to lay eggs, which are then fertilized by male salmon that approach and deposit their sperm over the eggs. This is an example of A) spawning. B) internal fertilization. C) copulation. D) parthenogenesis. E) hermaphrodism.

A) spawning.

53) Red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, is located in A) spongy bone. B) compact bone. C) cartilage. D) ligaments.

A) spongy bone

53) The type of selection most likely to act on a well-adapted population in a relatively constant environment is A) stabilizing. B) nonrandom. C) disruptive. D) directional. E) artificial.

A) stabilizing.

19) An effective, bright, and very distinct color pattern that a prey species can display suddenly to scare a predator is called

A) startle coloration.

46) Worker honeybees are A) sterile females. B) fertile females. C) sterile males. D) immature bees of either sex. E) fertile males.

A) sterile females.

17) The brain and spinal cord interpret the frequency of action potentials they receive as A) stimulus intensity. B) stimulus importance. C) divergence. D) a reflex. E) convergence.

A) stimulus intensity.

54) Burning coal and oil to release energy also releases ________, which are overloading Earth's nutrient cycles. A) sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen B) phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen C) sulfur, oxygen, and acid D) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium E) oxygen, methane, and sulfur

A) sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen

7) If a fox eats a rodent that ate a smaller insect that ate a plant, the fox is a(n) A) tertiary consumer. B) producer. C) autotroph. D) secondary consumer. E) primary consumer.

A) tertiary consumer.

41) The hydrologic cycle is different from other nutrient cycles in that A) the biotic part of the cycle plays only a small role. B) the soil is not involved. C) the atmosphere is involved. D) water is not recycled, but flows one way through ecosystems. E) the ocean is involved.

A) the biotic part of the cycle plays only a small role.

78) In his 1961 paper "The Paradox of the Plankton," ecologist G. E. Hutchinson noted that several species of algae coexist, sharing the same few mineral nutrient resources in homogeneous open-water systems. Because there is little chance of resource partitioning and niche differentiation in such a situation, the paradox of their coexistence is an apparent violation of

A) the competitive exclusion principle.

26) Fever is caused by A) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus. B) decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream. C) increased blood flow to the brain. D) the release of histamine by damaged cells.

A) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus.

40) When a sperm penetrates an egg cell A) the egg must undergo meiosis II before merging chromosomes with the sperm. B) the egg has to make a copy of itself before sperm and egg chromosomes merge. C) the egg undergoes changes that attract another sperm. D) sperm and egg chromosomes merge immediately. E) the resulting cell is haploid.

A) the egg must undergo meiosis II before merging chromosomes with the sperm.

14) You have conscious control over A) the external urethral sphincter. B) muscles that cause the bladder to contract. C) muscles that propel urine from the kidney to the bladder. D) the internal urethral sphincter.

A) the external urethral sphincter.

29) In general, each species of fruit fly in the Hawaiian archipelago is restricted to a single island. One hypothesis to explain this pattern is that new species formed after a small number of flies colonized each new island. This mechanism of speciation is called A) the founder effect. B) assortative mating. C) genetic equilibrium. D) artificial selection. E) sexual selection.

A) the founder effect.

15) Over the past century, sagebrush has dramatically expanded its range over the Colorado plateau's grasslands. This development has been attributed to the overgrazing of the area's grasses by cattle and sheep. This example indicates that

A) the range of sagebrush is normally limited by competition with grasses.

44) Individual B cells produce A) their own unique antibody. B) an infinite diversity of antibodies. C) several different types of antibodies. D) the antibodies specified by its constant region gene.

A) their own unique antibody.

60) The thymus produces ________, a hormone that stimulates the maturation of specialized white blood cells called T cells. A) thymosin B) insulin C) thyroxine D) ACTH E) testosterone

A) thymosin

29) The proteins that bind to the DNA near regions where gene transcription begins are called A) transcription factors. B) homeobox genes. C) the gray crescent. D) promoter genes. E) mRNA.

A) transcription factors.

5) Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of A) uric acid. B) amino acids. C) ammonia. D) amine groups. E) urea.

A) uric acid.

68) Spicy foods often contain the chemical capsaicin, which activates certain receptors in the mouth, causing your mouth to feel like it is "burning." The receptors activated by capsaicin are also activated by A) very hot temperatures. B) acidic foods. C) glutamate. D) sweet foods. E) salty foods.

A) very hot temperatures.

54) Antibiotics are NOT effective against A) viruses. B) protists. C) fungi. D) bacteria.

A) viruses

46) Bacteria in the large intestine are able to manufacture A) vitamin K. B) vitamin C. C) some minerals. D) vitamin A.

A) vitamin K.

54) The round shape of the eyeball is maintained by the gel-like A) vitreous humor. B) choroid. C) cornea. D) aqueous humor. E) iris.

A) vitreous humor.

64) You take a drink of scalding coffee and it burns your tongue. The ________ cells of the taste bud divide to replace the damaged receptors. A) glial B) supporting C) taste D) stem E) neuron

D) stem

67) The surface area of all respiratory systems must be large compared with the size of the animal involved because diffusion is a relatively slow process.

TRUE

68) Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals pass through embryonic stages in which they have tails and webbed fingers and toes.

TRUE

43) An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was A) going away from the heart. B) taken from a vein. C) coming from the lungs. D) taken from an artery. E) on its way to the tissues of the arm.

B) taken from a vein.

29) The hair-like projections of the hair cells are inserted into the A) round window. B) tectorial membrane. C) basilar membrane. D) tympanic membrane. E) oval window.

B) tectorial membrane.

21) The epididymis connects the A) prostate and the urethra. B) testis and the vas deferens. C) seminiferous tubules and the urethra. D) vas deferens and the urethra. E) vas deferens and the seminal vesicles.

B) testis and the vas deferens.

29) The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) LH. B) testosterone. C) FSH. D) sperm. E) alkaline mucus.

B) testosterone.

4) The junction across which electrical signals are passed from a neuron to a muscle fiber, a gland, or another neuron is called the A) dendrite. B) axon. C) soma. D) synapse. E) glia.

D) synapse

35) All sensory information, with the exception of olfaction, must pass though the ________ as it travels to the cerebral cortex. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) reticular formation E) amygdala

B) thalamus

11) The concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche at the same time is called

B) the competitive exclusion principle.

68) Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and diffuse through the plasma membrane into a cell.

TRUE

54) The pH of the digestive tract is A) basic in the stomach and acidic throughout the rest of the tract. B) high throughout. C) acidic in the stomach and neutral in the intestines. D) neutral throughout. E) low throughout.

C) acidic in the stomach and neutral in the intestines.

31) Both smooth and cardiac muscle fibers A) have multiple nuclei. B) are striated. C) contain a single nucleus. D) possess intercalated discs.

C) contain a single nucleus.

15) The ________ are an important and often overlooked group of organisms that release nutrients into the soil or water. A) tertiary consumers B) heterotrophs C) decomposers D) producers E) autotrophs

C) decomposers

68) The integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) received by a postsynaptic neuron determines its activity.

TRUE

68) Vertebrate lungs probably evolved from simple outpocketings of the digestive tract of a freshwater fish.

TRUE

68) Your entire blood volume is filtered by your kidneys approximately 60 times per day.

TRUE

69) Fats and oils contain more energy per gram than proteins or carbohydrates.

TRUE

69) Pus, a thick white substance that sometimes accumulates at the site of an infection, is a mixture of dead bacteria, debris, and white blood cells.

TRUE

Hybridization of two species in which of the following cases could lead to the extinction of one of the original species?

An endangered species may further decline by producing less fit hybrid offspring.

20) Certain bacteria and fungi that are important in nutrient recycling because they release nutrients from dead organisms back into the ecosystem are A) carnivores. B) detritus feeders. C) decomposers. D) recyclers. E) autotrophs.

C) decomposers.

8) The protist Stentor contracts when it is touched for the first time but gradually stops retracting if the touching is continued. This behavior is called A) imprinting. B) operant conditioning. C) habituation. D) insight learning. E) a sensitive period.

C) habituation.

20) A species that is a mimic will most likely

C) have a behavior similar to that of a more toxic species.

Which statement best describes the reproductive isolation between populations of Rhagoletis flies, one of which is found on apple trees and the other that is found on hawthorn trees?

Apple-liking males are more likely to encounter apple-liking females than hawthorn-liking females.

74) Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease following infection from Streptococcus bacteria. It mainly affects children between ages 5 and 15 and occurs approximately 20 days after strep throat or scarlet fever. Severe RF can result in degeneration of the heart valves. Based on this scenario, RF is most likely to cause A) slower heartbeat. B) "backslide" of blood from a ventricle to an atrium. C) uncoordinated contraction of ventricles. D) faster heartbeat.

B) "backslide" of blood from a ventricle to an atrium.

32) The average red blood cell lives for about ________ days. A) 90 B) 120 C) 100 D) 150

B) 120

64) In an average person, how many liters of interstitial fluid leave the capillaries each day? A) 8 B) 3 to 4 C) 12 D) 1 E) 2

B) 3

66) The threshold of human skin temperature at which cool or cold is perceived as pain is A) -5°F. B) 59°F. C) 0°F. D) 32°F.

B) 59°F

31) A human embryo is known as a fetus after ________ weeks. A) 12 B) 8 C) 4 D) 2 E) 16

B) 8

48) Which of these animals has the greatest proportion of long-looped nephrons in their kidneys? A) A saltwater fish B) A desert mammal, such as a sand rat C) A freshwater mammal, such as a beaver D) A human E) A freshwater fish

B) A desert mammal, such as a sand rat

36) Which of the following is an example of assortative mating? A) A female sheep chooses a mate because he has previously mated with many females. B) A female mouse chooses a mate because he is the same color that she is. C) A female lizard chooses to mate with the first male she encounters. D) A female sparrow chooses a mate because he attracts her by singing a different species' song. E) A dominant male elephant mates with most females in a group, excluding other males from mating with the females.

B) A female mouse chooses a mate because he is the same color that she is.

18) Which of the following is most likely to experience genetic drift? A) A population of bears that is growing by thousands of individuals each year B) A population of endangered birds that includes only five individuals C) A plant species that has spread to many different habitats all around the world D) A species of insect that occurs all across North America E) A population of common rodents that includes millions of individuals

B) A population of endangered birds that includes only five individuals

10) Which molecule contains a binding site for the attachment of myosin heads? A) Myoglobin B) Actin C) Troponin D) Tropomyosin

B) Actin

28) A bird flashing white patches underneath its wings is an example of what type of communication? A) Sound B) Active visual C) Chemical D) Passive visual E) Physical contact

B) Active visual

26) Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange in the human lung? A) Bronchioles B) Alveoli C) Trachea D) Larynx E) Bronchi

B) Alveoli

53) Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the human respiratory system? A) Bronchi B) Alveoli C) Larynx D) Pharynx E) Trachea

B) Alveoli

43) What are the two main functions of the nephron loop? A) Filters cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorbs some salt and water B) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water C) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorbs some salt and water D) Creates a low salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water E) Creates a high glucose concentration in the renal cortex and releases extra salt into the filtrate

B) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water

49) Your immune system has identified some body cells infected with an influenza (flu) virus. Which of the following will the immune system use to destroy these infected cells? A) Antigens B) Cytotoxic T cells C) B cells D) Antibodies E) Phagocytes

B) Cytotoxic T cells

40) At which stage is the human embryo most susceptible to toxic substances? A) During the last trimester B) During organogenesis C) During the fourth and fifth months D) During cleavage E) Just before birth

B) During organogenesis

45) Islet cells in the pancreas produce which hormone(s)? A) Each cell produces both glucagon and insulin. B) Each cell produces either glucagon or insulin. C) Islet cells do not produce hormones. D) They produce insulin only. E) They produce glucagon only.

B) Each cell produces either glucagon or insulin.

1) Which of the following is the best definition of parthenogenesis? A) The creation of new organisms from body parts that have been pinched off from the parent B) Eggs from a female developing into offspring without being fertilized C) Gametes from the male developing into new offspring without combining with an egg D) The combining of genetic material from two parents to produce genetically different offspring E) A single organism producing both eggs and sperm and fertilizing itself

B) Eggs from a female developing into offspring without being fertilized

58) The present range of the sugar maple in North America extends from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Mississippi River and from southern Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick south to Tennessee and Virginia. If the global temperature rises 10°C in the future, where will the range of sugar maples be found? A) Farther south B) Farther north C) Farther west D) In the same place;global warming will not affect the heat tolerance of plants. E) Nowhere;sugar maples will become extinct.

B) Farther nort

39) Which of the following contains indigestible fiber, mucus, and dead microorganisms that are eliminated from the body? A) Bile B) Feces C) Chyme D) Pancreatic juice E) Ghrelin

B) Feces

7) Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection? A) Production of antibodies B) Fever C) Formation of memory B cells D) Activation of T cells

B) Fever

83) A person you know has been in an automobile accident. The accident caused a dramatic personality change. Before the accident, he was industrious and well liked; after the accident, he is profane, impetuous, and incapable of working toward a goal. Which portion of the brain was most likely damaged? A) Hippocampus B) Frontal lobe C) Temporal lobe D) Hypothalamus E) Parietal lobe

B) Frontal lobe

20) A young male baboon leaves the troop that he was born in and joins a small neighboring troop of small baboons. He quickly rises to become a dominant male. From an evolutionary point of view, what important process has occurred? A) Nonrandom mating B) Gene flow C) The bottleneck effect D) Genetic drift E) Natural selection

B) Gene flow

68) Which of the following occurs due to chance events that change the allele frequencies in small populations? A) Gene flow B) Genetic drift C) Sexual selection D) Stabilizing selection E) Coevolution

B) Genetic drift

19) Which sequence properly describes the flow of filtrate through the nephron? A) Proximal tubule, nephron loop, glomerular capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct B) Glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct C) Collecting duct, distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule, glomerular capsule D) Glomerular capsule, peritubular capillaries, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct E) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, renal artery, arteriole, venule, renal vein

B) Glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct

60) Which is the "good" cholesterol? A) LDL B) HDL C) VHDL D) VLDL

B) HDL

84) You are a forensic biologist and have been asked to review the files of an old, unsolved murder case. The autopsy report is missing a lot of important information, but you read that the victim had a thymus gland that was just starting to shrink. Based on this information alone, what can you conclude about the victim? A) His lymphatic system was infected and being destroyed by an unknown virus. B) He was between 12 and 16 years old. C) He was between 1 and 6 years old. D) He died of natural causes, most likely an autoimmune disease.

B) He was between 12 and 16 years old.

68) The bacterium shown to be associated with the majority of gastric ulcers is A) Streptococcus lactis. B) Helicobacter pylori. C) Staphylococcus aureus. D) Escherichia coli. E) Streptococcus pyogenes.

B) Helicobacter pylori.

36) Cnidarians have what type of skeleton? A) Endoskeleton B) Hydrostatic skeleton C) They don't have a skeleton D) Exoskeleton

B) Hydrostatic skeleton

82) Normal fruit fly larvae move away from their food after eating. However, some larvae that were subjected to X-rays remain near or in their food after eating. There is a consistent difference in the DNA of these two types of larvae. What can we conclude about this behavior? A) It appears to be entirely learned. B) It has a clear genetic component. C) It is an innate behavior. D) Nothing can be concluded about this behavior from the information provided.

B) It has a clear genetic component.

16) How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response? A) It makes capillaries less leaky. B) It increases warmth at the site of infection. C) It decreases blood flow to the injured area. D) It attracts macrophages to the site of infection. E) It causes fever.

B) It increases warmth at the site of infection.

33) Shrews have been documented to travel across frozen lakes and establish populations on previously uninhabited islands. The low level of genetic diversity in the new populations is the result of A) assortative mating. B) the founder effect. C) genetic drift. D) coevolution. E) a population bottleneck.

B) the founder effect.

42) Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere, and a crucial component of proteins, vitamins, and nucleic acids. However, plants and other producers cannot use nitrogen in its natural form (N2). Nitrogen has to undergo a process called nitrogen fixation. What does this process involve? A) Nitrate is converted to ammonia. B) It is the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas by certain bacteria. C) Ammonia is converted to nitrate. D) It is undertaken by denitrifying bacteria. E) Nitrogen is accumulated in dead organic matter.

B) It is the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas by certain bacteria.

35) Which of the following is TRUE of cardiac muscle? A) It is not striated, like skeletal muscle. B) Its cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. C) Its cells are tapered at each end. D) It is under voluntary control.

B) Its cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.

19) Which of the following is a consequence of histamine release? A) Initiation of blood clotting B) Leaky capillary walls C) Decreased blood flow D) Constriction of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles

B) Leaky capillary walls

12) Which heart chamber is the most muscular? A) Right atrium B) Left ventricle C) Right ventricle D) Left atrium

B) Left ventricle

17) The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is regulated by negative feedback. Which of the following statements is correct about ADH regulation? A) A high blood concentration of ADH will cause you to excrete dilute urine. B) Loss of water from your bloodstream will limit further production of ADH. C) Drinking a lot of water will increase the rate of ADH production. D) A high blood concentration of ADH will make you feel thirsty. E) A high blood concentration of ADH will increase the rate of ADH production.

B) Loss of water from your bloodstream will limit further production of ADH.

36) The proteins that must be matched as closely as possible between an organ donor and a recipient are the ________ proteins. A) antibody B) MHC C) cytokine D) clotting factor

B) MHC

41) What type of digestion takes place inside the mouth? A) Mechanical digestion only B) Mechanical and chemical digestion C) Chemical digestion only D) Absorption only E) Ingestion only

B) Mechanical and chemical digestion

8) What are prostaglandins? A) Peptides or proteins B) Modified fatty acids C) Steroids D) Modified amino acids E) Carbohydrates

B) Modified fatty acids

50) What drives the return of blood to the heart in the systemic veins? A) The lymphatic system B) Muscles squeezing blood through the veins C) Contractions of the left auricle D) Ciliated cells lining the inside of the veins

B) Muscles squeezing blood through the veins

40) Birds follow a herd of water buffalo to catch insects that are disturbed as the large herbivores walk through the grass. When large predators are near, the birds fly into the air and make warning calls. What is the ecological relationship between the birds and the herbivores called?

B) Mutualism

2) Which of these muscle components is the smallest? A) Myofibril B) Myosin filament C) Muscle fiber D) Skeletal muscle

B) Myosin filament

34) Which of these is normally found in the glomerular filtrate? A) Large proteins B) Na+ C) Erythrocytes D) Fat droplets E) White blood cells

B) Na+

5) ________ are white blood cells that attack cancer cells. A) Neutrophils B) Natural killer cells C) Microphages D) Macrophages E) Mast cells

B) Natural killer cells

61) Which of the following is responsible for the perception of smell? A) Optic nerve B) Olfactory bulb C) Ganglion cells D) Corpuscles E) Olfactory receptors

B) Olfactory bulb

34) How would you classify an organism that consumes and digests both plant and animal sources of nutrients? A) Herbivore B) Omnivore C) Carnivore D) Ruminant

B) Omnivore

24) Which of the following mutations would increase evolutionary fitness? A) One that removes other alleles from the population B) One that increases the frequency of successful reproduction C) One that increases the birth weight of offspring while decreasing the number of offspring D) One that attracts more potential mates without increasing the frequency of reproduction E) One that increases the life span of the organism

B) One that increases the frequency of successful reproduction

32) Sometimes when a new mother is nursing her baby, she experiences abdominal cramping. Which hormone is responsible? A) FSH B) Oxytocin C) Estrogen D) Prolactin E) Progesterone

B) Oxytocin

15) Which of the following defense cells are able to squeeze through the intact walls of capillaries into the tissues to attack and ingest invading microbes? A) Lymphocytes B) Phagocytes C) Mast cells D) B cells E) Natural killer cells

B) Phagocytes

64) Which of the following structures has both a digestive and a respiratory role? A) Stomach B) Pharynx C) Nose D) Esophagus E) Larynx

B) Pharynx

38) Which nutrient cycle lacks an atmospheric reservoir? A) Water B) Phosphorus C) Carbon D) Oxygen E) Nitrogen

B) Phosphorus

37) What are antibodies? A) Cells that undergo apoptosis B) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins C) Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins D) Bacteria E) Viruses

B) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins

20) Which portion of the nephron receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule? A) Distal tubule B) Proximal tubule C) Collecting duct D) Nephron loop E) Glomerulus

B) Proximal tubule

77) A friend receives the results of a urine test and finds that dissolved nutrients, such as amino acids and glucose, are present in his urine. You deduce that part of his kidney is not functioning properly. Which part is most likely malfunctioning? A) Renal pelvis B) Proximal tubules C) Nephron loops D) Renal medulla E) Collecting ducts

B) Proximal tubules

43) Which of these blood cells have no nucleus in mammals? A) White blood cells B) Red blood cells C) Lymphocytes D) All blood cells in mammals lack nuclei.

