Biology I (majors) - Unit 6 Exam
Which of the following is an a correct statement about introduced vertebrates negatively impacting an aquatic environment?
of the nonnative freshwater fish in California, half are known to have a negative impact over 25% of freshwater fish in California are nonnative
Salt concentrations vary widely in aquatic environments and have a great impact on ______ in animals.
osmotic balance
When humans harvest a species at a rate that is unsustainable, based on the species' natural rate of mortality and rate of reproduction, it is called
overexploitation
Which of the following organisms would likely display a type III survivorship curve?
oysters
In predation, a predator consumes its prey, but in ____, an organism obtains food from its prey, called the host, without killing it outright.
parasitism
A ____ causes disease symptoms in its host.
pathogen
The open ocean, or the ____ zone, is deep, has low nutrient concentrations, and is only warm near the surface.
pelagic
Per capita growth rate is the ___.
per capita birth rate minus the per capita death rate
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of:
permafrost
Which of the following demonstrate the importance of phosphorous? Choose all that apply.
phosphorous is incorporated into the skeletons of animals phosphorous is incorporated into the nucleic acids of all creatures
Marsupial mammals are often out competed by introduced ____ mammals in Australia.
placental
Autotrophs include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
plants algae photosynthetic bacteria
Which of the following statements describes the concerns for global warming on plant life. Choose all that apply.
plants cannot easily move into newly created climatic regions many regions of Earth will become warmer and some will become colder
A group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area at the same time is called
population
What type of ecology focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals in an attempt to understand factors that determine group size and density.
population
The study of factors affecting population size and how these factors change over space and time is called ____ ____.
population ecology
The instantaneous growth rate of a population describes:
population growth rate over a short period of time
Choose all of the following that are types of species interactions studied in population ecology.
predation parasitism competition
Ecologists have found that in most studies about 75% of the prey population density is depressed by:
predators
Invasive species often thrive in new environments because they have no natural
predators
Secondary consumers obtain their energy directly from:
primary consumers
The organism shown here is an example of a(n) ____-selected species.
r
____ - selected species are those with unstable populations that have a high rate of per capita population growth.
r
____ -selected species exhibit high per capita growth rates with poor competitive ability, whereas ____ -selected species exhibit low per capita growth rates with strong competitive ability.
r-selected K-selected
The intrinsic rate of increase is represented by
rN
Exponential growth is ____, whereas logistic growth is ____.
rapid population growth population growth slowed by limiting factors
Age-specific fertility rate is the
rate of female offspring produced for females of a specific age class.
Consider a fundamental niche which contains a part that is occupied by competitors of that species. In this case the organism is limited to an area called the ______, where the competitor is absent.
realized niche
Which of the following activities have contributed to human overexploitation of plants?
removal of valuable species from their native habitats
Why is urbanization so devastating to the environment?
removes natural or agricultural areas and then adds cities to further stress the environment
Invasive species have various characteristics that promote their success. Specifically, they are likely to ____ rapidly, have no natural ____ in their new habitat, and can tolerate variation in their habitat condition.
reproduce enemies
Which organisms would likely display a type II survivorship curve?
reptiles birds
As shown in the diagram, among five species of warblers feeding in North American spruce trees, each species prefers to feed at a different height. This is referred to as:
resource partitioning
The number of species present in the community is designated by the term species ____. . In contrast, the term species ____ refers to both the number of species and their relative abundance.
richness diversity
In general, abiotic factors have powerful effects in most ecological systems. Which of the following is an abiotic factor?
salinity
The osmotic balance of aquatic animals can be greatly affected by the:
salt concentration in the water
Organisms that eat primary consumers are called:
secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers obtain their energy directly from:
secondary consumers
Which of the following provide examples of introduced species? Choose all that apply.
species introduced to provide a source for timber or wool species introduced for agricultural purposes species introduced for landscaping purposes
The number of different species in a community is known as its ____ ____.