B) Red blood cells

38) Which of the following is NOT a function of the vertebrate urinary system? A) Maintaining blood pH B) Regulating body temperature C) Adjusting water and ion concentrations D) Eliminating cellular wastes E) Secreting hormones

B) Regulating body temperature

54) Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation? A) Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles B) Relaxation of the diaphragm C) Contraction of the diaphragm D) Expansion of the lungs

B) Relaxation of the diaphragm

18) Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine? A) Renal pelvis → bladder → ureter → urethra B) Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra C) Renal pelvis → urethra → bladder → ureter D) Ureter → urethra → bladder → renal pelvis E) Renal pelvis → uterus → bladder → urethra

B) Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

23) Which of the following terms correctly describes carnivores? A) Consumer producers B) Secondary consumers C) Detritus consumers D) Autotrophs E) Primary consumers

B) Secondary consumers

22) Which of the following is the correct path sperm travel on their way out of the male? A) Epididymis → seminiferous tubules → vas deferens → urethra B) Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra C) Urethra → vas deferens → seminiferous tubules → epididymis D) Epididymis → urethra → vas deferens → seminiferous tubules E) Seminiferous tubules → vas deferens → urethra → epididymis

B) Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

25) Of the following structures, which can be found in the human peripheral nervous system? A) Cerebrum B) Sensory neurons C) Hypothalamus D) Spinal cord E) Cerebellum

B) Sensory neurons

32) ________ muscle constricts arteries when blood pressure drops suddenly. A) Striated B) Smooth C) Cardiac

B) Smooth

29) Which of the following explains why a sample of the filtrate taken from the proximal tubule is NOT ideal for conducting a drug test or toxicology screen? A) Many of the toxins and drugs are not added to urine until it enters the bladder. B) Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule. C) As soon as the toxins and drugs enter the proximal tubule, they are immediately reabsorbed. D) Only a blood test can detect drugs and toxins because they are too large to enter the kidney tubule system.

B) Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule.

15) Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ. A) Grasshopper B) Sponge C) Bat D) Trout E) Bird

B) Sponge

38) A shipworm is an animal that subsists entirely on a diet of wood. What digestive feature is this animal likely to have in order to survive on this highly specialized diet? A) A gastrovascular cavity B) Symbiotic microorganisms that produce cellulose-digesting enzymes C) A three-chambered stomach D) Large amounts of proteases and lipases E) Intracellular digestion

B) Symbiotic microorganisms that produce cellulose-digesting enzymes

42) Which of the following provides cell-mediated immunity? A) Red blood cells B) T cells C) Antibodies D) B cells

B) T cells

11) Which of these animals use gills to respire? A) Jellyfishes B) Tadpoles C) Earthworms D) Spiders E) Insects

B) Tadpoles

24) What is the cardiac cycle? A) The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart B) The alternating relaxation and contraction of the heart chambers C) The passage of electrical impulses from the AV node to the SN node to heart muscle D) The movement of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation

B) The alternating relaxation and contraction of the heart chambers

54) What advantage does the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts impart to vertebrates, even after growth has finished? A) As old bones are dissolved, new bones can be formed. B) The cells allow bone to get stronger as physical demands are placed on it. C) Bone growth never finishes; it continues at a slow pace throughout life. D) The cells enable bone to lengthen and shorten as needed.

B) The cells allow bone to get stronger as physical demands are placed on it.

42) Why is it necessary for many sperm to be present in order for one to fertilize the egg? A) A mass of sperm is necessary to gain entry into the ovary. B) The combined enzymes digest a path through the corona radiata and zona pellucida. C) A sperm cannot find the egg by itself. D) A mass of sperm is necessary to open the uterine tube. E) The combined motion of their flagella enables one sperm to push its way into the egg.

B) The combined enzymes digest a path through the corona radiata and zona pellucida.

75) The liver is the primary producer of albumin. People with liver failure often show signs of extensive edema (tissue swelling). The edema occurs because fluid in the tissues is less likely to return to the blood due to a breakdown in the osmotic gradient that normally exists. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements explains this phenomenon? A) The failing liver releases more albumin into the blood than normal. B) The failing liver releases less albumin into the blood than normal. C) Albumin, which is not normally released by the liver, causes an increase in blood pressure, which forces fluid into the tissues from the capillaries. D) Albumin, which is not normally released by the liver, causes capillaries to become leaky and release fluid into the surrounding tissues.

B) The failing liver releases less albumin into the blood than normal.

85) At the start of the breeding season, male stickleback fish undergo a number of significant changes. Their bellies become bright red and they become aggressive toward other males of the species, establishing and defending territories in which they build their nests. Although most male-male encounters consist solely of the resident lunging at an intruder, if this fails to drive off the intruder, the resident may bite. Females choose to mate with males that have large territories and well-constructed nests. What would you expect to happen as nest sites become scarcer? A) The color of the males will fade. B) The incidence of biting and other aggressive behaviors will increase. C) Nest construction will deteriorate. D) Females will begin to choose mates that have no territories. E) Males will make their territories even larger.

B) The incidence of biting and other aggressive behaviors will increase.

1) What are the most basic components of all ecosystems? A) Producers, consumers, and decomposers B) The living, or biotic part, and the abiotic C) Nutrients and energy D) Communities of organisms E) Volcanoes, wind, oceans, and other abiotic parts

B) The living, or biotic part, and the abiotic

37) Which of the following can be measured to estimate an organism's evolutionary fitness? A) The number of eggs it produces over its lifetime B) The number of offspring it produces over its lifetime that survive to breed C) The number of offspring it produces over its lifetime D) The size of its offspring E) The number of gametes it produces over its lifetime

B) The number of offspring it produces over its lifetime that survive to breed

43) Why is the African elephant considered a keystone species?

B) The removal of elephants from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community.

40) Birds follow a herd of water buffalo to catch insects that are disturbed as the large herbivores walk through the grass. When large predators are near, the birds fly into the air and make warning calls. Who are the birds warning?

B) The water buffalo's prey, because they need to escape

3) Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces? A) They have a large surface area. B) They are associated with a capillary bed. C) They are thin. D) They are moist.

B) They are associated with a capillary bed.

57) What is the role of valves in the veins? A) They push the blood upward toward the heart. B) They keep blood from flowing backward when the veins are squeezed by skeletal muscles. C) They block the flow of blood to the heart until it has time to contract again. D) They slow blood flow in the veins so that the blood can move more slowly in the capillaries. E) They push the blood back toward the capillaries so that all the oxygen can be removed.

B) They keep blood from flowing backward when the veins are squeezed by skeletal muscles.

45) Some of the daughter cells resulting from clonal selection of a B cell differentiate into plasma cells. Which of these is a function of plasma cells? A) They act as natural killer cells and destroy cancer cells. B) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood. C) They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. D) They transform into helper T cells and bind to antigens displayed by a dendritic cell.

B) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood.

73) Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by a mutation in a gene called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The mutation causes the afflicted individual to produce thick, sticky mucus that the cilia lining the respiratory tract can't easily remove. There is no cure for CF, and most individuals suffering from this condition die in their 20s or 30s. Based on this scenario, what would you conclude about people who have CF? A) They have excessive growth rates that result in gigantism. B) They suffer from incessant coughing and chronic lung infections. C) They have elevated oxygen levels in their blood. D) They have dangerously high blood pressure. E) They have extremely thin skin that is easily damaged.

B) They suffer from incessant coughing and chronic lung infections.

19) Which of the following structures decreases diffusion distances for oxygen and carbon dioxide by delivering air directly to body cells? A) Parabronchi B) Tracheoles C) Spiracles D) Gill filaments E) Bronchi

B) Tracheoles

51) Most microbes cannot gain access to the fetus. However, ________, which causes syphilis in adults, can cross the placenta and attack the fetus, causing stillbirths and mental retardation. A) Staphylococcus B) Treponema pallidum C) Listeria D) rubella E) HIV

B) Treponema pallidum

11) What is the thin, muscular tube through which urine leaves each mammalian kidney? A) Urethra B) Ureter C) Bladder D) Nephron E) Collecting duct

B) Ureter

2) Which of the following nitrogenous waste products is the least toxic, but requires the most energy to produce? A) Ammonia B) Uric acid C) Urine D) Urea

B) Uric acid

42) If a doctor tells a patient that he has broken an axial bone, to which of these bones would the doctor be referring? A) Clavicle B) Vertebra C) Fibula D) Ilium E) Radius

B) Vertebra

45) ________ diffuse(s) from fetal blood to maternal blood in the placenta. A) Nutrients B) Wastes C) Infectious organisms D) Oxygen E) Alcohol

B) Wastes

45) Which of the following includes lymphocytes? A) Albumin B) White blood cells C) Platelets D) Red blood cells

B) White blood cells

Based on this information and your knowledge of muscle physiology, would you expect creatine supplements to provide extra energy? Why or why not? A) No, because the digestive system breaks creatine (a large protein macromolecule) down before it can be used by the body. B) Yes, because the creatine supplement can donate phosphate ions to regenerate ATP. C) Yes, because creatine is used directly as a source of energy by muscle cells. D) No, because creatine is not used for energy production in the body.

B) Yes, because the creatine supplement can donate phosphate ions to regenerate ATP.

4) Protein bands that connect sarcomeres are called A) myofibrils. B) Z discs. C) T tubules. D) troponins.

B) Z discs.

42) A human embryologist examines a 3-week-old embryo and notices that it has not developed a notochord. If the embryo survives, it will lack A) skin and blood vessels. B) a brain and a spinal cord. C) a heart and lungs. D) a stomach and a pancreas.

B) a brain and a spinal cord.

50) When you observe a lake that has been affected by acid deposition, you might expect to find A) a murky lake with excess algal growth from the deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen. B) a clear lake with high levels of aluminum, mercury, and lead, but few fish. C) low levels of toxic metals and nutrients essential for the growth of biotic organisms. D) high levels of dissolved sulfur dioxide. E) excess carbon that will contribute to global warming.

B) a clear lake with high levels of aluminum, mercury, and lead, but few fish.

48) The respiratory control center consists of A) the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. B) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla. C) a group of highly modified cells located in the hypothalamus. D) a cluster of nerve cells in the lungs. E) the alveoli.

B) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla.

42) A species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is

B) a keystone species.

35) The extreme loss of genetic diversity that has occurred in cheetah populations due to overhunting is the result of A) natural selection. B) a population bottleneck. C) the founder effect. D) genetic drift. E) coevolution.

B) a population bottleneck.

2) A population is defined as A) all individuals of all species located throughout the world. B) all individuals of the same species located in a given geographic region. C) all individuals of the same species located throughout the world. D) all individuals of all species located in a given country. E) those individuals of the same species that have an identical genetic makeup.

B) all individuals of the same species located in a given geographic region.

41) Clonal selection occurs when A) natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly. B) antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply. C) antibodies that are the most common become cloned. D) scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines. E) daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.

B) antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply.

51) Other than abstinence and sterilization, the most effective method of contraception is the A) condom. B) birth control pill. C) contraceptive sponge. D) IUD. E) diaphragm.

B) birth control pill.

36) Erythrocytes are produced in the A) heart. B) bone marrow. C) liver. D) spleen.

B) bone marrow.

10) Testosterone is made in the testes, where it stimulates sperm development. Additionally, testosterone is carried in the blood throughout the body, stimulating the growth of facial hair and muscles. Therefore, testosterone is A) an endocrine hormone. B) both a local and an endocrine hormone. C) a neurotransmitter. D) both a neurotransmitter and an endocrine hormone. E) a local hormone.

B) both a local and an endocrine hormone.

20) The fluid in the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains a high concentration of ________ ions, which are released by the stimulation of an action potential. A) potassium B) calcium C) sodium D) iron E) phosphorus

B) calcium

22) A predator might use ________ to enable it to catch its prey.

B) camouflage

60) The muscles of your lower leg are arranged in antagonistic pairs so that you A) have a backup when one muscle is not strong enough. B) can both flex and extend your leg. C) can stand upright. D) obtain a stronger contraction than you would with a single muscle.

B) can both flex and extend your leg.

46) The optic nerve A) connects the two eyes. B) carries action potentials that originate in the retina. C) forms a blind spot at the fovea. D) is made up of hair cells. E) interprets the action potentials it carries.

B) carries action potentials that originate in the retina.

5) Axons A) form the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. B) carry action potentials. C) receive information from the external environment. D) have receptors for neurotransmitters. E) process information.

B) carry action potentials.

57) The greenhouse effect is the ability of A) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to retain heat in the lower atmosphere. B) certain gases to retain heat in the atmosphere instead of allowing it to be reflected back into space. C) certain gases to absorb solar heat and reflect the heat to Earth as short-wave radiation. D) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to retain heat in the upper atmosphere. E) structures created by humans to retain solar energy as short-wave radiation.

B) certain gases to retain heat in the atmosphere instead of allowing it to be reflected back into space.

27) Induction refers to A) the migration of cells to form the gastrula. B) chemical messengers from one embryonic cell influencing the development of other cells. C) the formation of the nervous system. D) hormones from the mother's blood altering the development of the embryo. E) the formation of the mesoderm layer in a gastrula.

B) chemical messengers from one embryonic cell influencing the

1) Endocrine communication depends on A) electrical signals within individual cells. B) chemicals secreted into the blood for delivery. C) target cells not binding to a hormone. D) chemicals secreted through ducts. E) cytoplasmic movement through gap junctions.

B) chemicals secreted into the blood for delivery.

23) The receptor cells for hearing are located in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) utricle. D) saccule. E) auditory tube.

B) cochlea.

6) The process by which two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another is called

B) coevolution

3) Over the course of their evolutionary histories, the timing of flowering, the spacing of plants, and the nectar rewards of flowering plants have influenced the foraging behavior of bees, which in turn has influenced the morphology of flowers. This process is an example of

B) coevolution.

51) The change in one population driven by a change in an associated population is called A) assortative evolution. B) coevolution. C) genetic drift. D) random mutation. E) fitness.

B) coevolution.

58) After falling down a flight of stairs, it feels like you broke your ankle; however the emergency room doctor says you tore a ligament. This means you tore the A) connective tissue band that attaches muscle to bone. B) connective tissue band that joins two bones. C) the cartilage in your ankle joint. D) delicate membrane that covers the surface of the bone. E) insertion of a muscle.

B) connective tissue band that joins two bones.

28) Fast-twitch muscle fibers, such as those that predominate in the legs of sprinters, ________ than slow-twitch fibers, which predominate in the legs of marathon runners. A) have a greater blood supply B) contain fewer mitochondria C) contain higher levels of myoglobin D) produce more ATP

B) contain fewer mitochondria

56) The left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected through the ________, a large band of axons. A) reticular formation B) corpus callosum C) pons D) medulla E) hypothalamus

B) corpus callosum

22) The human heart contains cells that do all of the following EXCEPT A) respond to signals from the nervous system. B) create new red blood cells. C) contract. D) generate electrical signals.

B) create new red blood cells.

1) An anorexic person A) eats a meal and then vomits. B) eats very little food. C) has a bacterial infection in the stomach. D) is usually overweight. E) is usually treated with antibiotics.

B) eats very little food.

11) The nervous system forms from the A) endoderm. B) ectoderm. C) chorion. D) yolk. E) mesoderm.

B) ectoderm.

20) Mature sperm are stored in the A) seminal vesicles. B) epididymis. C) urethra. D) prostate gland. E) penis.

B) epididymis.

29) The most abundant cell type in blood is the A) platelet. B) erythrocyte. C) basophil. D) neutrophil. E) leukocyte.

B) erythrocyte.

12) If a child develops an anterior pituitary tumor that reduces LH and FSH production, the child will A) produce excess testosterone or estrogen. B) experience delayed or disrupted puberty. C) develop secondary sexual characteristics before puberty. D) not develop gonads. E) have decreased production of GnRH.

B) experience delayed or disrupted puberty.

32) In most animals, digestion occurs A) intracellularly, through simple absorption. B) extracellularly, within a cavity that is open at both ends. C) extracellularly, within a gastrovascular cavity. D) extracellularly, within the circulatory system. E) intracellularly, through collar cells.

B) extracellularly, within a cavity that is open at both ends.

44) In humans, when the eye focuses on a nearby object, the lens A) becomes more rounded. B) flattens. C) gets more transparent. D) gets less transparent. E) does not change.

B) flattens.

58) Vaccinations protect against future exposure to disease organisms by A) stimulating suppressor T cells. B) forming memory cells. C) increasing the number of red blood cells. D) increasing complement proteins.

B) forming memory cells.

51) A callus is a mass of bone and cartilage that A) thickens the fibrous structure of a muscle. B) forms after a bone breaks. C) is a form of bone cancer. D) is involved in bone formation in the vertebrate embryo.

B) forms after a bone breaks.

13) When lifting a heavy object, the strength of leg muscle contractions is determined by the A) amount of ATP used by each active sarcomere during muscle contraction. B) frequency of action potentials and number of muscle fibers stimulated. C) number of thick and thin filaments involved in each sarcomere during contraction. D) number of calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

B) frequency of action potentials and number of muscle fibers stimulated.

25) The process by which allele frequencies are altered in a small population due to chance is called A) random mutation. B) genetic drift. C) random evolution. D) assortative evolution. E) fitness.

B) genetic drift.

45) Painful and reoccurring genital blisters are characteristic of A) chlamydia. B) genital herpes. C) HIV. D) syphilis. E) HPV.

B) genital herpes.

44) Cartilage primarily consists of A) actin. B) glycoproteins and collagen. C) calcium and phosphate. D) myosin. E) magnesium and manganese.

B) glycoproteins and collagen.

28) After 20 years on the road, Roger recently retired as the drummer of a rock band. It didn't take long for Roger to realize that he was unable to hear as well as he used to. Roger's diminished hearing is most likely due to damage of A) corpuscles. B) hair cells. C) the hammer and anvil. D) the tympanic membrane. E) the auditory nerve.

B) hair cells.

7) A three-chambered heart A) has three atria. B) has two atria and one ventricle. C) is found in fish. D) has three ventricles. E) has one atrium and two ventricles.

B) has two atria and one ventricle.

2) The atoms that make up the molecules in our bodies A) came from a wooly mammoth. B) have nearly all been on Earth throughout its entire history. C) were all formed recently by nuclear fusion on the sun. D) will be lost back to space soon after we die. E) were once part of a dinosaur.

B) have nearly all been on Earth throughout its entire history.

39) Having greater evolutionary fitness means A) being stronger. B) having more offspring. C) being better able to survive. D) being able to produce more sperm or eggs. E) being larger or faster.

B) having more offspring.

50) You analyze a blood sample taken from a man who survived for 2 days in the desert with no water to drink. Based on your knowledge of kidney physiology, you are not surprised to find that his blood level of ADH is A) zero. B) higher than normal. C) lower than normal. D) normal.

B) higher than normal.

24) In the 1920s, two German embryologists, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold, demonstrated that a small patch of cells, called the dorsal lip of the blastopore, would A) lack the genes necessary to develop the embryo. B) induce the surrounding cells to differentiate. C) become the digestive tract. D) become the neural tube. E) form the chorion.

B) induce the surrounding cells to differentiate.

69) Some fishes can extract 80% of the oxygen from water flowing through their gills through countercurrent exchange.

TRUE

76) Two species of buttercup are found in a field in North Dakota, and they tend to flower at approximately the same time in early spring. When some ecology students decided to conduct an experiment in community dynamics, they selectively removed one species from the field by hand-picking all emergent plants. The remaining species showed a significant increase in its population size during the next season. This study demonstrated

B) interspecific competition.

48) People who wear contact lenses or glasses have a defect in the A) cone cells. B) length of the eyeball. C) iris. D) rod cells. E) blind spot.

B) length of the eyeball.

46) The first community that forms on bare rock often has organisms such as A) woody shrubs and conifers.

B) lichens and mosses.

52) Several hours after a meal, glucagon increases blood glucose levels by activating an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, which is stored primarily in the A) small intestine. B) liver. C) pancreas. D) kidneys. E) heart.

B) liver.

10) "Big eater" cells that ingest and destroy microbes are A) T cells. B) macrophages. C) natural killer cells. D) mast cells. E) plasma cells.

B) macrophages.

50) Drones are male honeybees that A) forage for food. B) mate with the queens. C) build the hexagonal cells of wax for the larvae. D) feed the developing larvae.

B) mate with the queens.

19) The perception of sound depends on A) chemoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) photoreceptors. E) nociceptors.

B) mechanoreceptors.

53) Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of ________ cells. A) helper T B) memory C) cytotoxic T D) plasma

B) memory

1) All bacteria and viruses are A) pathogens. B) microbes. C) antibodies. D) plasma cells. E) causes of cancer.

B) microbes.

23) ADH increases fluid retention when the body sweats and decreases fluid retention when someone has consumed large amounts of water. This is an example of A) positive feedback. B) negative feedback. C) neurotransmitter activity. D) paracrine communication. E) synaptic communication.

B) negative feedback.

25) When you eat a bag of cookies, your blood sugar level increases. As blood sugar levels rise, insulin levels increase to move the sugar into the cells and lower the blood sugar level. As the blood sugar level drops, so does the level of insulin. This is an example of A) positive feedback. B) negative feedback. C) neurotransmitter activity. D) paracrine communication. E) synaptic communication.

B) negative feedback.

12) The site of communication between a neuron and a muscle fiber is called a A) myofibril. B) neuromuscular junction. C) Z disc. D) sarcomere.

B) neuromuscular junction.

13) Earthworms live in many grass and forest ecosystems, and they aerate the soil as they burrow. They also may mix soil layers as they ingest organic matter and travel between layers. These traits, taken collectively, make up the ________ of the earthworm.

B) niche

59) Forests along rivers in the Pacific Northwest that have lost their salmon populations are less productive because the A) global warming that wiped out the fish has also harmed the trees. B) nitrogen the fish brought from the ocean and contained in their tissues has been lost. C) pollution that killed the fish has also directly affected the trees. D) dams that prevented the fish from migrating also flooded the forests. E) fishers who overharvested the salmon compacted the soil in the process.

B) nitrogen the fish brought from the ocean and contained in their tissues has been lost.

10) The amount of life that an ecosystem can support is determined primarily by the A) number of chemoautotrophs. B) number of producers and their efficiency. C) number of heterotrophs. D) efficiency of the consumers. E) efficiency of the heterotrophs.

B) number of producers and their efficiency.

54) Visual information is processed in the A) temporal lobes. B) occipital lobes. C) frontal lobes. D) hippocampus. E) parietal lobes.

B) occipital lobes.

35) The three major reservoirs of carbon are A) acid precipitation, carbon-fixing bacteria, and oceans. B) oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels. C) rocks, the atmosphere, and guano. D) soil, water, and the atmosphere. E) fossil fuels, legumes, and micronutrients.

B) oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels.

34) The many individual light-sensitive subunits in an insect's eye are called A) rods. B) ommatidia. C) cones. D) ganglion cells. E) corpuscles.

B) ommatidia.

1) If you teach your dog to sit by giving him a treat for every correct response, this is an example of A) social learning. B) operant conditioning. C) innate behavior. D) habituation. E) insight learning.

B) operant conditioning.

34) A surge in the level of LH indicates that ________ is about to occur. A) menstruation B) ovulation C) puberty D) the testosterone peak E) the progesterone peak

B) ovulation

28) Insects that feed on plants without completely consuming them may be classified as

B) parasites.

29) Mosquitoes are

B) parasites.

31) In the rain forests of Panama, scientists found a colony of tree-dwelling black ants where some individuals had red abdomens. When examined, the scientists determined that the ants with red abdomens were infected with roundworm eggs. Birds would prey on these ants, mistaking their red bellies for berries. In the interactions among the tree-dwelling black ants, the roundworms, and the birds, the roundworms are the

B) parasites.

4) Predation is similar to ________ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while harming the other.

B) parasitism

36) The Masai people of Kenya, in east Africa, regularly consume the blood and milk of their cattle. Based on this information alone, we might classify the relationship between the Masai and cattle as

B) parasitism.

69) Some joints, such as those joining the bones of the skull, are immobile and do not allow the two bones involved to move.

TRUE

12) In an unstimulated neuron, the sodium-potassium pump maintains the concentration gradient of sodium and potassium ions by transporting A) sodium and potassium out of the cell. B) potassium ions into and sodium ions out of the cell. C) sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane. D) sodium and potassium into the cell. E) potassium ions out of and sodium ions into the cell.

B) potassium ions into and sodium ions out of the cell.

35) The function of the epiglottis is to A) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs. B) prevent food from entering the larynx. C) assist the vocal cords in sound production. D) keep the bronchi from collapsing. E) produce surfactant.

B) prevent food from entering the larynx.

50) Contraceptive methods that rely on synthetic hormones A) destroy fertilized eggs. B) prevent ovulation. C) kill sperm. D) prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. E) prevent the sperm and egg from meeting.

B) prevent ovulation.

45) Succession that begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands, is

B) primary.

18) A carnivorous plant, such as a sundew, may be considered both a ________ when it eats a carnivorous spider. A) primary consumer and a tertiary consumer B) producer and a tertiary consumer C) producer and a secondary consumer D) primary consumer and a secondary consumer E) producer and a primary consumer

B) producer and a tertiary consumer

13) The first trophic level of an ecosystem consists of A) primary consumers. B) producers. C) heterotrophs. D) detritus feeders. E) secondary consumers.

B) producers.

5) An animal, such as an earthworm, that is hermaphroditic A) reproduces by regeneration. B) produces both eggs and sperm. C) reproduces by unfertilized eggs. D) spawns. E) reproduces by budding.

B) produces both eggs and sperm.

3) Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are primarily formed because of the digestion of A) salts. B) proteins. C) carbohydrates. D) lipids.

B) proteins

44) Erythropoietin stimulates the manufacture of A) white blood cells. B) red blood cells. C) albumin. D) platelets.

B) red blood cells.

3) The allele frequency of a population is the A) sum of all genes in that population. B) relative proportion of a given allele in that population. C) number of different types of alleles in that population. D) number of all alleles in that population.

B) relative proportion of a given allele in that population.

58) The accumulation of carbon dioxide, lactic acid, or other cellular waste causes nearby precapillary sphincters to A) shorten. B) relax. C) contract. D) lengthen.

B) relax.

2) Local hormones are A) released from one cell and transferred via the blood to target cells throughout the body. B) released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells. C) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell. D) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells. E) released from a nerve cell and then diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.

B) released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells.

55) The ________ is a cluster of neurons that plays a role in wake-sleep cycles, muscle tone, emotions, and some reflexes. A) hypothalamus B) reticular formation C) pons D) medulla E) cerebral cortex

B) reticular formation

25) When your mother told you to drink your milk because it would help build strong bones, she was A) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin E, which helps with the formation of red blood cells. B) right, because milk contains vitamin D, which promotes bone growth. C) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin D, which causes rickets. D) right, because milk contains vitamin C, which is involved in maintaining the walls of blood vessels in the retina. E) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin C, which causes scurvy.

B) right, because milk contains vitamin D, which promotes bone growth.

10) A lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet causes A) pellagra. B) scurvy. C) beriberi. D) acne. E) anemia.

B) scurvy

30) During ovulation, the mature follicle erupts, releasing the ________, also known as the egg. A) primary oocyte B) secondary oocyte C) polar body D) zygote E) oogonium

B) secondary oocyte

25) If the prostate gland failed to add its enzyme-rich fluid to semen, the A) sperm would starve from lack of fructose. B) semen would exhibit reduced fluidity, hampering the ability of sperm to swim freely in the vagina. C) acrosome would rupture prematurely. D) semen would lack lubricating mucus. E) egg would be killed by the acidic vaginal secretions.

B) semen would exhibit reduced fluidity, hampering the ability of sperm to swim freely in the vagina.

49) Female finches, which do not sing, often choose to mate with males that sing a specific, elaborate song. This is an example of A) inbreeding. B) sexual selection. C) coevolution. D) assortative mating. E) fitness.

B) sexual selection.

16) An artificial pacemaker is a device that replaces the actions of the A) atria. B) sinoatrial node. C) ventricles. D) atrioventricular node.

B) sinoatrial node.

21) To communicate across hundreds of miles, whales use A) wave motions. B) sound. C) pheromones. D) sight. E) touch.

B) sound.

49) After a vasectomy, the semen produced will not contain A) acid-neutralizing fluid. B) sperm. C) mucus. D) enzymes. E) fructose.

B) sperm.

18) A diet that lacks cholesterol would limit the production of A) acetylcholine. B) steroid hormones. C) peptide hormones. D) cyclic AMP. E) amino acid derivatives.

B) steroid hormones.

63) Taking this exam might have caused your adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, the most common glucocorticoid. Cortisol is usually produced in response to A) a drop in blood pressure. B) stress or anxiety. C) inactivity. D) the release of adrenaline. E) increased brain activity.

B) stress or anxiety.

50) When a community like the tallgrass prairie is maintained by recurring disturbances such as periodic fires set by Native Americans or by lightning, a ________ community exists.

B) subclimax

7) Receptor potentials may generate action potentials in the receptor cell itself, or they may cause ________ that stimulates an associated neuron to generate action potentials. A) the production of glucose B) the release of neurotransmitter C) an increase in blood flow D) an influx of ClE) a change in pressure

B) the release of neurotransmitter

21) Autotrophs gain energy from A) primary producers. B) the sun and inorganic nutrients. C) secondary producers. D) omnivores. E) secondary consumers.

B) the sun and inorganic nutrients.

13) The left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle because it must push the blood A) through the pulmonary arteries only. B) through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells. C) through wider blood vessels. D) against gas pressure in the lungs.

B) through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells.

16) A child learns which foods taste good or bad through A) insight learning. B) trial-and-error learning. C) imprinting. D) habituation. E) innate learning.

B) trial-and-error learning.

39) In humans, fertilization normally occurs in the A) fimbriae. B) uterine tube. C) ovary. D) vagina. E) uterus.

B) uterine tube.

16) A ________ person has the highest energy expenditure at rest. A) moderately physically active B) very physically active, muscular C) moderately sedentary D) very sedentary, overweight

B) very physically active, muscular

51) What is the correct sequence of blood vessels from the heart through the body and back to the heart? A) Veins, venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries B) Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries C) Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins D) Veins, venules, arteries, arterioles, capillaries E) Arterioles, arteries, capillaries, veins, venules

C) Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

23) Which of the following is part of the peripheral nervous system? A) Brain B) Spinal cord C) Autonomic nervous system D) Medulla E) Thalamus

C) Autonomic nervous system

30) ________ cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow. A) Cytotoxic T B) Memory C) B D) Helper T

C) B

69) The brain is able to take sensory inputs from many neurons, integrate them, and determine an appropriate response.

TRUE

4) How much of the energy that reaches Earth's outer atmosphere from the sun is available for photosynthesis in plants at Earth's surface? A) 55% B) 71% C) 1% D) 44% E) 95%

C) 1%

32) A developing human is considered an embryo after ________ weeks. A) 12 B) 4 C) 2 D) 16 E) 8

C) 2

33) How much air enters the lungs of an average-sized adult when breathing normally? A) 1,000 milliliters B) 275 milliliters C) 500 milliliters D) 750 milliliters E) 125 milliliters

C) 500 milliliters

4) The average human body at rest burns about ________ Calories per hour. A) 500 B) 1,000 C) 70 D) 5,000 E) 1

C) 70

16) The amount of energy lost as it passes from one trophic level to another is approximately A) 99%. B) 50%. C) 90%. D) 75%. E) 63%.

C) 90%

26) Which of these is an example of a pheromone? A) The waggle dance of the honeybee B) Light emitted by fireflies C) A dog urinating on a bush D) A peacock's tail E) Bird song

C) A dog urinating on a bush

27) Which of these hormones does the posterior pituitary release? A) Gonadotropins B) Cortisol C) ADH D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E) Growth hormone

C) ADH

18) When a muscle fiber receives an action potential from a neuron, how many sarcomeres in the fiber contract? A) The number that contracts is directly proportional to the strength of the action potential. B) Approximately one half of the sarcomeres in the fiber contract. C) All of the sarcomeres in the fiber contract. D) The number that contracts is inversely proportional to the strength of the action potential.

C) All of the sarcomeres in the fiber contract.

30) Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation? A) Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli B) Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx C) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea D) Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles

C) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea

33) Which of the following glands produces hormones that regulate the secretory activity of other endocrine glands? A) Adrenal cortex B) Ovaries and testes C) Anterior pituitary D) Thyroid E) Pancreas

C) Anterior pituitary

19) Which of the following help neutralize free radicals that form in the body? A) Lipids B) Amino acids C) Antioxidants D) Monosaccharides E) Minerals

C) Antioxidants

4) Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are A) natural killer cells. B) dendritic cells. C) B cells. D) T cells. E) mast cells.

C) B cells.

57) What happens to an astronaut who spends 2 months in the weightless environment of a space capsule? A) Bone density increases and muscle mass decreases. B) Bone density increases and muscle mass increases. C) Bone density decreases and muscle mass decreases. D) Bone density decreases and muscle mass increases.

C) Bone density decreases and muscle mass decreases.

58) A layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this tiny air-conducting tube allows it to regulate its diameter. A) Trachea B) Alveolus C) Bronchiole D) Pharynx E) Larynx

C) Bronchiole

29) Wolves, seals, and cats have enlarged canines and molars designed for shearing rather than grinding or chewing. How would you classify these animals on the basis of the type of teeth they possess? A) Omnivores B) Herbivores C) Carnivores D) Ruminants

C) Carnivores

41) When you hear a loud noise, you immediately turn your head and direct your eyes toward the sound. Which region of the brain directs this reflexive movement of your eyes? A) Hindbrain B) Midbrain C) Cerebrum D) Hippocampus E) Pons

C) Cerebrum

46) Which of the following is a bacterial infection that can cause the uterine tubes to be blocked by scar tissue? A) HIV B) Genital herpes C) Chlamydia D) HPV E) Trichomoniasis

C) Chlamydia

16) Which extraembryonic membrane lies immediately beneath the shell of a reptile embryo? A) Yolk sac B) Amnion C) Chorion D) Placenta E) Allantois

C) Chorion

63) Which of these dietary changes should I make following surgery to remove my gallbladder? ( Hint: How does the gallbladder assist in digestion?) A) Increase my consumption of fats B) Increase my intake of water C) Decrease my consumption of fats D) Decrease my consumption of protein E) Increase my consumption of protein

C) Decrease my consumption of fats

63) What might be a major disadvantage of having a ball-and-socket joint, rather than a hinge joint, in the human knee? A) Reduced ability to move the lower leg B) Decreased muscle strength C) Decreased joint stability D) Decreased joint flexibility

C) Decreased joint stability

1) Which portion of the neuron typically receives information? A) Synaptic terminal B) Glia C) Dendrite D) Axon E) Cell body

C) Dendrite

3) Select the path an electrical signal would take within a single neuron. A) Cell body → dendrite → axon → synaptic terminal B) Synaptic terminal → dendrite → axon → cell body C) Dendrite → cell body → axon → synaptic terminal D) Synaptic terminal → axon → cell body → dendrite E) Synaptic terminal → cell body → axon → dendrite

C) Dendrite → cell body → axon → synaptic terminal

51) Water may be reabsorbed from many regions of the nephron;however, which regions can do so only if the blood levels of ADH are elevated? A) Glomerulus and the glomerular capsule B) Nephron loop and distal tubule C) Distal tubule and collecting duct D) Proximal tubule and nephron loop E) Proximal and distal tubules

C) Distal tubule and collecting duct

10) Which type of animal would you dissect to locate a nephridium? A) Reptile B) Bird C) Earthworm D) Insect E) Flatworm

C) Earthworm

59) Who first performed vaccinations by inoculating children with cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox? A) Milkmaids B) Louis Pasteur C) Edward Jenner D) Lady Montague

C) Edward Jenner

15) Which germ layer forms the pancreas? A) Endodermis B) Epidermis C) Endoderm D) Mesoderm E) Ectoderm

C) Endoderm

56) What is the effect of a cornea that is too flat? A) Nearsightedness B) An enlarged blind spot C) Farsightedness D) Blindness

C) Farsightedness

52) You were sick with the flu last winter. Why then does your doctor suggest you be vaccinated against the flu this year? A) The virus blocked your immune system's ability to produce memory cells. B) The virus inactivates helper T cells. C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly. D) Surviving the flu one year inhibits the immune system the second year.

C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly.

45) To survive the winter, some birds, such as the black-capped chickadee, must locate caches of seeds it buries each fall. Which region of the brain allows the birds to remember the exact locations of these stashes? A) Occipital lobe B) Frontal lobe C) Hippocampus D) Amygdala E) Hypothalamus

C) Hippocampus

51) If a patient has a particular memory problem in which he can recall old memories but cannot make new memories, what part of his brain is most likely damaged? A) Prefrontal cortex B) Temporal lobes C) Hippocampus D) Thalamus E) Basal ganglia

C) Hippocampus

42) Which region of the brain helps regulate body temperature, endocrine activity, and water balance? A) Cerebellum B) Cerebrum C) Hypothalamus D) Medulla E) Thalamus

C) Hypothalamus

34) Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland. If production of thymosin is inhibited, then A) bone density decreases. B) progesterone production stops. C) T cells do not develop. D) blood glucose levels fluctuate wildly. E) dehydration occurs.

C) T cells do not develop.

56) Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look? A) In areas where triclosan-containing products are used frequently B) In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection C) In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used D) In areas where bacteria are usually not found

C) In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used

41) Suppose a pregnant woman took a drug that causes incomplete brain formation during fetal development. When must the woman have taken the drug for this effect to occur? A) Between the fifth and sixth months of development B) During labor C) In the first month of development D) Between the seventh and eighth months of development E) Between the second and third months of development

C) In the first month of development

41) Which of the following is a disadvantage for animals living in groups? A) Lower efficiency in finding food B) Reduced chance of finding a mate C) Increased chance of being spotted by predators D) Decreased risk of disease

C) Increased chance of being spotted by predators

72) The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the major knee joint ligaments in humans, and damage to this ligament is fairly common in athletes. An ACL tear is most often a sports-related injury but can also result from accidents, falls, and work-related injuries. Most sports-related ACL tears occur when a person pivots or lands from a jump. Based on this information as well as your knowledge of ligaments, which of the following occurs in an athlete who has a torn ACL? A) Inability to relax the quadriceps B) Inability to contract the quadriceps C) Instability or weakness of the knee joint D) Rapid firing of all the neurons involved in the affected motor unit

C) Instability or weakness of the knee joint

17) What is the function of an acrosome? A) It contains a haploid nucleus. B) It holds large numbers of mitochondria. C) It contains enzymes that dissolve the protective layers around the egg. D) It propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract. E) It protects the sperm from vaginal secretions.

C) It contains enzymes that dissolve the protective

56) What happens to the speed of blood as it passes through the capillaries? A) It increases greatly. B) It decreases slightly. C) It decreases greatly. D) It increases slightly. E) It depends on the location of the capillaries.

C) It decreases greatly.

40) Some athletes use "blood doping," in which additional red blood cells are added to the blood prior to the competition. What is the effect of blood doping? A) It decreases blood pressure. B) It makes blood thinner so that it flows faster. C) It increases oxygen delivery to muscles. D) It changes the blood type.

C) It increases oxygen delivery to muscles.

24) Which vitamin plays a major role in blood clotting? A) D B) B1 (thiamin) C) K D) B12 E) A

C) K

31) In a healthy kidney, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the filtrate? A) Glucose B) Water C) Large proteins D) Salt E) Drugs

C) Large proteins

6) In vertebrates, which heart chamber supplies oxygenated blood to the body cells? A) Right ventricle B) Left atrium C) Left ventricle D) Right atrium

C) Left ventricle

25) Where are the largest motor units in human muscles located? A) Muscles in the hand B) Muscles of the face C) Leg muscles D) Arm muscles

C) Leg muscles

59) Which of the following is a hormone that is released by fat cells? A) Glucagon B) Oxytocin C) Leptin D) Prolactin E) Epinephrine

C) Leptin

39) Which portion of the brain is responsible for primitive emotions such as fear, rage, and sexual desire? A) Reticular formation B) Pons C) Limbic system D) Medulla E) Thalamus

C) Limbic system

7) Insect urinary systems consist of A) nephrostomes. B) flame cells. C) Malpighian tubules. D) nephridia. E) protonephridia.

C) Malpighian tubules.

49) Which of the following increases bone mass? A) Dietary nitrogen supplements B) Increased osteoclast activity C) Moderate stress from weight-bearing exercises D) Increasing the action potentials that directly stimulate bones

C) Moderate stress from weight-bearing exercises

34) Which of the following would be composed of smooth muscle? A) Muscles that allow you to cross your eyes B) Quadriceps (leg muscle) C) Muscles of the uterus D) Ventricles of the heart

C) Muscles of the uterus

13) These white blood cells kill virus-infected cells exhibiting "non-self" major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. A) Dendritic cells B) Neutrophils C) Natural killer cells D) Macrophages E) Plasma cells

C) Natural killer cells

52) If you could monitor the activity from the photoreceptors of rods and cones in the retina during a dream, would you expect these cells to be producing electrical signals? Why? A) Yes, because our eyes move during sleep, and this stimulates the rods and cones. B) Yes, because the rods and cones are reproducing images that are then sent to the brain. C) No, because rods and cones only convert light energy into electrical signals. D) No, because rods and cones never produce electrical signals.

C) No, because rods and cones only convert light energy into electrical signals.

63) Which of the following is a consequence of breathing secondhand smoke? A) Smokers are more likely to have increased lung capacity. B) Nonsmoking spouses of smokers have a 30% lower risk of heart attack. C) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia. D) Nonsmoking children of smokers are less likely to develop atherosclerosis.

C) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia.

24) Select the correct path through which sound waves travel to stimulate hearing. A) Outer ear → oval window → middle ear → tympanic membrane → cochlea B) Outer ear → basilar membrane → inner ear → oval window → auditory tube C) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → middle ear → oval window → cochlea D) Outer ear → auditory tube → oval window → tympanic membrane → basilar membrane E) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → auditory tube → cochlea → oval window

C) Outer ear → tympanic membrane → middle ear → oval window → cochlea

10) Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE? A) Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow. B) Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion. C) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system. D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion. E) Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood.

C) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.

32) Humans contract bacterial infections such as tuberculosis or syphilis. What is this ecological relationship called?

C) Parasitism

33) Fleas feed on the blood of dogs, cats, and people. What is this ecological relationship called?

C) Parasitism

78) Olfactory dysfunction, or dysosmia, is a problem with the sense of smell. Technically, it is a deviation from the normal sensing and perception of odor molecules, or olfactory stimuli processing. There are several different forms of dysosmia, including anosmia (stimuli do not activate the olfactory bulb), parosmia (some odors are interpreted as other odors), and phantosmia (hallucinations of smells that are not there). Based on this information, what specific condition is indicated in a person who mistakenly perceives the smell of peppermint as the same as the smell of something that is rotten, foul, and decomposed? A) Phantosmia B) Dysosmia C) Parosmia D) Anosmia

C) Parosmia

16) Which of these structures can be swiveled around in some animals to better locate a sound? A) Hammer B) Anvil C) Pinna D) Cochlea

C) Pinna

35) Which blood constituent makes up most of the volume of blood? A) White blood cells B) Red blood cells C) Plasma D) Blood proteins

C) Plasma

25) Harmless king snakes mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes, which serve as models. If avoidance were based solely on prior predator experience with the model, what do you predict would happen in areas where coral snakes were never present?

C) Predators would attack and eat king snakes.

6) Which of the following causes cervical dilation and helps stimulate uterine contractions during labor? A) Acetylcholine B) Progesterone C) Prostaglandins D) Oxytocin E) Estrogen

C) Prostaglandins

25) In a healthy kidney, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron? A) Distal tubule B) Glomerulus C) Proximal tubule D) Nephron loop E) Ureter

C) Proximal tubule

26) What is the process by which water and nutrients are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood? A) Filtration B) Elimination C) Reabsorption D) Excretion E) Secretion

C) Reabsorption

3) Which of the following proteins are required for target cells to interact with hormones? A) Cyclic adenosine monophosphates (AMPs) B) Response proteins C) Receptors D) Neurotransmitters E) Neuromodulators

C) Receptors

77) Cancer patients who receive radiation treatment or chemotherapy often slough off their most rapidly dividing body cells, such as those in the hair follicles and those lining the gastrointestinal tract. This results in much of the pain, fatigue, and other complications associated with the cancer treatment. Understandably, some loss of hair is expected when undergoing such procedures. Which of the following would you also expect to occur with cancer treatment? A) Excess mucus production in the airways B) Constipation due to excessive water reabsorption C) Reduced nutrient absorption and subsequent weakness D) High blood pressure E) Elevated lipid and glucose levels in the blood

C) Reduced nutrient absorption and subsequent weakness

49) Why do things appear mainly black or white to us in low light? A) Colored light does not strike the retina in low light. B) Few action potentials are generated in low light. C) Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones. D) The diffused light of night does not fall on the fovea. E) Only white light is available at night.

C) Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones.

60) What keeps the trachea from collapsing? A) Surface tension of water B) Surfactant C) Semicircular rings of cartilage D) Cilia

C) Semicircular rings of cartilage

61) Why do mammals adapted to dry climates tend to have considerably more long -looped nephrons than those adapted to wet climates? A) So that a lower concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries B) So that the wastes can be excreted as uric acid instead of urine C) So that a higher concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries D) So that the excess urea they produce as a result of dehydration can be properly filtered by the nephrons and excreted E) So that their blood pressure does not drop to dangerously low levels during periods of drought

C) So that a higher concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries

9) In which vertebrate group are there two atria but only a single ventricle? A) Mammals B) Fishes C) Some reptiles D) Crocodiles E) Birds

C) Some reptiles

41) If the tallest and shortest individuals of a population of humans do not survive and reproduce as well as the individuals of "average" height, which type of selection would most likely result? A) Disruptive selection B) Artificial selection C) Stabilizing selection D) Directional selection

C) Stabilizing selection

40) Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH? A) Large intestine B) Rectum C) Stomach D) Pancreas E) Small intestine

C) Stomach

3) What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? A) Provides support B) Storage of ATP C) Storage of calcium ions D) Contraction

C) Storage of calcium ions

12) How does the skin act as a barrier to microbial invasion? A) Dendritic cells patrol the skin's surface, producing secretions that inhibit microbe growth. B) It releases B cells and T cells to fight infections. C) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth. D) Dead skin cells are packed with keratin, an antibacterial protein that punches holes in bacterial membranes.

C) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth.

37) Male bullfrogs produce loud calls during the mating season to attract females. The loudest males tend to mate with the most females. What can we reasonably conclude about this situation? A) We cannot come to any conclusions based on the information given. B) The louder a male's call, the lower his quality. C) The louder a male's call, the higher his quality. D) The loudness of a male's call is not a good predictor of his quality.

C) The louder a male's call, the higher his quality.

27) Southern Copperhead snake venom contains a protein called disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. Why does the snake venom contain this molecule? A) The molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that travel in the body and produce heart attacks and strokes. B) By binding to the platelets, the molecule inhibits the formation of fibrin. C) The molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of the bite to the rest of the body. D) After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing.

C) The molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of the bite to the rest of the body.

27) What would happen to a person who was poisoned with a chemical that blocks the production of neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions? A) The muscles would swell. B) The sarcoplasmic reticulum would release sodium ions instead of calcium ions. C) The muscles would be unable to contract. D) The person's muscles would contract uncontrollably.

C) The muscles would be unable to contract.

2) What is differentiation? A) The process in which different tissues specialize into specific organs B) The process in which different organs specialize in function C) The process in which different cells develop into different cell types D) The process in which different organ systems become specialized

C) The process in which different cells develop into different cell types

15) How do endocrine hormones affect their target cells? A) They cause changes in cell metabolism only. B) They increase the permeability of the target cell. C) They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription. D) They affect gene transcription only. E) They stimulate the synthesis of glycogen.

C) They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription.

131) When blood glucose levels rise, insulin signals cells to take up glucose, removing it from the blood. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder caused by a dysfunction in the insulin signaling system. There are two types of diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin regularly, usually through injection. People with type 2 diabetes are not helped by supplemental insulin. What does this tell you about where the defect might be in these two disorders? A) Type 1 diabetes is probably caused by defective insulin receptors. B) Type 2 diabetes is probably caused by underproduction of insulin. C) Type 1 diabetes is probably caused by underproduction of insulin. D) Type 2 diabetes is probably caused by overproduction of insulin.

C) Type 1 diabetes is probably caused by underproduction of insulin.

57) MSG is often used as a seasoning to enhance the flavors of meat, fish, and vegetables. Which type of taste receptor cell responds to MSG? A) Sweet B) Bitter C) Umami D) Salty E) Sour

C) Umami

1) Which of the following describes the role of urinary systems in maintaining cellular homeostasis? A) Urinary systems ensure the delivery of the proper amount of nitrogen to the cells. B) Urinary systems are important for the generation of urea, which cells can use as an energy source when carbohydrates become scarce. C) Urinary systems regulate water balance, pH, and the concentrations of ions in body fluids for cells. D) Urinary systems filter out diseased and damaged cells that can be excreted from the body.

C) Urinary systems regulate water balance, pH, and the concentrations of ions in body fluids for cells.

26) Which of the following is the correct path sperm travel on their way to fertilize an egg? A) Uterus → uterine tube → cervix → vagina B) Cervix → uterine tube → vagina → uterus C) Vagina → cervix → uterus → uterine tube D) Uterine tube → vagina → uterus → cervix

C) Vagina → cervix → uterus → uterine tube

36) Glomerular filtrate contains many components that need to be reabsorbed (returned to the blood). Which of the following is (are) reabsorbed by osmosis? A) Urea B) Glucose C) Water D) Red blood cells E) Amino acids

C) Water

17) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? A) The energy for contraction comes from the breakdown of actin into myosin. B) The muscle relaxes when calcium ions are released into the fluid surrounding the thick and thin filaments. C) When a muscle fiber is contracting, the thin fibers are connected to the thick fibers. D) When actin pushes the Z discs farther apart, the muscle contracts.

C) When a muscle fiber is contracting, the thin fibers are connected to the thick fibers.

50) Which of the following is NOT a type of cone found in the human retina? A) Blue B) Green C) Yellow D) Red

C) Yellow

65) Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection? A) Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response. B) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response. C) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses. D) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses.

C) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses.

10) As a morula, the embryo consists of A) cells that have different DNA content. B) a solid mass of cells, each the size of the zygote. C) a cluster of cells that are much larger than normal cells. D) three differentiated layers of cells. E) a hollow ball of cells.

C) a cluster of cells that are much larger than normal cells.

30) Imagine a population of monkeys in South America whose habitat has been reduced to the point where only 20 individuals survive. This is an example of A) the founder effect. B) sexual selection. C) a population bottleneck. D) genetic drift. E) natural selection.

C) a population bottleneck.

33) All of the following structures are found in the digestive system of birds EXCEPT a(n) A) esophagus. B) gizzard. C) abomasum. D) small intestine. E) crop.

C) abomasum.

70) Gills are respiratory structures found in fish, nudibranch mollusks, and some amphibians.

TRUE

19) The term motor unit refers to A) all the motor neurons stimulating a skeletal muscle. B) all the skeletal muscles in one region of the body. C) all the muscle fibers that synapse with one motor neuron. D) an entire skeletal muscle. E) all sarcomeres within a single muscle fiber.

C) all the muscle fibers that synapse with one motor neuron.

14) Gap junctions A) prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atrium. B) are found in white blood cells. C) allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells. D) connect veins and arteries.

C) allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells.

39) Earthworms and slugs move by A) stretching their longitudinal muscles and contracting their circular muscles. B) contracting extensor and flexor muscles attached to their endoskeleton. C) alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles. D) contracting their cilia.

C) alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles.

49) If you chew on a piece of bread long enough, it will begin to taste sweet because A) proteases are forming amino acids. B) maltase is breaking down maltose. C) amylase is breaking down starches into disaccharides. D) lipases are forming fatty acids. E) disaccharidases are forming glucose.

C) amylase is breaking down starches into disaccharides.

14) Nicotine affects neurotransmission by causing more action potentials in the presynaptic neuron and by causing more neurotransmitter to be released per vesicle. This means your postsynaptic neurons A) are uncoordinated in the presence of nicotine. B) are harder than normal to stimulate in the presence of nicotine. C) are more easily stimulated in the presence of nicotine. D) are unaffected by nicotine. E) cannot be stimulated at all in the presence of nicotine.

C) are more easily stimulated in the presence of nicotine.

53) Human facial expressions in response to various emotions A) vary according to race. B) vary according to age. C) are remarkably similar among different cultures. D) vary tremendously from culture to culture. E) vary according to sex.

C) are remarkably similar among different cultures.

49) When your physician takes your pulse, he or she is feeling the expansion and contraction of your A) veins or venules. B) arteries and veins. C) arteries or arterioles. D) capillaries.

C) arteries or arterioles.

44) When the back of a male stickleback turns blue, this signal is perceived by females A) to indicate danger to the school. B) to delimit territory. C) as an example of courtship behavior. D) to signal the beginning of the mating season. E) to describe the location of food.

C) as an example of courtship behavior.

2) Electrical signals are transmitted to the synaptic terminals along the A) cell body. B) dendrite. C) axon. D) synapse. E) glia.

C) axon.

31) Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as A) carbohydrates, such as glucose. B) carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions in the plasma. D) dissolved carbon monoxide.

C) bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

40) Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported A) in the plasma. B) by white blood cells. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) combined with carbon dioxide. E) as bicarbonate ions.

C) bound to hemoglobin.

29) In skeletal and cardiac muscles, relaxation occurs as ________ ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) chloride

C) calcium

26) Mutations A) are caused by natural selection. B) arise due to environmental pressures. C) can be helpful, neutral, or harmful to individuals. D) limit the potential for evolution.

C) can be helpful, neutral, or harmful to individuals.

2) An essential nutrient is one that A) is used for energy storage. B) is required in large amounts. C) cannot be made by the organism. D) can be found only in animal products.

C) cannot be made by the organism.

56) Human-caused disturbances of the ________ cycle may be contributing to global warming. A) phosphorus B) sulfur C) carbon D) hydrologic E) oxygen

C) carbon

50) The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in ________ levels, but not very sensitive to changes in ________ levels. A) temperature; blood pressure B) hormone;blood sugar C) carbon dioxide; oxygen D) blood sugar; hormone E) oxygen; carbon dioxide

C) carbon dioxide; oxygen

36) Oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels are large reservoirs of A) oxygen. B) water. C) carbon. D) phosphorus. E) nitrogen.

C) carbon.

2) The carbon dioxide that is exhaled when you breathe is produced during A) nitrogen fixation. B) diffusion. C) cellular respiration. D) intracellular digestion. E) glycolysis.

C) cellular respiration.

32) Dolphins use echolocation to maneuver around objects quickly and precisely to capture prey. Thus, you would expect them to have a larger-than-normal A) hypothalamus. B) cerebrum. C) cerebellum. D) limbic system. E) amygdala.

C) cerebellum.

21) Most steroid hormones are synthesized from A) glucose. B) insulin. C) cholesterol. D) amino acids. E) linoleic acid.

C) cholesterol.

45) The living cells of cartilage are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C) chondrocytes. D) osteoclasts.

C) chondrocytes.

43) The outer cell layer of the blastocyst becomes the ________, which forms the embryonic portion of the placenta. A) primitive streak B) yolk sac C) chorion D) inner cell mass E) embryonic disk

C) chorion

1) In the process called ________, interactions between species can limit population size, but can also influence the physical characteristics and behaviors of the interacting populations.

C) coevolution

9) Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will

C) compete intensely.

64) Osmolarity is the A) ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide. B) pH concentration of a solution. C) concentration of dissolved solutes in solution. D) pressure within a closed system.

C) concentration of dissolved solutes in solution.

130) You are an endocrinologist. A patient has been referred to you because he is cold all the time, even when the ambient temperature is 75°F. His throat is swollen. He also appears to heal slowly. You immediately suspect that his metabolic rate is slower than normal due to A) decreased parathyroid hormone levels. B) elevated growth hormone levels. C) decreased thyroxine levels. D) elevated calcitonin levels. E) elevated insulin levels.

C) decreased thyroxine levels.

46) Insulin ________ blood glucose, whereas glucagon ________ blood glucose. A) makes; destroys B) does not affect; controls C) decreases;increases D) controls; does not affect E) increases;decreases

C) decreases;increases

81) In an attempt to become more environmentally conscious, a woman changes her lifestyle. She begins to grow the majority of her own food in her yard without using pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, she walks rather than taking the car for trips shorter than 5 kilometers, and she uses solar and wind for her power. By taking these actions, she is A) increasing her nitrogen cycling. B) increasing the number of endocrine disruptors to which she is exposed. C) decreasing her carbon footprint. D) increasing her intake of bioaccumulated compounds. E) increasing her greenhouse gas output.

C) decreasing her carbon footprint.

60) Odor molecules diffuse through mucus and bind directly to the ________ of olfactory receptors. A) axons B) microvilli C) dendrites D) corpuscles E) cell body

C) dendrites

54) An animal whose kidneys have a high percentage of long-looped nephrons probably lives in a ________ environment. A) freshwater B) rain-forest C) desert D) seasonally wet E) saltwater

C) desert

22) Natural killer cells A) engulf and destroy invading bacteria. B) produce secretions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. C) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses. D) are located on the surface of the skin. E) are a type of lymphocyte.

C) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses.

25) All of the following are true of the SA node EXCEPT that it A) is influenced by nerve impulses and hormones. B) is the pacemaker. C) directly stimulates the ventricles. D) directly stimulates the atria.

C) directly stimulates the ventricles.

58) A flock of birds with various beak sizes migrates to a new island where their traditional food is not available. However, there are plants that produce a variety of large nuts, which can be eaten by birds with the largest beaks, and plants that produce a variety of small, soft seeds, which can be eaten by birds with the smallest beaks. Over time, this population divides into two species with large and small beaks. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) genetic drift.

C) disruptive selection.

4) When a researcher transplanted the nucleus of an intestinal cell from a tadpole into an egg cell whose nucleus had been destroyed, the egg developed into a normal frog. This illustrates that A) a nucleus that is removed from its normal location is influenced by adjoining cells. B) the homeobox genes in a transplanted nucleus undergo mutation. C) each cell of an organism has all the genes needed for development. D) genes are gained during the process of differentiation. E) scientists can clone a human by putting one of his or her nuclei into an egg cell.

C) each cell of an organism has all the genes needed for development.

81) A mad scientist decides to start combining embryos and see what develops. He takes cells from the blastula of a frog with blue skin and transplants them into the blastula of a yellow-skinned frog. The embryo receiving the cells develops blue cells in its brain and spinal cord. The scientist must have transplanted the cells into the ________ of the recipient embryo. A) allantois B) mesoderm C) ectoderm D) endoderm E) yolk sac

C) ectoderm

24) In a muscle that is resistant to fatigue, such as that of a marathon runner, you would expect A) a limited (or decreased) blood supply. B) very few mitochondria. C) elevated levels of ATP. D) a nonstriated appearance.

C) elevated levels of ATP.

14) Peptide hormones, amino acid-derived hormones, and steroid hormones are types of A) local hormones. B) neurotransmitters. C) endocrine hormones. D) hormone receptors. E) paracrine hormones.

C) endocrine hormones.

22) Net primary production is A) heterotrophic production per unit of land per unit of time. B) heterotrophic production minus autotrophic production per unit of land per unit of time. C) energy that photosynthetic organisms make available to other organisms over a given period of time. D) energy made by autotrophs minus energy consumed by heterotrophs, and measured as biomass. E) energy stored by secondary consumers from primary biomass.

C) energy that photosynthetic organisms make available to other organisms over a given period of time.

47) Among social animals, cooperative behavior does NOT usually include A) increased likelihood of finding mates. B) alliances among members of the population. C) everybody doing their own thing. D) division of labor. E) a caste system in which individuals do certain jobs.

C) everybody doing their own thing.

25) The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they A) utilize a complex network of air-conducting tubes. B) have internal respiratory structures. C) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface. D) have a countercurrent exchange system. E) employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air.

C) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.

25) After induction occurs, the A) cells have different genes. B) DNA of the mitochondria differentiates into new genes. C) fate of each cell is permanently fixed. D) transcription of all genes stops.

C) fate of each cell is permanently fixed.

12) Failure to respond to harmless, repetitive stimulation is an example of A) operant conditioning. B) insight learning. C) habituation. D) trial-and-error learning. E) imprinting.

C) habituation.

15) When city dwellers fail to respond to ordinary traffic sounds, it is an example of A) operant conditioning. B) insight learning. C) habituation. D) trial-and-error learning. E) imprinting.

C) habituation.

72) Horsehair worms, in the phylum Nematomorpha, do not have a respiratory system. They are usually found in puddles of water or on damp sidewalks and patios, or they may come wiggling out of insects. These creatures have no economic importance other than being parasitic to some insects. Based on this scenario, horsehair worms are most likely to A) use large amounts of energy. B) be unable to efficiently digest food. C) have a large surface area compared with their volume. D) have very thick bodies. E) have a dry skin surface.

C) have a large surface area compared with their volume.

37) Alveoli A) are thick-walled. B) are not permeable to dissolved oxygen. C) have a moist surface. D) are blind sacs that extend from tracheae. E) are found in gills.

C) have a moist surface.

9) You woke up this morning with a headache from staying up cramming last night, so you took an aspirin. This should A) help because aspirin stimulates the production of prostaglandins. B) make the headache worse because aspirin increases the production of endorphins. C) help because aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. D) help because aspirin increases neurotransmitter levels. E) help because aspirin blocks the production of endorphins.

C) help because aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

32) MHC proteins A) are released by T cells during an infection to kill virus-infected cells. B) cause cancer. C) help white blood cells distinguish "self" from "non-self." D) control antibody gene expression.

C) help white blood cells distinguish "self" from "non-self."

63) HIV selectively destroys A) all B and T cells. B) memory B cells. C) helper T cells. D) plasma cells. E) cytotoxic T cells.

C) helper T cells.

6) A deer that gets its energy from eating plants is a(n) A) producer. B) omnivore. C) herbivore. D) carnivore. E) tertiary consumer.

C) herbivore.

11) Organisms that must rely on complex, high-energy molecules produced by other organisms for survival are A) producers. B) autotrophs. C) heterotrophs. D) denitrifying bacteria. E) cyanobacteria.

C) heterotrophs.

30) In the rain forests of Panama, scientists found a colony of tree-dwelling black ants where some individuals had red abdomens. When examined, the scientists determined that the ants with red abdomens were infected with roundworm eggs. Birds would prey on these ants, mistaking their red bellies for berries. In the interactions among the tree-dwelling black ants, the roundworms, and the birds, the ants are the ________ for the roundworms.

C) hosts

7) Baby ducks can be taught to behave as though a human investigator was their mother by providing the appropriate stimulus during a sensitive period. This form of learning is called A) altruism. B) classical conditioning. C) imprinting. D) fixed action behavior. E) habituation.

C) imprinting.

41) Hemoglobin is a respiratory protein. Its function is to A) attract lymphocytes to damaged tissues. B) assist in blood clotting. C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. D) remove toxins from plasma. E) provide structural integrity to red blood cells.

C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

5) The metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly is an example of A) direct development. B) internal development. C) indirect development. D) placental development. E) external development.

C) indirect development

37) Ommatidia are found in the compound eyes of A) flatworms. B) mollusks. C) insects. D) humans. E) amphibians.

C) insects.

30) In cardiac muscle A) an action potential spreads throughout the Z discs. B) potassium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C) intercalated discs connect the muscle fibers together. D) calcium enters the cell from storage chambers called intercalated discs.

C) intercalated discs connect the muscle fibers together.

26) Most brain and spinal cord cells are A) parasympathetic neurons. B) sensory neurons. C) interneurons. D) motor neurons. E) saltatory neurons.

C) interneurons.

47) The hard, outer shell of vertebrate bone A) is spongy bone. B) does not contain osteons. C) is compact bone. D) is made of glucosamine.

C) is compact bone.

33) Erythropoietin A) is released only in response to hemorrhaging (bleeding). B) stimulates the spleen to release more red blood cells. C) is released in response to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen levels in the blood. D) is produced by the pancreas.

C) is released in response to high carbon dioxide or low

43) If an athlete damages the cartilage in her knee, it tends to heal very slowly because cartilage A) cannot be replaced or repaired by the body. B) is rejected by the body as it is formed. C) lacks a blood supply. D) hardens with age. E) is dead tissue.

C) lacks a blood supply.

9) The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing A) white blood cells. B) lysozyme. C) lactic acid. D) macrophages. E) T cells.

C) lactic acid.

44) Damage to the right frontal cortex may produce paralysis on the ________ side of the body. A) right B) dominant C) left D) nondominant

C) left

52) Osteoporosis is the A) painful swelling of joints. B) detachment of a ligament from a bone. C) loss of calcium from hard bone. D) conversion of cartilage to bone in the developing embryo.

C) loss of calcium from hard bone.

34) The respiratory control center is located in the A) cortex. B) spinal cord. C) medulla. D) diaphragm. E) hypothalamus.

C) medulla.

51) Last summer a bee stung you for the first time. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activation of A) cytotoxic T cells. B) complement. C) memory cells. D) helper T cells. E) tissue macrophages.

C) memory cells.

8) Sodium and potassium are minerals that are important in A) the production of hemoglobin. B) the development of strong bones and teeth. C) muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction. D) blood clotting. E) the replication of DNA.

C) muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction.

70) Homeobox genes determine the overall shape of the body and the location of its parts.

TRUE

82) Aphids pierce the tissues of plants with their tubular mouthparts and suck out the phloem juices. Because this food is mostly sugar water with a low concentration of protein, the aphids have to process large volumes of it to obtain sufficient protein. Most of the excess sugar and water passes right through the aphids' digestive tracts and is defecated as "honeydew," which is actively sought out and eaten by some ants. The ants will even "milk" honeydew by stroking the aphids. In return, ants protect their aphids from predators, even going so far as taking them inside overnight. The relationship between the aphids and ants is called

C) mutualism.

22) Skeletal muscle produces force as the ________ "walk" along the ________. A) creatine phosphate molecules; sarcomere B) ATP molecules; myofibrils C) myosin heads; actin D) actin heads;myosin

C) myosin heads; actin

9) If the plants in a community produce 500 grams of organic matter per square meter per year that is available for animals in the community to eat, this amount of energy is known as the A) trophic factor of the community. B) secondary productivity of the community. C) net primary productivity of the community. D) availability factor of the community. E) consumership of the community.

C) net primary productivity of the community.

2) The biologist who studies interactions at the community level investigates interactions among

C) organisms of more than one species.

46) Bone-forming cells are known as A) osteocytes. B) chondrocytes. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts.

C) osteoblasts.

54) Prior to birth, stretching of the cervix by the baby's head stimulates the release of A) prolactin. B) colostrum. C) oxytocin. D) estrogen. E) progesterone.

C) oxytocin.

3) All male honeybees develop from unfertilized eggs. This is an example of A) external fertilization. B) sexual reproduction. C) parthenogenesis. D) budding. E) hermaphrodism.

C) parthenogenesis.

10) If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be

C) partitioning their resources.

11) During operant conditioning, an animal learns to A) change an imprinted behavior. B) imprint upon an inappropriate object. C) perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid punishment. D) perform a response to a new stimulus. E) behave like a different animal.

C) perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid punishment.

28) During reabsorption, organic nutrients and ions are moved by diffusion or active transport from the renal tubule into the A) outgoing arteriole. B) glomerular capsule. C) peritubular capillaries. D) glomerulus. E) incoming arteriole.

C) peritubular capillaries.

4) The interaction of genes and environment produces a specific A) population. B) gene pool. C) phenotype. D) genotype. E) allele.

C) phenotype.

41) The receptor cells affected by light rays contain molecules called A) ganglia. B) ommatidia. C) photopigments. D) mechanoreceptors. E) ampullae.

C) photopigments.

30) Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus;however, they are stored in and released from the A) thyroid. B) pancreas. C) posterior pituitary. D) adrenal medulla. E) parathyroid.

C) posterior pituitary.

15) During the repolarization phase of an action potential, the membrane potential falls from +60 to -70 mV. This drop is due mostly to the movement of ________ ions. A) chloride B) hydrogen C) potassium D) sodium E) calcium

C) potassium

8) In an unstimulated neuron, the plasma membrane is most permeable to ________ ions. A) sodium (Na+) B) calcium (Ca2+) C) potassium (K+) D) sugar E) chloride (Cl−)

C) potassium (K+)

8) The photosynthetic bacteria that form the basis of the food chain in the Great Salt Lake are classified as A) carnivores. B) omnivores. C) producers. D) secondary consumers. E) herbivores.

C) producers.

51) The stomach differs from the small intestine in that it A) secretes enzymes. B) secretes hormones that travel through the bloodstream. C) produces enzymes that work best at a low pH. D) has tiny projections called villi that are folded into microvilli. E) does not secrete mucus.

C) produces enzymes that work best at a low pH.

15) A population carries two alleles for a trait in which T is dominant and t is recessive. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q2 represents the A) proportion of homozygous dominant individuals. B) decrease in heterozygous individuals. C) proportion of homozygous recessive individuals. D) increase in homozygous individuals. E) proportion of heterozygous individuals.

C) proportion of homozygous recessive individuals.

27) Mutations are important because they A) usually provide an individual with increased reproductive rates. B) occur in response to environmental demands. C) provide variation that can result in evolutionary change. D) are always beneficial to the individuals affected by them.

C) provide variation that can result in evolutionary change.

5) Neurotransmitters are A) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell. B) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells. C) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells. D) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells. E) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.

C) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.

14) Two species of buttercup are found in the same field in South Dakota, but they emerge at different times: One species emerges and flowers in early spring, and the other species does not emerge until late summer, after the first species has set seed. This is an example of

C) resource partitioning.

16) Two families of feral cats move into the same barn. One family preys on the mice; the other preys on the pigeons. This behavior is an example of

C) resource partitioning.

79) In his study of the foraging behavior of bumblebees, D. W. Inouye noted that both Bombus appositus and Bombus flavifrons feed from both larkspur and monkshood flowers when each is the only bumblebee species present. However, when both species are present, B. appositus feeds on only larkspur and B. flavifrons feeds on monkshood. This behavior is an example of

C) resource partitioning.

1) All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as A) elimination. B) conduction. C) respiration. D) absorption. E) ingestion.

C) respiration.

33) A functioning ________ would enable you to read a novel while sitting in a noisy restaurant. A) thalamus B) substantia nigra C) reticular formation D) hypothalamus E) cerebrum

C) reticular formation

46) The corpus callosum links the A) forebrain and midbrain. B) peripheral and central nervous systems. C) right and left cerebral hemispheres. D) thalamus and hypothalamus. E) cerebrum and thalamus.

C) right and left cerebral hemispheres.

35) The white of the human eye's exterior is actually the A) retina. B) pupil. C) sclera. D) fovea. E) iris.

C) sclera.

23) The ________ valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. A) bicuspid B) tricuspid C) semilunar D) atrioventricular

C) semilunar

27) Most of the fluid in semen is produced by the A) bulbourethral glands. B) testes. C) seminal vesicles. D) prostate gland. E) epididymis.

C) seminal vesicles.

1) A cell specialized to respond to a particular type of stimulus is a A) corpuscle. B) sensory receiver. C) sensory receptor. D) saccule. E) pinna.

C) sensory receptor.

46) The male peacock's beautiful tail is really a trade-off between A) disruptive selection and natural selection. B) natural selection and genetic drift. C) sexual selection and natural selection. D) artificial selection and natural selection.

C) sexual selection and natural selection.

65) The bright coloration of male birds is often the result of A) gene flow. B) genetic drift. C) sexual selection. D) stabilizing selection. E) coevolution.

C) sexual selection.

52) When a 1-month-old baby is shown a piece of white paper with two dark, eye-sized spots, the baby will A) vomit. B) exhibit fright. C) smile. D) not respond to a stimulus of this nature. E) exhibit avoidance actions.

C) smile.

8) The embryo of a ________ undergoes direct development. A) frog B) lobster C) snake D) dragonfly E) butterfly

C) snake

15) The only flagellated cells in the human body are A) Sertoli cells. B) primary spermatocytes. C) sperm. D) mature ova. E) primary oocytes.

C) sperm.

4) Sensory receptors are grouped into categories based on the A) brain cells they stimulate. B) types of action potentials they generate. C) stimuli to which they respond. D) part of the central nervous system to which they connect.

C) stimuli to which they respond.

9) The connective tissue cords that connect muscles to bones are called A) thin filaments. B) thick filaments. C) tendons. D) ligaments.

C) tendons

32) Defense of an area that contains important resources for survival is termed A) appeasement. B) kinesis. C) territoriality. D) aggression. E) passive behavior.

C) territoriality.

63) All of the following are true statements about the lymphatic system EXCEPT that A) the lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease. B) the lymphatic system returns fluids to the bloodstream. C) the lymphatic system transports carbohydrates from the small intestine to the blood. D) lymphatic vessels resemble veins because they have valves.

C) the lymphatic system transports carbohydrates from the small intestine to the blood.

31) Genetic drift results in a change in allele frequencies because A) gene flow within the population allows alleles to flow between populations. B) the population has not yet stabilized. C) the population size is so small that chance occurrences can alter allele frequencies. D) the population is so large that natural selection has little noticeable effect.

C) the population size is so small that chance occurrences can alter allele frequencies.

38) Antibodies are attached to the surface of a B cell by A) mucus. B) the light chain of the arm of the antibody. C) the stem of the antibody. D) the heavy chain of the arm of the antibody. E) sticky proteins produced by T cells.

C) the stem of the antibody.

6) Spawning depends on A) copulation. B) asexual reproduction. C) the synchronized release of eggs and sperm into the water. D) internal fertilization. E) the release of a spermatophore into the water.

C) the synchronized release of eggs and sperm into the water.

22) The different calls of vervet monkeys indicate A) the types of food available. B) the size of a territory. C) the types of predators detected. D) the availability of water. E) sexual differences.

C) the types of predators detected.

83) In a classic experiment from the 1930s, a biologist conducted selective breeding experiments involving maze-running behavior in rats. He repeatedly bred together males and females that made the fewest mistakes, and he also bred together males and females that made the most mistakes. After eight generations, all mice that descended from "maze -smart" parents were better at running the maze than all mice that descended from "maze -dumb" parents. This study indicates that A) maze running is a purely innate behavior in rats. B) rats move through a maze randomly. C) trial-and-error learning in rats appears to have a genetic component. D) maze running is a purely learned behavior. E) nothing can be concluded about maze-running behavior in rats.

C) trial-and-error learning in rats appears to have a genetic component.

2) After eating at the new restaurant in town, you develop a mild case of food poisoning. Consequently, you never go back to that restaurant again. This is an example of A) innate behavior. B) insight learning. C) trial-and-error learning. D) habituation. E) classical conditioning.

C) trial-and-error learning.

34) In humans, fertilization occurs in the A) ovary. B) vagina. C) uterine tube. D) uterus. E) testes.

C) uterine tube.

15) It is important that the atrioventricular (AV) node produce a delay between the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles because this allows the A) ventricles to contract in smooth synchrony. B) atria to contract in smooth synchrony. C) ventricles to fill to capacity. D) heart to rest for a brief period of time.

C) ventricles to fill to capacity.

49) All of the following are possible EXCEPT A) an involuntary increase in the rate of breathing. B) a voluntary decrease in the rate of breathing. C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs. D) inhibition of the respiratory centers in the brain. E) a voluntary increase in the rate of breathing.

C) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs.

70) The layer of cells that forms a barrier between the sperm and the egg is the corona radiata.

TRUE

70) The more frequently an action potential is triggered by a stimulus, the greater the intensity of the sensation.

TRUE

6) In a very small population of birds, assume 5 out of 20 alleles are the type that codes for blue feathers. What is the allele frequency of the "blue feather allele" in this population? A) 0.50 B) 5 C) 0.40 D) 0.25 E) 0.20

D) 0.25

19) Which stimulus would the brain interpret as the strongest? A) 20 action potentials per second B) 5 action potentials per second C) 50 action potentials per second D) 100 action potentials per second E) 10 action potentials per second

D) 100 action potentials per second

46) Which of these hormones enables us to excrete concentrated urine? A) Aldosterone B) Renal diluting hormone C) Diuretic hormone D) ADH E) Homeostatic hormone

D) ADH

58) Which of the following increases the reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins into the membranes of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells? A) Angiotensin B) Renin C) Erythropoietin D) ADH E) Aldosterone

D) ADH

3) What proportion of the solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface is visible light? A) Most of the radiation is absorbed by rocks on Earth's crust. B) It is captured by plants and used in photosynthesis. C) A small fraction is visible light. D) About half is visible light. E) About 90% of it is visible light.

D) About half is visible light.

42) Which of the following does NOT play a role in blood clotting? A) Thrombin B) Fibrin C) Platelets D) Albumin E) Fibrinogen

D) Albumin

47) What is the blind spot? A) The hole where there is no iris B) The part of the cerebral cortex that interprets action potentials from the eye C) A part of the cornea D) An area of the retina that has no receptor cells E) A space in the vitreous humor

D) An area of the retina that has no receptor cells

Based on this scenario and your knowledge of the urinary system, which of the following must be TRUE? A) Prostate enlargement reduces the ability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the bloodstream. B) The prostate is the only gland that releases ADH, which decreases urine production. C) The prostate is part of the kidney and assists in urine production. D) An enlarged prostate presses on the urethra and bladder, affecting urination.

D) An enlarged prostate presses on the urethra and bladder, affecting urination.

46) What is one reason arteries can withstand higher blood pressure than veins? A) Arteries contain all types of blood cells, whereas veins contain only erythrocytes. B) Arteries contain only oxygenated blood. C) Arteries have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. D) Arteries have thick walls that contain layers of muscle and connective tissue.

D) Arteries have thick walls that contain layers of muscle and connective tissue.

20) If the doctor says you have a middle ear infection, which of the following could be involved? A) Cochlea B) Pinna C) Vestibular apparatus D) Auditory tube

D) Auditory tube

29) Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow? A) T cells B) Red blood cells C) B cells D) Both B and T cells E) B cells, T cells, and red blood cells

D) Both B and T cells

38) Which region of the brain is responsible for the intricate coordination of finger movements involved in playing the piano? A) Cerebrum B) Hypothalamus C) Pons D) Cerebellum E) Midbrain

D) Cerebellum

17) In a reptile egg, which membrane is analogous to a lung? A) Allantois B) Blastocyst C) Amnion D) Chorion E) Yolk sac

D) Chorion

55) Which of the following plays a key role in the absorption and distribution of fats? A) Secretin and gastrin B) Large intestine and rectum C) Segmentation and peristalsis movements D) Chylomicrons and lacteals E) Microvilli and villi

D) Chylomicrons and lacteals

12) Ornithologists visiting an island find two species of birds that appear nearly identical except for bill size. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for their discovery?

D) Coevolution of the two species has resulted in resource partitioning between the species.

57) Which of the following hormones suppresses the immune response? A) ACTH B) LH C) FSH D) Cortisol

D) Cortisol

50) What structure prevents swallowed material from passing into the larynx? A) Pyloris B) Pharynx C) Tongue D) Epiglottis E) Glottis

D) Epiglottis

37) Which of the following is the most likely to be secreted into the renal tubule for excretion? A) Amino acids B) Glucose C) Vitamins D) Excess Na+ E) Water

D) Excess Na+

77) Optometrists, who help patients with their vision problems, know that certain types of repetitive use of the muscles around the lens of the eye can "train" the lens to become flatter than normal. This often occurs in truck drivers, sailors, and other people who focus on the horizon or at great distances for long periods of time. What would be the consequence of this on the eye over a long time period? A) Nearsightedness B) Color-deficiency C) Complete blindness D) Farsightedness

D) Farsightedness

60) Why are new flu shots necessary every year? A) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months. B) Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells. C) Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu. D) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

D) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

31) How many molecules of oxygen can bind with one molecule of human hemoglobin? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four E) Five

D) Four

56) Which hormone stimulates the activity of gastric glands? A) Secretin B) Pepsinogen C) Cholecystokinin D) Gastrin

D) Gastrin

21) Which structure collects the water and small dissolved molecules forced out of the bloodstream during the process of filtration? A) Distal tubule B) Glomerulus C) Proximal tubule D) Glomerular capsule E) Nephron loop

D) Glomerular capsule

8) Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses? A) He won't get sick because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens. B) He won't get sick because the external barriers will keep out pathogens. C) Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract. D) He will have many more infections than normal.

D) He will have many more infections than normal.

54) Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid abuse by male athletes can lead to a decrease in testes size? A) High levels of anabolic steroids cause the adrenal glands to release more estrogen. B) Circulating anabolic steroids increase the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes. C) High levels of anabolic steroids increase the production of testosterone through positive feedback, which decreases the size of the testes. D) High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes. E) Circulating anabolic steroids decrease the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes.

D) High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.

40) Which of the following animals has an eye with a single lens? A) Jellyfish B) Bee C) Dragonfly D) Human E) Butterfly

D) Human

59) How would the kidneys respond to a decrease in blood pH caused by a high protein diet? A) Increased HCO3- secretion and H+ reabsorption B) Increased reabsorption of both H+ and HCO3- C) Increased secretion of both H+ and HCO3- D) Increased H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption E) Increased production of renin and ADH

D) Increased H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption

30) Which of the following best describes the process of bringing food into the digestive system through an opening? A) Adsorption B) Digestion C) Indigestion D) Ingestion E) Absorption

D) Ingestion

35) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a gastrovascular cavity? A) Digestion is unnecessary because of the small size of the particles absorbed. B) Digestion is exclusively intracellular. C) Absorption occurs within collar cells. D) Ingestion and elimination occur through a single opening. E) Digestion occurs in specialized chambers.

D) Ingestion and elimination occur through a single opening.

42) Complex societies involving a caste system, where individuals are born into a specific role, can be found among which of the following? A) Birds B) Reptiles C) Fishes D) Insects E) Amphibians

D) Insects

49) Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels? A) Cortisol B) Growth hormone C) Glucagon D) Insulin E) Estrogen

D) Insulin

47) Which pair of hormones is responsible for maintaining relatively constant blood glucose levels? A) Aldosterone and insulin B) ADH and growth hormone C) Calcitonin and TSH D) Insulin and glucagon E) Thyroxine and thymosin

D) Insulin and glucagon

29) Which of the following does NOT describe the autonomic nervous system? A) It regulates heart rate. B) It forms synapses with smooth muscles in blood vessels. C) Neurons release norepinephrine or acetylcholine onto their target organ. D) It controls voluntary movements. E) It is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

D) It controls voluntary movements.

21) Zoos often loan animals to other zoos for breeding purposes. From an evolutionary standpoint, what is the benefit? A) It increases the effects of natural selection on the population. B) It increases the rate of random mutations. C) New animals increase zoo revenues. D) It increases the genetic diversity of the zoo's population. E) It creates a bottleneck effect.

D) It increases the genetic diversity of the zoo's population.

22) A diffuse nerve net would be found in which of the following animals? A) Octopus B) Human C) Flatworm D) Jellyfish E) Insect

D) Jellyfish

6) In an unstimulated neuron, the ________ concentration is higher inside the cell than outside. A) Cl− B) Li+ C) Ca2+ D) K+ E) Na+

D) K+

17) Why is gas exchange in an aquatic environment more challenging than gas exchange in the air? A) Carbon dioxide is eliminated by active transport in an aquatic environment. B) The large surface area of gills makes them more susceptible to drying out. C) Gills have a poor blood supply. D) Less oxygen is available in water than in air. E) The countercurrent exchange process limits the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water.

D) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.

2) Cones are specialized to detect which of the following types of stimuli? A) Odor B) Vibration C) Heat and cold D) Light E) Taste

D) Light

4) Which of these structures converts highly toxic ammonia into urea, a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste? A) Kidney B) Pancreas C) Muscles D) Liver E) Spleen

D) Liver

37) Which of these animals is correctly matched with its type of skeleton? A) Bird/exoskeleton B) Earthworm/endoskeleton C) Shark/hydroskeleton D) Lobster/exoskeleton E) Mayfly/hydroskeleton

D) Lobster/exoskeleton

73) Which of the following can affect a small, endangered population so severely that it goes extinct? A) Sexual selection B) Artificially adding new genes C) Matings with a closely related species D) Lost alleles and/or low genetic diversity E) Increased mating opportunities

D) Lost alleles and/or low genetic diversity

52) Why is the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere rapidly increasing? A) Earth is warming. B) The ozone layer has become much thinner. C) More photosynthesis is occurring. D) Many human activities release carbon dioxide. E) The oceans are cooling.

D) Many human activities release carbon dioxide.

3) Which of the following immune system cells produce histamine? A) Neutrophils B) T cells C) B cells D) Mast cells E) Macrophages

D) Mast cells

76) Owls have many anatomical modifications that enable them to hunt at night. For example, some of their feathers are serrated on the edges, which eliminate the noise created by air flowing over a smooth feather surface. Owls can thus descend on their prey without a sound. They can locate small prey with remarkable accuracy, even in dim light or complete darkness. Experiments conducted in totally dark, soundproof rooms have shown that owls can capture prey after pinpointing its location to within 1.5 degrees in both horizontal and vertical planes. Based on this scenario, which of these structures do owls primarily rely on when they hunt in total darkness? A) Photoreceptors B) Umami receptors C) Nociceptors D) Mechanoreceptors E) Olfactory bulb

D) Mechanoreceptors

34) Which region of the brain controls breathing and heart rate? A) Thalamus B) Cerebrum C) Hypothalamus D) Medulla E) Cerebellum

D) Medulla

70) The stronger the stimulus, the larger the receptor potential.

TRUE

14) Your best friend sneaks up behind you and lightly strokes the back of your neck with a feather. Which of the following receptors would detect this type of stimulus? A) Pacinian corpuscles B) Ruffini corpuscles C) Hair cells D) Meissner's corpuscles E) Stretch receptors

D) Meissner's corpuscles

10) Which of the following chemical compounds stimulate cold receptors in the skin and oral cavity? A) Camphor B) Clove oil C) Capsaicin D) Menthol E) Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

D) Menthol

37) Which of the following produces the cellulose-digesting enzyme (cellulase) in a cow's digestive tract? A) Pancreas B) Gallbladder C) Cells lining the small intestine D) Microorganisms in the rumen E) Liver

D) Microorganisms in the rumen

30) What is the function of the dominance hierarchy within a group of animals? A) Limit the size of the population B) Increase fighting among members of a population C) Increase competition D) Minimize aggression E) Eliminate competition

D) Minimize aggression

28) In a random screening of athletes at a recent event, a runner was disqualified for testing positive for an injected form of erythropoietin. Which of the following is a consequence of extra erythropoietin in the circulatory system? A) Low blood pressure B) A low white blood cell count C) "Thin" blood that does not clot efficiently D) More red blood cells

D) More red blood cells

12) What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? A) Collecting duct B) Glomerular capsule C) Peritubular capillaries D) Nephron E) Glomerulus

D) Nephron

9) Within a large population, if no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all matings are random, and each individual has an equal chance of reproducing, which of the following will probably happen? A) Natural selection will occur at the normal rate for that species. B) Extinction will result. C) A change in allele frequency will lead to rapid evolution. D) No evolution will occur. E) A bottleneck will occur.

D) No evolution will occur.

22) Steroid hormones can diffuse into all cells of the body;however, not all cells respond to steroid hormones. Why? A) Only cells displaying plasma membrane receptors can respond to a lipid-soluble hormone. B) Only cells with surface protein receptors can respond to steroid hormones. C) Not all cells contain the genes necessary to respond to steroid hormones. D) Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond. E) Not all cells are lipid soluble and therefore they cannot respond to steroid hormones.

D) Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond.

5) Which of the following structures is NOT part of an insect respiratory system? A) Spiracles B) Tracheoles C) Tracheae D) Parabronchi

D) Parabronchi

57) Which of the following is a gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides? A) Sodium bicarbonate B) Bile C) Lipase D) Pepsin E) Amylase

D) Pepsin

43) Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood? A) Memory B) Cytotoxic T C) Helper T D) Plasma

D) Plasma

40) What is the advantage of play? A) Play decreases competition within the group. B) Play decreases the risk of injury to the young. C) Play keeps the young close to the parents for longer. D) Play is a chance to practice skills such as hunting, fleeing, and social behaviors. E) Play slows the development of adult behaviors.

D) Play is a chance to practice skills such as hunting, fleeing, and social behaviors.

12) Which level of the energy pyramid has the greatest biomass? A) Heterotrophs B) Carnivores C) Primary consumers D) Producers E) Secondary consumers

D) Producers

11) Which of these are made at sites of tissue damage, where they cause inflammation and pain as part of the healing process? A) Nitric oxide B) Neurotransmitters C) Gap junctions D) Prostaglandins E) Protein receptors

D) Prostaglandins

23) Which sequence properly describes the flow of blood through a kidney? A) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, outgoing arteriole, renal artery, incoming arteriole, venule, renal vein B) Peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, glomerular capsule, outgoing arteriole, renal artery C) Renal vein, venule, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, renal artery D) Renal artery, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venule, renal vein

D) Renal artery, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venule, renal vein

55) Which of the following is (are) produced by the kidney and is (are) important in the regulation of blood pressure? A) Aldosterone and ADH B) Erythropoietin C) ADH only D) Renin and angiotensin E) Aldosterone only

D) Renin and angiotensin

11) Which set of chambers supplies blood to the pulmonary circulation? A) Left atrium and left ventricle B) Ventricles C) Atria D) Right atrium and right ventricle

D) Right atrium and right ventricle

39) ________ is (are) a crucial nutrient reservoir of phosphorus that is available to organisms. A) Consumers B) Oceans C) The atmosphere D) Rocks E) Autotrophs

D) Rocks

63) Which type of fish stores urea in its tissues to keep its body the same osmolarity as the water in which it lives? A) Goldfish B) Shrimp C) Trout D) Shark E) Tuna

D) Shark

23) Your roommate tells you that because she has no time to eat healthy foods, she is taking megadoses of vitamins. You warn her that this may be dangerous, because certain vitamins can accumulate in body fat. Megadoses of which of the following vitamins would be most likely to cause toxic effects? A) Vitamin C B) Folic acid C) Thiamin D) Vitamin E

D) Vitamin E

13) During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract; however, smooth muscles lining the digestive tract are not affected by oxytocin. Which statement correctly explains this scenario? A) Oxytocin is released by the fetus and diffuses into the amniotic fluid inside the uterus. Therefore, only uterine muscles are stimulated. B) Endocrine hormones such as oxytocin do not travel through the blood, so they do not make contact with digestive tract muscles. C) Oxytocin is a local hormone released by the uterus, so other muscles do not receive its signals. D) Smooth muscles of the digestive tract do not contain receptors for oxytocin. E) The digestive tract muscles of the mother's body are temporarily paralyzed by the anti-pain medications administered during labor.

D) Smooth muscles of the digestive tract do not contain receptors for oxytocin.

43) In one butterfly species, the colors of individuals range from white to black, with many shades of gray in between. If the butterflies in a mountain population become more and more similar in color over several generations (e.g., if most butterflies are the same shade of gray), what kind of evolutionary force is likely acting on the population? A) Directional selection B) Artificial selection C) Disruptive selection D) Stabilizing selection

D) Stabilizing selection

64) Which of the following phenomena favors individuals with average phenotypes over those with extreme phenotypes? A) Gene flow B) Genetic drift C) Sexual selection D) Stabilizing selection E) Coevolution

D) Stabilizing selection

21) What is the primary energy-storage molecule in plants? A) Cholesterol B) Cellulose C) Chlorophyll D) Starch E) Protein

D) Starch

52) ________ is the medication given to combat morning sickness that caused deformed and missing limbs in infants in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A) Nicotine B) Rubella C) Accutane® D) Thalidomide E) Alcohol

D) Thalidomide

31) What is biological magnification? A) An increase in the size of a population B) The abnormal growth of organisms C) The breakdown of macromolecules into harmless substances D) The accumulation of toxic substances in a living organism E) The process of making small living organisms larger

D) The accumulation of toxic substances in a living organism

66) How does the highly acidic fluid in the stomach become slightly basic almost immediately upon entry into the small intestine? A) The acids are absorbed by the small intestine as soon as they leave the stomach. B) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the amylase secreted from the pancreas. C) The acids in this fluid remain in the stomach and only the partially digested food enters the small intestine. D) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas.

D) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas.

4) Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water? A) Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air. B) Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration. C) Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air. D) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.

D) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.

52) Alice's PET (positron emission tomography) scan shows a large red area in the occipital lobe when taken while Alice is looking at color images. Which of the following is TRUE about Alice's PET scan? A) This scan proves the old saying that we use only 10% of our brains. B) The darkest areas of Alice's brain were the most active. C) The occipital lobe was the only area of Alice's brain that was active. D) The occipital lobe had the highest level of activity.

D) The occipital lobe had the highest level of activity.

24) Why is it necessary for the testes to be in the scrotum to function properly? A) The scrotum contains alkaline fluids to nourish the sperm. B) The testes develop from scrotal tissues. C) The sperm are produced in the scrotal tissue and transferred to the testes to finish maturation. D) The scrotum keeps the testes at a cool temperature necessary for sperm production. E) The scrotum elevates the temperature of the testes, which increases sperm production.

D) The scrotum keeps the testes at a cool temperature necessary for sperm production.

14) What is the function of troponin and tropomyosin during skeletal muscle contraction? A) To prevent over-contraction of muscle fibers B) To remove calcium from the muscle fiber C) To increase the amount of calcium entering the muscle fiber D) To regulate bonding between actin and myosin E) To generate an action potential

D) To regulate bonding between actin and myosin

18) Which structure transmits sound waves to the malleus in the middle ear? A) Pinna B) Auditory membrane C) Cochlea D) Tympanic membrane E) Vestibular membrane

D) Tympanic membrane

55) Aldosterone release is stimulated by A) increased levels of growth hormone. B) decreased blood glucose concentrations. C) increased levels of blood sodium. D) decreased levels of blood sodium. E) increased blood glucose concentrations.

D) decreased levels of blood sodium.

27) With the widespread public interest in low-fat food, some companies have started to use synthetic fats that cannot be broken down and absorbed by the digestive system. What problem might be associated with a typical American diet that includes large amounts of these synthetic fats? A) Vitamin C deficiency B) Anorexia C) Obesity D) Vitamin K deficiency E) Protein deficiency

D) Vitamin K deficiency

13) What happens when the resting potential reaches threshold voltage? A) Voltage-gated potassium channels open. B) Voltage-gated sodium channels close. C) Resting potassium channels close. D) Voltage-gated sodium channels open. E) The sodium-potassium pump is turned on.

D) Voltage-gated sodium channels open.

42) Iodized salt provides the essential nutrient iodine. Iodine is important in preventing A) high blood pressure. B) diabetes. C) menstrual cramps. D) a goiter. E) gigantism.

D) a goiter.

29) Two cats getting ready to fight puff up their fur to make themselves look larger. This is an example of A) altruism. B) imprinting. C) pheromones. D) aggressive behavior. E) minimized competition.

D) aggressive behavior.

11) In an equilibrium population A) mutation rates do not change. B) rates of gene flow are constant. C) population size cannot change. D) allele frequencies do not change. E) natural selection occurs.

D) allele frequencies do not change.

33) The dominant animal in a social hierarchy, such as a wolf pack, is called the A) master. B) omega. C) king. D) alpha. E) leader.

D) alpha.

45) Honeybees will sting a bear that is robbing their hive even though the bees will die after they sting the bear. This is an example of A) habituation. B) submission. C) conditioning. D) altruism.

D) altruism.

34) An animal that effects changes to make itself look larger is exhibiting A) a readiness to mate. B) a desire to fight. C) dominance in a social group. D) an aggressive display. E) a submissive posture.

D) an aggressive display.

31) Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called A) histamines. B) cytotoxins. C) interferons. D) antigens.

D) antigens.

21) Ventricles force blood directly into the A) capillaries. B) arterioles. C) venules. D) arteries. E) veins.

D) arteries.

52) Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by all of the following methods, EXCEPT A) carried in plasma as HCO3-. B) dissolved in plasma as CO2. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) as CO within red blood cells.

D) as CO within red blood cells.

59) Hypertension may lead to A) lung cancer. B) low blood pressure. C) enlarged prostate. D) atherosclerosis.

D) atherosclerosis.

39) Bowerbirds build elaborate nests to A) increase aggressive behavior. B) defend their territory. C) hide from predators. D) attract a mate. E) attract prey.

D) attract a mate.

15) Hair cells in the human ear are located on the A) pinna. B) round window. C) tympanic membrane. D) basilar membrane.

D) basilar membrane.

38) A bacterial allele that provides resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin is A) always beneficial to the bacterial cell. B) always detrimental to the cell. C) neither beneficial nor detrimental to the cell. D) beneficial to the cell in the presence of streptomycin. E) beneficial to the cell in the presence of any antibiotic.

D) beneficial to the cell in the presence of streptomycin.

46) Complement is a collection of A) antibiotics. B) nonspecific antigens. C) antibodies. D) blood proteins that assist antibodies. E) phagocytic cells that consume virus-infected body cells.

D) blood proteins that assist antibodies.

16) Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) bulk flow. E) active transport.

D) bulk flow.

6) Minerals required for bone formation include A) iron and sodium. B) zinc and potassium. C) calcium and zinc. D) calcium and phosphorus. E) calcium and sodium.

D) calcium and phosphorus.

30) The tiny stones in the vestibule, which move in response to gravity, are made of A) iron oxide. B) magnesium. C) calcium hydroxide. D) calcium carbonate. E) sodium chloride.

D) calcium carbonate.

8) Populations of organisms are constantly evolving, which means that they are always A) getting bigger. B) becoming more like humans. C) improving. D) changing. E) at equilibrium.

D) changing.

4) Endocrine hormones are A) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells. B) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell. C) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells. D) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells. E) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.

D) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.

24) Trees often produce secondary chemicals to deter herbivores from feeding on their leaves; in turn, many herbivores have developed ways of avoiding or detoxifying these chemicals. This is an example of

D) coevolution.

5) In ________, the interaction between two species harms both of them.

D) competition

24) Detritus feeders consume A) plants and plant debris. B) herbivores. C) secondary consumers and primary debris. D) dead organic matter. E) fungi and bacteria.

D) dead organic matter.

33) The community of detritivores, such as earthworms, millipedes, slugs, and pseudoscorpions, living in the leaf litter on the shady floor of a deciduous forest obtains its energy and nutrients primarily from A) chemosynthesis by green and purple sulfur bacteria living on the surface of the leaves. B) predation on one another. C) photosynthesis or algae living in the soil beneath the leaves. D) decomposition of the leaves of deciduous trees that fall on the surface of the soil. E) carbohydrates formed in the roots of the trees that leach out into the surrounding soil.

D) decomposition of the leaves of deciduous trees that fall on the surface of the soil.

71) Aquifers are underground reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle.

TRUE

29) Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of A) active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus. B) active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus. C) facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. D) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. E) facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus.

D) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.

59) Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The function of bile is to A) raise the pH of chyme as it enters the small intestine. B) lower the pH of the stomach. C) prevent regurgitation of food into the esophagus and activate stomach acids. D) disperse fats into smaller particles. E) dissolve salts and detoxify poisons in food.

D) disperse fats into smaller particles.

20) If a person's blood pressure is 120/70, the 70 refers to the pressure A) during contraction of both ventricles. B) lowering between contractions. C) during contraction of the left ventricle only. D) during relaxation of the heart. E) during contraction of the vena cava.

D) during relaxation of the heart.

133) An 8-year-old boy is brought to the endocrinologist for testing. He is already as tall as an adult man. His muscles are well developed, and he has little body fat despite eating huge amounts of food. Blood work shows elevated levels of glucose. The endocrinologist should suspect A) decreased thyroxine levels. B) elevated estrogen levels. C) elevated testosterone levels. D) elevated growth hormone levels. E) elevated parathyroid hormone levels.

D) elevated growth hormone levels.

39) The umbilical cord of a mammal connects the A) maternal and fetal bloodstreams. B) embryo and the amnion. C) yolk sac and the allantois. D) fetus and the placenta. E) amnion and the chorion.

D) fetus and the placenta.

13) Women who become pregnant are encouraged to take supplements of ________ because a deficiency in this nutrient can cause birth defects. A) biotin B) choline C) vitamin C D) folic acid E) vitamin K

D) folic acid

28) Sea anemones, hydra, and sea jellies digest food extracellularly within a A) rumen. B) lysosome. C) digestive tract. D) gastrovascular cavity. E) food vacuole.

D) gastrovascular cavity.

51) Smiling when happy seems to be an expression common to all human societies, suggesting that this behavior is probably A) altruistic. B) learned. C) based on social standing. D) genetic in origin.

D) genetic in origin.

11) The onset of puberty is triggered by maturation of the brain, which stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete A) chorionic gonadotropin (CG). B) luteinizing hormone (LH). C) progesterone. D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). E) testosterone.

D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

4) In a grasshopper, all the body tissues are bathed in blood that is in the A) tracheae. B) heart. C) capillaries. D) hemocoel. E) spiracles.

D) hemocoel.

7) Human embryos differ from bird embryos in that A) bird embryos have an extra membrane, the allantois, that is not found in human embryos. B) bird embryos undergo metamorphosis to become sexually mature adults. C) human embryos do not undergo cleavage. D) human embryos have a yolk sac, but it contains very little yolk. E) human embryos have no yolk sac.

D) human embryos have a yolk sac, but it contains very little yolk.

17) If a baby squirrel is adopted by a mother cat and begins to copy the behaviors of the cat, it is an example of A) habituation. B) trial-and-error learning. C) insight learning. D) imprinting. E) operant conditioning.

D) imprinting.

6) A strong association learned during a sensitive period of an animal's development is referred to as A) insight learning. B) habituation. C) classical conditioning. D) imprinting. E) altruism.

D) imprinting.

27) The cell bodies of motor neurons are located A) in the muscles. B) in the forebrain. C) outside the spinal cord. D) in the gray matter of the spinal cord. E) next to the sensory receptors.

D) in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

60) The cells lining the small intestine have projections into the lumen of the intestine. These projections, combined with the highly folded layering of cells lining the lumen, function to A) decrease the reabsorption of water. B) increase the rate of peristalsis. C) slow the nerve impulses that trigger peristalsis. D) increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. E) facilitate countercurrent exchange.

D) increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

6) Nonspecific internal defenses include A) skin. B) plasma cells. C) T cells. D) inflammation. E) tears and saliva.

D) inflammation.

4) A behavior that occurs immediately after birth, before any encounter with another member of the same species, is A) nonadaptive. B) based on habituation. C) not under genetic control. D) innate. E) learned.

D) innate.

54) A hungry newborn human infant, touched on the side of her mouth, will turn her head and attempt to suckle. This behavior is A) not under genetic control. B) nonadaptive. C) learned. D) innate.

D) innate.

36) A polar body A) is formed at the same time as a primary oocyte. B) can be fertilized by a sperm. C) is a structure found at one pole of a mature egg. D) is a discarded set of chromosomes. E) nourishes the egg until it is fertilized.

D) is a discarded set of chromosomes.

8) The aorta A) contains blood with low pressure. B) is a major vein. C) connects the right and left ventricles of the heart. D) is a major artery.

D) is a major artery.

5) A toad avoiding bad-tasting insects is an example of a(n) A) innate behavior. B) instinctive behavior. C) random behavior. D) learned behavior.

D) learned behavior.

26) When your blood pressure is measured from an artery in your arm, it is a measurement of the pressure produced by your A) right ventricle. B) left atrium. C) right atrium. D) left ventricle.

D) left ventricle.

38) Menstruation occurs when there is a decrease in A) the number of follicles. B) endometrial thickness. C) levels of FSH and LH. D) levels of estrogen and progesterone. E) the number of sperm present.

D) levels of estrogen and progesterone.

15) Muscles used for activities that require fine motor control, such as holding and writing with a pencil, have A) many neuromuscular junctions. B) access to large amounts of ATP. C) motor units consisting of many muscle cells. D) motor units consisting of only a few muscle cells.

D) motor units consisting of only a few muscle cells.

1) Skeletal muscle A) expands the large blood vessels. B) propels food through the digestive tract. C) contracts the large blood vessels. D) moves the body. E) is the muscle tissue of the heart.

D) moves the body.

34) Many plants are mycorrhizal: Their roots are infected with a specialized fungus. The plant supplies carbon to the fungus, and the fungus supplies nutrients to the plant. The relationship between these plants and the mycorrhizal fungi is an example of a ________ association.

D) mutualistic

23) Thick filaments are composed primarily of ________, whereas thin filaments consist of ________. A) Z discs; T tubules B) actin; myosin C) T tubules; Z discs D) myosin; actin

D) myosin; actin

36) The birth defect spina bifida results in part of the spinal cord lying outside of the body. This defect is due to abnormal development of the A) placenta. B) gill grooves. C) allantois. D) neural tube. E) embryonic disk.

D) neural tube.

10) In the context of evolution, equilibrium means A) equal numbers of all alleles. B) equal numbers of males and females. C) no change in population size. D) no change in allele frequency. E) no individuals move into or out of the population.

D) no change in allele frequency.

85) You just finished watching a scary movie and decide to take the trash out before going to bed. Halfway down the driveway, the streetlight goes out and something rattles the trashcans, just like in the movie before the monster attacked. Suddenly, the neighbor's cat jumps up onto the top of the trashcan and you shriek. Your increased heart rate is in response to the neurotransmitter A) glutamate. B) GABA. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine. E) oxytocin.

D) norepinephrine.

8) If a respiratory surface dries out, gas exchange will A) decrease for oxygen but increase for carbon dioxide. B) not be affected. C) increase. D) not occur. E) decrease for carbon dioxide but increase for oxygen.

D) not occur.

11) All of the following are examples of mechanoreceptors EXCEPT A) Meissner's corpuscles. B) stretch receptors. C) Ruffini corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) Pacinian corpuscles.

D) olfactory receptors.

3) Chemoreceptors include A) hair cells. B) free nerve endings. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) rods.

D) olfactory receptors.

19) Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located ________ of the target cell. A) in the nucleus B) on DNA C) in the cytoplasm D) on the plasma membrane E) on the mitochondria

D) on the plasma membrane

37) The corpus luteum is located in the A) testis. B) vagina. C) penis. D) ovary. E) uterus.

D) ovary

81) The tiny wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae lays its eggs inside the egg masses of gypsy moths. When the wasp larvae hatch, they burrow into the gypsy moth caterpillars and eat them from the inside. After they have completed their development, the adult wasps emerge from the bodies of the moth caterpillars, killing them in the process. This relationship is classified as

D) parasitism.

29) All releasing hormones produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus are A) modified amino acids. B) modified fatty acids. C) ions. D) peptides. E) steroids.

D) peptides.

36) During inhalation, air leaving the nasal cavity passes into the A) trachea. B) bronchi. C) bronchioles. D) pharynx. E) larynx.

D) pharynx.

26) The frequency of a sound wave determines the ________ of the sound you hear. A) tone B) amplitude C) loudness D) pitch

D) pitch

8) The T tubules that tunnel deep into a muscle fiber are formed from A) neurons. B) osteocytes. C) blood proteins. D) plasma membrane.

D) plasma membrane.

29) If you are attempting to minimize the amount of mercury in your diet, you should eat A) high-level carnivores such as tuna. B) herbivores such as cattle. C) low-level carnivores such as tilapia. D) producers such as fruits and vegetables. E) omnivores such as hogs.

D) producers such as fruits and vegetables.

2) Brittle stars can regrow a new arm if an existing one is broken off. This is an example of A) parthenogenesis. B) budding. C) hermaphrodism. D) regeneration. E) sexual reproduction.

D) regeneration.

20) If a bone fragment resulting from a broken nose pushed against the olfactory (smell) nerve, triggering an action potential, the person would A) register the sensation as a sound. B) lose her sense of smell. C) not register the sensation at all. D) register the sensation as a smell. E) register the sensation as a visual stimulus.

D) register the sensation as a smell.

5) The myofibrils of skeletal muscle are made up of repeating units called A) fibers. B) T tubules. C) Z lines. D) sarcomeres. E) motor units.

D) sarcomeres.

14) A carnivore is usually a(n) A) autotroph. B) primary consumer. C) primary producer. D) secondary consumer. E) secondary producer.

D) secondary consumer.

21) Motor neurons A) receive stimuli from inside or outside the body. B) transmit impulses toward the spinal cord. C) integrate information from many sources. D) send signals to effector organs. E) carry impulses to the brain.

D) send signals to effector organs.

40) Male fish that display a bright blue color attract more mates as well as more predators. Maintaining that blue gene in the population is an example of A) coevolution. B) a population bottleneck. C) genetic drift. D) sexual selection. E) the founder effect.

D) sexual selection.

62) Imagine that a mutation for red eye color becomes very common in a population of flies because female flies in this population prefer to mate with red-eyed males. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) genetic drift.

D) sexual selection.

34) The Pennsylvania Amish have a very high frequency of an unusual allele that results in short arms and legs and extra fingers. This high frequency is thought to be the result of A) a population bottleneck. B) the addition of new members to an already established population. C) nonrandom mutations. D) the founder effect. E) coevolution.

D) the founder effect.

51) The greenhouse effect, which has become a major ecological concern, is caused by A) overuse of fertilizers in farming. B) the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere. C) global warming. D) the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2,CH4, and N2O). E) the release of heat energy from burning fossil fuels.

D) the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2,CH4, and N2O).

48) Plasma that leaks out of the blood in the capillary beds is returned to the venous circulation by A) suppressor B cells. B) the small intestine. C) the inflammatory response. D) the lymphatic system.

D) the lymphatic system.

51) In humans, depth perception is possible because A) we have two eyes on the sides of our heads. B) the two eyes see identical images. C) the two eyes are necessary for any vision to occur. D) the two eyes have overlapping visual fields. E) each of the two eyes "sees" an entirely different image.

D) the two eyes have overlapping visual fields.

64) When AIDS patients die, it is because A) HIV destroys the internal organs. B) they lack HIV antibodies. C) the AIDS virus has a high rate of mutation. D) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections. E) there are no treatments to slow the progress of the disease.

D) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections.

20) Sea jellies lack specialized organs for gas exchange because A) they don't need oxygen. B) they use their circulatory system to deliver oxygen to their cells. C) their digestive system eliminates carbon dioxide. D) their tissues have low energy demands.

D) their tissues have low energy demands.

47) As early as the ________ month, as the brain and spinal cord grow, the fetus can demonstrate movement and respond to stimuli. A) fourth B) fifth C) second D) third E) sixth

D) third

5) A stimulus that is strong enough to trigger an action potential is said to be above A) intensity. B) capacity. C) maximum. D) threshold. E) frequency.

D) threshold.

16) Calcium binding to ________ initiates skeletal muscle contraction. A) myosin B) tropomyosin C) actin D) troponin

D) troponin

31) Aggressive encounters between individuals of the same species A) usually result in one of the individuals being injured. B) occur only when food supplies are low. C) are always a fight to the death. D) usually include rituals or displays. E) do not occur in nature.

D) usually include rituals or displays.

31) The hair cells in the ________ detect the direction of gravity. A) oval and round windows B) middle ear C) corpuscle D) utricle and saccule

D) utricle and saccule

9) Action potentials are generated when ________ suddenly open. A) resting Na+ channels B) voltage-gated K+ channels C) resting K+ channels D) voltage-gated Na+ channels E) sodium-potassium pumps

D) voltage-gated Na+ channels

23) The greatest long-distance sound communication occurs among A) birds. B) insects. C) elephants. D) whales. E) bats.

D) whales.

10) The resting potential of an unstimulated neuron is between ________ millivolts (mV). A) 4 and 9 B) −4 and −9 C) 40 and 90 D) −40 and −90 E) −400 and −900

D) −40 and −90

71) Cellular differentiation depends on which genes are turned on or expressed in the cell.

TRUE

71) Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth.

TRUE

71) Successful defense of territories increases the odds of mating success.

TRUE

71) Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of the plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin.

TRUE

54) Imagine that you are about to give blood for the first time. While watching other donors around you, you become pale and have to sit down before you faint. Which vessels constricted to produce this nervous side effect? A) Veins B) Venules C) Capillaries D) Arteries E) Arterioles

E) Arterioles

55) Which of the following types of blood vessels are directly involved in the exchange of materials between blood and tissues? A) Veins B) Lymphatics C) Arterioles D) Arteries E) Capillaries

E) Capillaries

25) Vibration of the stirrup against this membrane transmits sound waves into the fluid-filled cochlea. A) Tympanic membrane B) Round window C) Basilar membrane D) Tectorial membrane E) Oval window

E) Oval window

72) Birds ingest sand or small stones to aid in digestion.

TRUE

57) A new predator is introduced to an area that can feed on any millipedes shorter than 200 millimeters. No millipedes that live in that area are longer than 15 millimeters. What will happen? A) Directional selection will favor predators that consume the smallest millipedes. B) Millipedes will necessarily evolve to avoid the predator. C) The millipedes will necessarily mutate to be longer. D) Disruptive selection will favor 15-millimeter-long millipedes. E) All millipedes will be potential prey.

E) All millipedes will be potential prey.

53) Which of these enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starch (a polysaccharide)? A) Bile B) Peptidase C) Lipase D) Pepsin E) Amylase

E) Amylase

62) There are ________ different olfactory receptor proteins in humans that allow us to sense a variety of odors. A) 10 to 15 B) 1,000 to 1,500 C) 100,000 to 500,000 D) 5 to 10 E) 350 to 400

E) 350 to 400

3) What is the advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one? A) There are more blood cells in a closed system. B) In a closed system, the blood comes nearer to each cell. C) A closed system carries more blood. D) Blood flows more slowly in a closed system. E) A closed system moves blood more efficiently.

E) A closed system moves blood more efficiently.

48) Which of the following illustrates altruism? A) Parent birds spend much of their time and energy feeding their young. B) Birds of a different species care for a cuckoo egg. C) Parent birds clean out their nests. D) Males sing to attract females as mating partners. E) A mother bird pretends to be wounded to distract a predator away from her young.

E) A mother bird pretends to be wounded to distract a predator away from her young.

52) Which trait is the best example of an adaptation? A) A shorter neck in a giraffe that lives in an area with many rival males and tall trees B) A longer tongue in an insect-eating mammal that feeds on insects that live in shallow burrows C) A new mutation that confers Tay-Sachs disease in humans D) A mutation resulting in weak branches in a species of tree that lives in windy regions E) A mutation resulting in a heat-resistant enzyme in a bacterium living in a hot spring

E) A mutation resulting in a heat-resistant enzyme in a bacterium living in a hot spring

36) You are researching the adaptations of a newly discovered mammal that is active mostly at night. Which adaptation to the eye would you expect to find? A) Many individual light-sensitive subunits in each eye B) Thicker vitreous humor behind the lens C) An eyespot that can only discern light from dark D) Crustacean flattened cornea resulting in farsightedness E) A reflective choroid behind the retina

E) A reflective choroid behind the retina

13) Which of the following is the result of gastrulation? A) A hollow ball of cells B) The formation of organs C) A zygote D) A blastula E) A three-layered embryo

E) A three-layered embryo

69) When one species evolves a new phenotypic feature and another species evolves new adaptations in response, it is called A) gene flow. B) genetic drift. C) sexual selection. D) stabilizing selection. E) coevolution.

E) coevolution.

23) What makes the cells of a developing embryo differentiate into various types of cells? A) The DNA of their mitochondria is different. B) Special genes in the cytoplasm cause this differentiation. C) Once certain genes of a cell have caused it to differentiate, the other genes are lost. D) They have different genes. E) Different genes are activated.

E) Different genes are activated.

21) How do we perceive the pitch of sounds? A) The pinna swivels in different directions in response to sounds of different frequency. B) The tympanic membrane vibrates more strongly at high frequencies. C) Rods vibrate in response to high-frequency sounds and cones respond to low-frequency sounds. D) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup vibrate at different speeds. E) Different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound.

E) Different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound.

30) Hormones regulate reabsorption in which region of the kidney tubule system? A) Nephron loop B) Glomerular capsule C) Proximal tubule D) Glomerulus E) Distal tubule

E) Distal tubule

2) Which of these animals has a closed circulatory system? A) Insect B) Spider C) Snail D) Clam E) Earthworm

E) Earthworm

27) What structure prevents food from entering the larynx? A) Respiratory membrane B) Intercostal muscle C) Bronchus D) Diaphragm E) Epiglottis

E) Epiglottis

64) What happens during countercurrent exchange in fishes? A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions across the respiratory surface by facilitated diffusion. B) Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by active transport. C) Oxygen enters the blood by active transport, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by diffusion. D) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in the same direction across a respiratory surface. E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.

E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.

17) Which of the following can cause evolutionary change in a small population? A) Homozygous individuals B) Lack of mutations C) Lack of gene flow D) All recessive alleles E) Genetic drift

E) Genetic drift

35) The composition of urine varies to help maintain homeostasis within the body. With this in mind, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the urine of a healthy individual? A) Potassium ions B) Hydrogen ions C) Drug metabolites D) Ammonia E) Glucose

E) Glucose

22) You awaken to discover your alarm clock failed to ring. You just might be able to make it to class on time if you leave immediately (skip breakfast) and sprint to reach the lecture hall two blocks away. What energy source is most likely being used to fuel your activity? A) Fat B) Protein C) Phospholipid D) Cellulose E) Glycogen

E) Glycogen

7) Which nutrient is synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles of animals and is used as a source of quick energy? A) Fat B) Calcium C) Starch D) Protein E) Glycogen

E) Glycogen

18) Which type of learning would be most beneficial for a person from New York City who is shipwrecked on an uninhabited tropical island? A) Operant conditioning B) Innate learning C) Imprinting D) Habituation E) Insight learning

E) Insight learning

50) Diabetes mellitus is due to an inability to produce or respond to which hormone? A) Glucocorticoids B) Glucagon C) ADH D) Thyroxine E) Insulin

E) Insulin

19) Which of these hormones stimulates the production of testosterone? A) Chorionic gonadotropin B) FSH C) GnRH D) Inhibin E) LH

E) LH

33) Ovulation occurs due to a surge in ________ concentrations. A) FSH B) testosterone C) estrogen D) progesterone E) LH

E) LH

23) What would happen to male hormone levels if the hypothalamus produced GnRH continuously? A) Only LH and FSH levels would be low. B) Testosterone levels would be low. C) Only testosterone levels would be high. D) Only LH and FSH levels would be high. E) LH, FSH, and testosterone levels would be high.

E) LH, FSH, and testosterone levels would be high.

83) As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell? A) Natural killer cells B) Mast cells C) Macrophages D) Dendritic cells E) Lymphocytes

E) Lymphocytes

27) Which of the following has the greatest potential to damage hair cells after prolonged exposure? A) Noise from an urban street B) Two humans talking C) A car engine D) Noisy restaurant E) MP3 player

E) MP3 player

23) Which behavioral response to the threat of predation is most likely to be selected for in a species that uses camouflage for protection from predators?

E) Motionless behavior

38) Plants called legumes have chambers in their roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria get both a place to live and energy while supplying nitrogen to a plant. What is this ecological relationship called?

E) Mutualism

6) Which of these structures most closely resembles a vertebrate nephron? A) Malpighian tubule B) Nephrostome C) Protonephridium D) Flame cell E) Nephridium

E) Nephridium

12) What are spiracles? A) Openings between the gills of a frog tadpole B) Openings to the bronchi C) Openings into the alveoli of the lungs D) Openings to the parabronchi E) Openings into the tracheae of insects

E) Openings into the tracheae of insects

84) Some insects that have an unpleasant taste, such as monarch butterflies, have bright, high -contrast color patterns. Most predators, once they have tasted a monarch, will leave all other monarchs alone in the future. What type of learning has occurred in the predators? A) Imprinting B) Altruism C) Habituation D) Insight learning E) Operant conditioning

E) Operant conditioning

32) If a couple was attempting to get pregnant, which foods should they eat to avoid ingesting high amounts of toxins? A) DDT-treated vegetables B) High-level carnivores such as tuna C) Meals microwaved in plastic bags D) High-fat salmon E) Organic grains, fruits, and vegetables

E) Organic grains, fruits, and vegetables

31) A common occurrence for nursing mothers is "milk let-down," which stimulates the mother's mammary glands to eject milk. Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex? A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B) Estrogen C) Progesterone D) Prolactin E) Oxytocin

E) Oxytocin

24) Which of these structures is analogous in function to the alveoli of humans? A) Skin of an alligator B) Spiracles of a grasshopper C) Operculum of a fish D) Trachea of a frog E) Parabronchi of a bird

E) Parabronchi of a bird

11) Which of the following is NOT part of the body's first line of defense against microbial attack? A) Stomach acid B) Lysozyme C) Mucus D) Skin E) Phagocytes

E) Phagocytes

48) John was attending a party when he suddenly started eating food from some of the other guest's plates and using profane language. John's son promptly rushed his father to the hospital where it was discovered that he had suffered a stroke. Based on John's altered behaviors, which area of the brain was most likely damaged by the stroke? A) Temporal lobe B) Corpus callosum C) Hypothalamus D) cerebellum E) Prefrontal cortex

E) Prefrontal cortex

30) Which trophic level has the LEAST biological magnification? A) Tertiary consumers B) Heterotrophs C) Secondary consumers D) Primary consumers E) Primary producers

E) Primary producers

24) In what region of the nephron does most secretion take place? A) Collecting duct B) Glomerulus C) Nephron loop D) Distal tubule E) Proximal tubule

E) Proximal tubule

15) Which of the following is closest to the external surface of the kidney? A) Renal pelvis B) Collecting ducts C) Nephron loops D) Renal medulla E) Renal cortex

E) Renal cortex

13) Which of the following will respond to steady pressure? A) Hair cells B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Meissner's corpuscles D) Olfactory receptors E) Ruffini corpuscles

E) Ruffini corpuscles

21) Which of the following organisms would use its skin as a primary respiratory surface? A) Lizard B) Snake C) Bird D) Turtle E) Salamander

E) Salamander

47) After a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs?

E) Secondary

18) In the male, the primary target of FSH is A) seminal vesicles. B) the prostate gland. C) interstitial cells. D) bulbourethral glands. E) Sertoli cells.

E) Sertoli cells.

31) Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion? A) Earthworms B) Humans C) Protists D) Hydra E) Sponges

E) Sponges

132) Charlie is a hypochondriac. He's always worried he has something. Is that cough an early sign of lung cancer? He's thirsty; is it diabetes? He can't shake hands because he might pick up flu germs. He disinfects everything. Yet, despite his almost obsessive precautions, he comes down with one bug after another. Can you give a plausible explanation? A) The cough indicates that he is probably diabetic and that makes him susceptible to illness. B) Charlie has a goiter, which is increasing his immune response. C) Charlie is producing too much growth hormone, which is exhausting his system. D) He's just imagining that he is sick. E) Stress releases cortisol, and cortisol suppresses the immune system.

E) Stress releases cortisol, and cortisol suppresses the immune system.

58) Thymosin, produced by the thymus, stimulates the maturation of A) both T and B cells. B) B cells. C) all white blood cells. D) red blood cells. E) T cells.

E) T cells.

40) Antibodies are most similar in structure to A) bacteria. B) macrophages. C) B-cell receptors. D) viruses. E) T-cell receptors.

E) T-cell receptors.

38) If basal metabolism drops, which anterior pituitary hormone is released to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine? A) ACTH B) Prolactin C) ADH D) FSH E) TSH

E) TSH

47) What happens during inhalation? A) The heart pumps blood to the lungs. B) The chest cavity decreases in size. C) Air exits the alveoli. D) The intercostal muscles relax. E) The diaphragm contracts.

E) The diaphragm contracts.

38) How do silk moths attract mates? A) The males sing a high-pitched song to attract the females. B) The females flit around the males in an elaborate dance. C) The males turn bright red as a visual signal. D) They build elaborate nests. E) The females secrete pheromones to attract males.

E) The females secrete pheromones to attract males.

20) Which communication method is most effective over short distances? A) Vocalizations B) Touch C) Pheromones D) Dominance hierarchies E) Visual communication

E) Visual communication

5) Which of the following vitamins is an essential nutrient in humans that cannot be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A) Biotin B) Folic acid C) Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) D) Vitamin K E) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

E) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

7) Evolution can be defined as A) a change in the phenotype of an individual over his or her lifetime. B) one species diverging into two species. C) a change in the genetic makeup of an organism over time. D) an individual changing into another species. E) a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

E) a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

18) You eat 25 potato chips, which contain 10 grams of carbohydrate (potato) and 10 grams of fat. This means that A) all of the calories are from carbohydrate. B) about 40 Calories are from fat and 90 Calories are from carbohydrate. C) about half your calories are from fat and half from carbohydrate. D) all of the calories are from fat. E) about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.

E) about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.

46) When nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide combine with water vapor in the air, they are converted to nitric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively. This precipitation that then falls to the Earth is known as A) decomposition acid. B) nitrogen precipitation. C) acid fog. D) acid precipitation. E) acid deposition.

E) acid deposition.

45) The elaborate courtship displays common among animals are the result of A) spontaneous mutations. B) stabilizing selection. C) random mating. D) disruptive selection. E) sexual selection.

E) sexual selection.

80) As part of a research project, a graduate student creates an artificial environment in a sealed container. She sterilizes the soil and adds plants, snails, shrews, and a snake. After adding a small artificial pond, she seals the container. During the first several weeks, the plants are thriving and the animals are doing well. However, piles of dropping are beginning to accumulate, and the entire floor of the container becomes covered with a layer of plant debris several inches thick. One probable cause for the problems is that the graduate student didn't A) include any herbivores. B) include any autotrophs. C) include any carnivores. D) put in enough plants. E) add any decomposers.

E) add any decomposers.

44) Farmers often include legumes as part of their normal crop rotation. This practice increases the overall production of their crops by A) suppressing the growth of weeds. B) making the soil less acidic. C) adding phosphorus to the soil. D) helping the soil retain water. E) adding nitrogen to the soil.

E) adding nitrogen to the soil.

13) All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT for A) gills of fish. B) alveoli of dogs. C) skin of earthworms. D) tracheae of a fly. E) air sacs of birds.

E) air sacs of birds.

46) The placental blood vessels A) draw oxygen from the fetal blood and pass it to the mother. B) manufacture hormones that slow the growth of the embryo, preventing it from outgrowing the uterus. C) mix maternal blood and fetal blood. D) prevent all microbes and toxins from crossing from mother to child. E) allow for the exchange of wastes and nutrients but keep the maternal and fetal circulations separate.

E) allow for the exchange of wastes and nutrients but keep the maternal and fetal circulations separate.

57) Sensations of fear, pleasure, and sexual arousal are produced by the A) reticular formation. B) medulla. C) hypothalamus. D) cerebral cortex. E) amygdala.

E) amygdala.

62) Smoker's cough is the result of A) dehydration of respiratory passages. B) carbon monoxide irritation in the throat. C) emphysema. D) nicotine exposure. E) an accumulation of mucus.

E) an accumulation of mucus.

53) The ________ provides nourishment for the lens and cornea. A) retina B) optic nerve C) choroid D) vitreous humor E) aqueous humor

E) aqueous humor

72) Multidrug-resistant bacteria A) are becoming less widespread. B) are not serious threats to human health. C) have always been common in the natural environment. D) have been eradicated worldwide. E) are becoming more widespread.

E) are becoming more widespread.

13) The human kidneys are located A) on either side of the esophagus. B) in the chest cavity. C) in the abdominal cavity just above the rectum. D) in front of the large intestine. E) at about the level of the waist.

E) at about the level of the waist.

56) In some butterfly populations, there are equal frequencies of alleles that code for black and yellow coloration. This is an example of A) stabilizing selection. B) directional selection. C) sexual selection. D) nonrandom mutations. E) balanced polymorphism.

E) balanced polymorphism.

18) If you find a brightly colored insect resting on a dead leaf, the insect is likely to

E) be poisonous or distasteful.

9) During the embryonic stage, a hollow ball of cells is known as a A) chorion. B) morula. C) gastrula. D) larva. E) blastula.

E) blastula.

39) Long-distance runners like to train at high altitudes because the lack of oxygen there stimulates the A) muscles to contract less strongly. B) body to produce more lung tissue. C) capillaries to diffuse oxygen more slowly. D) muscles to contract faster. E) bone marrow to make more erythrocytes.

E) bone marrow to make more erythrocytes.

26) In the Australian outback, emus (a relative of the ostrich) feeding in the open brush lands have coloration similar to the surrounding bushes. This is an example of

E) camouflage.

18) Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because they A) use anaerobic metabolism during flight. B) are able to lower their body temperature during flight. C) decrease their heart rate during flight. D) have thicker blood than other animals, with many more red blood cells. E) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.

E) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.

28) Gene flow A) isolates populations from one another. B) negates the influence of evolution on a population. C) prevents migration of individuals into other populations. D) limits evolutionary fitness. E) can spread certain alleles throughout a species.

E) can spread certain alleles throughout a species.

44) A certain species of animal represents just 3% of the biomass in its ecosystem. We might classify this as a keystone species if its removal

E) caused the diversity of the plant community to decline by 40%.

38) When light energy hits a photopigment, the molecule A) generates an action potential. B) forms an enzyme. C) is separated from the plasma membrane. D) is destroyed, setting off a series of chemical reactions. E) changes shape, setting off a series of chemical reactions.

E) changes shape, setting off a series of chemical reactions.

64) Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called A) osteoblasts. B) osteoclasts. C) erythrocytes. D) platelets. E) chondrocytes.

E) chondrocytes.

18) In placental organisms, the ________ of the embryo merges with the endometrial lining of the uterus to form the placenta. A) allantois B) yolk sac C) amnion D) blastopore E) chorion

E) chorion

61) Digested fats are packaged into ________, which are too big to enter blood capillaries and so have to diffuse into lacteals, where fats enter the lymph and are transported within the lymphatic system. A) chyme B) lipases C) micelles D) bile salts E) chylomicrons

E) chylomicrons

63) When different species closely interact for an extended period of time and develop new adaptations in response to each other, it is called A) gene flow. B) genetic drift. C) sexual selection. D) stabilizing selection. E) coevolution.

E) coevolution.

72) Birds use vocal displays to defend their territories.

TRUE

72) Bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system

TRUE

80)Several ecology students were tracking the population ranges of two species of squirrels that live in the Cascade Range of Oregon. These students noted that when both species of squirrels were present in a region, species A could be found from sea level to about 900 feet above sea level, and species B could be found from about 900 feet to 1,500 feet above sea level. However, when species B was found alone, it had a range of about 500 feet to 1,500 feet above sea level. This is an example

E) competitive exclusion.

47) The right cerebral hemisphere A) is slightly larger than the left cerebral hemisphere. B) is smaller in women than men. C) controls movements of the right side of the body. D) is logical. E) controls movements of the left side of the body.

E) controls movements of the left side of the body.

8) The most important function of sexual reproduction is A) limiting genetic recombination. B) producing offspring identical to the parents. C) keeping the genes from changing. D) preserving genetic purity. E) creating genetic variability.

E) creating genetic variability.

43) Inadequate levels of thyroxine during infancy results in retardation of mental and physical growth. This syndrome is known as A) diabetes. B) beriberi. C) goiter. D) acromegaly. E) cretinism.

E) cretinism.

55) The cells of an aging animal function less efficiently because A) cell metabolism is slower. B) organelles and cellular components decline. C) protein synthesis ceases. D) cells can no longer mitotically divide. E) damaged DNA cannot be repaired.

E) damaged DNA cannot be repaired.

62) Decreased levels of ADH cause A) hunger. B) increased metabolism. C) water weight gain. D) fever. E) dehydration.

E) dehydration.

47) The primary function of cell-mediated immunity is to A) protect the body against extracellular parasites. B) increase the number of macrophages. C) promote the production of antibodies. D) decrease the amount of complement. E) destroy cancerous or virus-infected host cells.

E) destroy cancerous or virus-infected host cells.

12) The cells that line the inside of the blastopore become the A) nervous system. B) skeleton. C) muscles. D) skin. E) digestive tract.

E) digestive tract.

59) Chemicals detected by the nose must A) stimulate the cones. B) first enter the mouth. C) bind to taste buds. D) cause bending of hair cells in the upper nasal cavity. E) dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity.

E) dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity.

65) Fish gills consist of a series of A) interconnected bronchioles. B) spiracles. C) opercula. D) parabronchi. E) filaments.

E) filaments.

33) Cellular wastes and excess ions are moved from the blood into nephrons by A) filtration only. B) reabsorption only. C) secretion only. D) filtration and reabsorption. E) filtration and secretion.

E) filtration and secretion.

6) The strength of a stimulus is indicated by the ________ of action potentials. A) speed B) duration C) loss D) intensity E) frequency

E) frequency

60) Suppose a new mutation that improves metabolic efficiency is lost from a small population of mammals living in a region of seasonal food scarcity after a hurricane eliminates half the mammal population. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) genetic drift.

E) genetic drift.

81) A couple has been trying unsuccessfully to conceive for several years. An examination reveals that scar tissue blocks the woman's uterine tubes. The woman has complained about large amounts of vaginal discharge, which coincide with her husband complaining of painful urination and a pus-filled discharge from his penis. Antibiotics clear up the infections. This couple has probably been infected with A) pubic lice. B) HPV. C) a protist. D) herpes. E) gonorrhea.

E) gonorrhea.

28) Most of the normal variation in human height is due to the influence of A) ADH. B) thyroxine. C) testosterone. D) epinephrine and norepinephrine. E) growth hormone.

E) growth hormone.

43) Sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses include herpes, AIDS, and A) gonorrhea. B) chlamydia. C) trichomoniasis. D) syphilis. E) human papillomavirus (HPV).

E) human papillomavirus (HPV).

13) A newly hatched duck adopts the most frequently encountered animal or object it sees during a sensitive period as its mother. This is an example of A) operant conditioning. B) insight learning. C) habituation. D) trial-and-error learning. E) imprinting.

E) imprinting.

45) In a person who is nearsighted, the A) eyeball is too short from front to back. B) aqueous humor is cloudier than normal. C) lens is not functional at all. D) muscle that controls the thickness of the lens is weak. E) incoming light is focused in front of the retina.

E) incoming light is focused in front of the retina.

55) The receptors in the respiratory center are most sensitive to a small A) increase in blood oxygen levels. B) decrease in blood oxygen levels. C) increase in blood pH. D) decrease in blood nitrogen levels. E) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.

E) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.

7) At the synapse, some neurotransmitters open ion channels that make the interior of the postsynaptic neuron more negative. Thus, these neurotransmitters produce a(n) ________ postsynaptic potential (IPSP). A) excitatory B) decreasing C) rewarding D) enhancing E) inhibitory

E) inhibitory

3) Nesting geese will roll softballs (placed next to their nests by biologists) into their nests, perhaps because the balls resemble eggs that might have rolled out of the nest. This behavior is most likely A) trial-and-error learning. B) habituation. C) conditioned. D) insight learning. E) innate.

E) innate.

61) The end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a stationary, fixed bone is the origin. The end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a movable bone is called the A) hinge. B) flexor. C) extensor. D) joint. E) insertion.

E) insertion.

12) Endocrine glands secrete their products A) into a gap junction. B) into ducts that open into a body cavity. C) into a synapse. D) directly into target cells. E) into interstitial fluid.

E) into interstitial fluid.

16) Activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is brief because it A) is pumped out of the synaptic cleft by the sodium-potassium pump. B) diffuses out of the synaptic cleft. C) "self-destructs" shortly after leaving the presynaptic neuron. D) is transported back into the presynaptic neuron. E) is rapidly broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.

E) is rapidly broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.

43) The fovea of the human eye A) is also known as the blind spot. B) contains a high concentration of ommatidia. C) contains mostly rods. D) is located in the sclera. E) is the part of the retina that produces the sharpest image.

E) is the part of the retina that produces the sharpest image.

7) Histamine is an example of a(n) A) prostaglandin. B) endocrine hormone. C) neurotransmitter. D) synaptic messenger. E) local hormone.

E) local hormone.

38) Females need more dietary iron than males because they A) eat less red meat than males. B) have fewer red blood cells. C) have less bone marrow. D) have a smaller volume of blood. E) lose more iron (during menstruation).

E) lose more iron (during menstruation).

44) The descending limb of the nephron loop A) is permeable to salt and urea. B) responds to high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood. C) pulls water from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more dilute. D) is not permeable to water. E) loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

E) loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

27) In open-water marine ecosystems, the ________ occupy the same trophic level as the giant sequoias (redwoods) in the forests of California. A) giant, squid-eating whales B) tiny, multicellular zooplankton ("animal drifters") that feed on phytoplankton C) fast-swimming, fish-eating tuna D) microscopic bacteria that decompose all the other organisms once they have died E) microscopic, single-celled algae (protists) called phytoplankton ("plant-like drifters")

E) microscopic, single-celled algae (protists) called phytoplankton ("plant-like drifters")

62) In a hinge joint A) the flexor and the extensor must contract at the same time. B) an extensor muscle rotates the bones. C) motion occurs when gravity pulls on the insertion. D) movement in three dimensions is possible. E) movement can occur only in two dimensions.

E) movement can occur only in two dimensions.

39) An example of ________ is when birds feed on parasitic insects that they pick off the skin of large animals such as elephants or bison.

E) mutualism

35) Clownfish live within the tentacles of sea anemones. The anemone protects the fish from predators, and the clownfish cleans the anemone. This relationship is an example of

E) mutualism.

19) The amount of energy captured by plants and made available to consumers in an ecosystem is called A) energy pyramid. B) biological magnification. C) nutrient cycling. D) secondary trophic level. E) net primary productivity.

E) net primary productivity.

9) B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with A) imprinting experiments with ducks. B) insight learning. C) breeding experiments with pigeons. D) causing chickens to return to the roost at night. E) operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning).

E) operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning).

86) Martha McClintock found that the menstrual cycles of female college roommates became synchronous after 6 months of living together. She also found that armpit odors from one group of women affected the menstrual cycles of other women who sniffed the odors. These findings might indicate that A) women have conscious control over their menstrual cycles. B) something in the water in the dorm influences the women's cycles. C) menstrual cycles are not influenced by nerve impulses. D) eating the same foods causes menstrual cycles to become synchronous. E) pheromones are involved in menstrual synchrony

E) pheromones are involved in menstrual synchrony

41) Bones store calcium and A) magnesium. B) amino acids. C) glycogen. D) manganese. E) phosphorus.

E) phosphorus.

24) The shape, size, or color of an animal A) does not communicate information. B) is used to mark the boundaries of territories. C) plays a role in active visual communication. D) relates to the pheromones the animal produces. E) plays a role in passive visual communication.

E) plays a role in passive visual communication.

28) Bacteria that live in deep-sea thermal vents use energy from inorganic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide and are thus A) secondary consumers. B) tertiary consumers. C) primary consumers. D) decomposers. E) producers.

E) producers.

13) A population carries two alleles for a trait in which T is dominant and t is recessive. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq represents the A) proportion of homozygous dominant individuals. B) decrease in heterozygous individuals. C) proportion of homozygous recessive individuals. D) increase in homozygous individuals. E) proportion of heterozygous individuals.

E) proportion of heterozygous individuals.

58) The major function of the large intestine is to A) produce digestive enzymes. B) make bile. C) neutralize chyme. D) digest food. E) reabsorb water.

E) reabsorb water.

44) Due to negative feedback mechanisms, high levels of thyroxine in the blood decrease the A) rate of insulin production. B) growth rate. C) metabolic rate. D) rate of cell division. E) release of TSH.

E) release of TSH.

35) Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the production of anterior pituitary hormones are called A) secondary messengers. B) inhibiting hormones. C) thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSHs). D) ACTH. E) releasing hormones.

E) releasing hormones.

77) On the slopes of the Washington Cascades, ecologists have studied some closely related vole species for decades. Many of these vole species, when they occur on separate mountains, tend to choose very similar seed sizes for food. However, when these species occur together on the same mountain slope, their food choices tend to differ, with some species selecting small seeds and others feeding exclusively on larger seeds. This behavior may be an example of

E) resource partitioning.

5) If a bird eats an insect that ate a plant, the bird is considered a(n) A) primary consumer. B) autotroph. C) tertiary consumer. D) producer. E) secondary consumer.

E) secondary consumer.

50) Members of one gender influence allele frequencies in a population by choosing mates according to some conspicuous feature in the other gender in the process called A) random evolution. B) fitness. C) genetic drift. D) random mutation. E) sexual selection.

E) sexual selection.

43) Most chemical digestion occurs in the A) mouth. B) stomach. C) large intestine. D) esophagus. E) small intestine.

E) small intestine.

16) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) A) is made by the ovaries. B) causes endometrial cells to multiply. C) is secreted when there is a high level of progesterone in the blood. D) is produced by the pituitary. E) stimulates the release of FSH and LH.

E) stimulates the release of FSH and LH.

56) The adrenal medulla produces hormones in response to A) reduced blood levels of thyroxine. B) signals from the posterior pituitary. C) signals from the anterior pituitary. D) light. E) stress or exercise.

E) stress or exercise.

49) Acid deposition is the result of interference with the ________ cycles. A) hydrologic and nitrogen B) sulfur and phosphorus C) sulfur and hydrologic D) hydrologic and phosphorus E) sulfur and nitrogen

E) sulfur and nitrogen

22) The 30,000 elephant seals alive today are genetically very similar due to A) random mutation. B) natural selection. C) artificial selection. D) the founder effect. E) the bottleneck effect.

E) the bottleneck effect

16) Imagine that one of the original four mice that escape from a research lab is blind due to a genetic defect. If the escaped mouse breeds and most of the mice born in subsequent generations are blind from birth, this is most likely a case of A) selective mutation. B) an equilibrium population. C) natural selection. D) artificial selection. E) the founder effect.

E) the founder effect.

39) An average hemodialysis session usually lasts 4 hours and occurs about A) once a week. B) once a month. C) 7 days a week. D) three times a month. E) three times a week.

E) three times a week.

49) People with damage to the hippocampus seem to be unable to remember recent events even though their memory of events before the damage remains intact. This seems to indicate that the hippocampus is involved in A) generating new neurons in the cerebellum. B) producing hormones that control the memory neurons of the cerebrum. C) recognizing similar events. D) retrieving memories. E) transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory.

E) transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory.

67) All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT A) returning dissolved materials to the circulation. B) defending the body. C) transporting fats to the circulatory system. D) returning fluid to the circulatory system. E) transporting oxygen to the lungs.

E) transporting oxygen to the lungs.

57) Vaccinations involve injecting ________ into the person or animal. A) antibiotics B) antibodies against the disease C) the disease itself D) antibodies against similar diseases E) weakened or killed microbes

E) weakened or killed microbes

35) In humans, implantation occurs A) immediately after fertilization. B) after the formation of the neural tube. C) when the embryo is a gastrula. D) just prior to fertilization. E) when the zygote is a blastocyst.

E) when the zygote is a blastocyst.

52) The biotic portion of an ecosystem includes the plants, animals, and water. 52)

FALSE

54) In mutualistic interactions, one species is harmed and one benefits.

FALSE

55) An animal can imprint only on members of its own species.

FALSE

56) A learned behavior cannot be changed.

FALSE

57) In animals that undergo indirect development, the newborn has a similar body structure to that of the adult.

FALSE

57) Internal fertilization only occurs by copulation.

FALSE

58) In a stable ecosystem, the number of predators is greater than the number of prey. 58)

FALSE

59) Dendrites release neurotransmitters at synapses.

FALSE

59) The process through which a human embryo develops into an adult is called metamorphosis.

FALSE

60) FSH stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to produce testosterone.

FALSE

60) Once used by an organism, carbon- and nitrogen-based nutrients are unavailable for other organisms.

FALSE

61) Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more slowly than axons without a myelin covering.

FALSE

61) Pheromones affect only the animal that produces them.

FALSE

61) The presence of testosterone triggers the release of LH to produce more testosterone, as explained by negative feedback.

FALSE

61) The small, hollow ball of cells in early development is the zygote.

FALSE

62) Organisms that produce their own food from inorganic compounds through reactions powered by sunlight are heterotrophs.

FALSE

62) Startle coloration is used to attract mates.

FALSE

63) As the resting membrane potential of a neuron nears threshold, it becomes harder to stimulate.

FALSE

63) During oogenesis, oogonia differentiate and become diploid primary oocytes, which divide to produce four diploid secondary oocytes.

FALSE

Which statement best describes how overspecialization can affect a species?

Highly specialized adaptations in a species increase the likelihood of extinction if the environment changes.

Fruit fly species all look similar to one another. If you have a male and a female fruit fly, how can you prove that they are the same species, according to the biological species concept?

If they mate successfully and their offspring are fertile, they are the same species.

which species is most likely to become extinct?

Kirtland's warbler, which breeds in only a small area of Michigan

72) In blastulas, if cells from an area that would normally become skin are transplanted into an area that would become the nervous system, the transplanted cells will form structures of the nervous system.

TRUE

72) Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons.

TRUE

Which of these definitions of species best matches the biological species concept?

Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.

72) Positive feedback mechanisms enhance changes in the body

TRUE

Where would a researcher most likely find examples of allopatric speciation?

On a mountain range with many steep valleys and turbulent rivers

A horse has a diploid number (2n) of 64 and a donkey has 2n = 62. The hybrid of these two species, mules, have 2n = 63 and are sterile. Why are mules sterile?

One chromosome is unpaired and fails to divide properly during meiosis.

72) The keystone species in the African savanna is the elephant.

TRUE

58) In indirect development, the embryo hatches into a sexually immature stage called a larva.

TRUE

58) Trial-and-error learning can be important in the development of a behavior.

TRUE

53) In a process called coevolution, two species exert natural selection pressures on each other.

TRUE

55) The production of offspring from unfertilized eggs is called parthenogenesis.

TRUE

56) All cells in an animal, with the exception of gametes, are genetically identical.

TRUE

56) Spawning animals rely on mating behaviors, chemical signals, and/or environmental cues for reproduction to take place.

TRUE

56) Woodpeckers and squirrels both nest in tree cavities. This is an example of interspecific competition.

TRUE

57) Intraspecific competition limits population size. 57)

TRUE

13) The development of secondary sexual characteristics is due to A) increased levels of estrogen or testosterone. B) decreased LH levels. C) decreased levels of estrogen or testosterone. D) decreased levels of GnRH. E) increased levels of progesterone.

V

A single species of finch from South America was displaced to a new habitat in the Galápagos Islands and evolved rapidly into several new species as it exploited the new resources. What occurred in these Darwin's finches?

adaptive radiation

The introduction of a new species into an area that has several different habitats and very rich resources, but no predators will likely lead to

adaptive radiation

The origins of 300 or more species of cichlid fish in Lake Malawi can best be explained by

adaptive radiation

When a species invades a new habitat and evolves rapidly into several new species to better exploit new resources, what has occurred?

adaptive radiation

There are currently many similar-looking but different species on either side of the Isthmus of Panama. They most likely resulted from

allopatric speciation

Two species of squirrels live on either side of the Grand Canyon. It is believed that a long time ago, before being separated by the canyon, they were the same species. This is an example of

allopatric speciation

What happens when two populations become geographically separated from each other and then genetic divergence occurs?

allopatric speciation

What is the best explanation for the origin of the unique species recently found in the Annamite Mountains of Vietnam?

allopatric speciation

Eastern and Western meadowlarks look almost identical and sometimes inhabit the same areas of prairies. These birds recognize members of their own species by distinctive songs and thus do not breed with each other. This is an example of

behavioral isolation

Female blue-footed boobies of the Galápagos Islands will mate only after a very specific courtship display on the part of the male. The male high-steps to advertise his bright blue feet. What mechanism describes why the females do not mate with other species of boobies?

behavioral isolation

In many species of fireflies, males flash light from their abdomens to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is an example of

behavioral isolation

Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring that are unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the appropriate innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials and build a nest. This limits genetic mixing between the species due to

behavioral isolation

The elaborate courtship rituals of many bird species help to preserve their genetic isolation through

behavioral isolation

Two populations of flowers look identical but are pollinated by different pollinators-one by a night-flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees. These two populations of flowers are examples of

different species

When some hybrid organisms do not live long, it is an example of

hybrid inviability

One species of fish feeds in the muddy bottom of a lake. A second species eats insects that land on the water surface. This is an example of

ecological isolation

Two species of garter snakes live in the same geographic area. One lives mainly in water and the other mainly on land, so they rarely encounter each other and do not interbreed. What type of isolation is this?

ecological isolation

A pet store puts both Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) in the same cage. If mating occurs, the pregnancy will not succeed because the embryos fail to develop properly. This is an example of

hybrid inviabilty

When the pollen of one plant species will not germinate on the flower of another species, it is an example of

gametic incompatibility

The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north side of the Grand Canyon, and the Abert squirrel lives on the south side. Even though these two populations are only miles apart, their gene pools are kept isolated by

geographic isolation

most common cause of extinction

habitat change

Crossing a zebra with a horse produces sterile offspring. This is an example of

hybrid infertility

Horses and donkeys can mate successfully to produce mules, which are always sterile. Which genetic isolating mechanism prevents horses and donkeys from becoming a single species?

hybrid infertility

If a hybrid is unable to produce sperm because meiosis does not proceed correctly, gene flow between the populations is restricted by

hybrid infertility

Ligers, the offspring from the mating of a lion and a tiger, are sterile. This is an example of

hybrid infertility

Lions and tigers can interbreed and produce offspring called tiglons or ligers, which have normal life spans but are sterile. Lions and tigers remain isolated genetically because of

hybrid infertility

When offspring are infertile after breeding occurs between individuals of different species, the genetic identities of the two populations are protected by

hybrid infertility

The organisms most likely to undergo sympatric speciation by polyploidy are

plants

temporal isolation is an example of:

pre-mating isolating mechanism

Before the modern era of science, organisms were assigned to species on the basis of

similarities in appearance

Since the Pleistocene ice age, deserts have been gradually forming in the southwestern United States. As the original lakes and rivers of this area shrank into isolated streams, ponds, and springs, the fishes living in them developed a strong potential for

speciation

A group of an interbreeding natural population that is reproductively isolated from other such groups is called a

species

The parasitic Rhagoletis flies that show a preference for either hawthorn or apple trees and are no longer interbreeding populations illustrate what type of speciation?

sympatric

Two different species of pine release their pollen at different times of the year. This is an example of

temporal isolation

Two populations of flowers found in the same meadow look identical but are pollinated by different pollinators-one by a night-flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees that fly by day. This is an example of

temporal isolation

Two species of pines, Pinus radiata and Pinus muricota, live in the same regions of California and are capable of forming hybrids under laboratory conditions. However, they do not interbreed because one releases pollen in February and the other in April. What genetic isolating mechanism is involved?

temporal isolation

When two organisms reach sexual maturity at different times, it is an example of

temporal isolation