species richness
The average area of land under crop cultivation throughout the world is 12% but varies ____ around the world.
substantially (greatly, immensely, widely)
Insufficient __ limits plant growth, especially in aquatic environments where it is absorbed by water.
sunlight
A graph of the proportion of surviving individuals at each age is called a(n) ____ curve.
survivorship
Overexploitation occurs when humans harvest a species at a rate that is not ____. This practice has been the cause of various human caused extinctions throughout the past.
sustainable
In a(n) ____ grassland biome, annual rainfall is between 25 and 100 cm, and temperatures fall below -10 degrees C in the winter and approach 30 degrees C in the summer.
temperate
Using the information in the plot of the North American beaver survivorship, ecologists would determine ____.
the beavers exhibit type II survivorship and follow a relatively uniform rate of death over their life span
As illustrated in the graphs, when Paramecium species are grown alone, each of three species, P. aurelia, P. bursaria, and P. caudatum, grows according to the logistic model. However when P. aurelia is grown with P. caudatum:
the density of P. aurelia is lower than when grown alone, and P. caudatum goes extinct
The species-time hypothesis proposes that habitats in tropical areas have greater species richness because
the organisms have had more time to evolve and diversify than in temperate and arctic areas.
Dispersion patterns are ____.
the spatial arrangement of organisms within a population
Which of the following is known prey of the Burmese python populations in Florida's Everglades region? Select all answers that apply.
the wood stork raccoons opossums
One of the lines of evidence that suggests that bottom-up effects are important in population density is that:
there is a progressive decrease of available energy passing from plants through herbivores to carnivores and to secondary carnivores
According to the species- hypothesis, temperate regions have less rich communities than tropical ones because they are younger, and thus not as likely to have evolved and diversified.
time
Many species of ____ take extended periods of time, hundreds and perhaps thousands of years, for seed dispersal.
trees
Each level of a food chain is called a ____ level.
trophic
In food chain diagrams arrows are used to connect the different levels.
trophic
In a(n) ____ rain forest, the canopy is nearly closed and trees have large buttresses to support their shallow root systems.
tropical
Herds of antelope, zebra, wildebeest, and predators such as cheetah, lion, leopard, and hyena are found in the ______ biome.
tropical grassland
True or false: the accumulation of chemicals in the bodies of organisms in food chains is more of a problem at the higher trophic levels.
true
True or false: Predators are responsible for top-down population control, while food abundance influences bottom-up control.
true (Food limitation influences population densities in bottom-up models, while predators control prey density in top-down systems)
True or false: Competition between species may be equal or unequal.
true (Sometimes the two species equally compete with each other. In other cases, one species may be affected less than the other)
Much of the vegetation in this very cold biome is composed of lichens and mosses.
tundra
in a ____ dispersion pattern, organisms are distributed with about equal distance between them across the landscape.
uniform
As energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next some energy is lost because it is:
used in maintenance
acts as a solvent for chemical reactions, is the means by which animals eliminate waste, and is used for support in plants.
water
Which list below provides the correct order for the gases that are important for the greenhouse effect?
water vapor carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons
Because carnivores consume more than one type of prey and herbivores consume more than one plant species it is better to draw relationships between these plants and animals as a food ____ instead of a linear food chain.
web
can amplify the effects of temperature by increasing the rate of heat loss by convection.
wind
When a population's size does not change over time, the population is exhibiting population growth.
zero
Temperature is a very critical factor in how organisms are distributed. Why?
--cant regulate body temp precisely
Only a small group of gases is thought to be responsible for the greenhouse effect. These gases make up less than ____ % of the total volume of the atmosphere.
1
Mountaintop vegetation, even in tropical areas, can have the characteristics of a colder biome because a vertical ascent of 600 m produces a temperature change equivalent to an increase in latitude of:
1,000 km
Approximately ____ of the world's land is covered in forests.
1/3 (or one-third)
How many broad terrestrial biomes are defined by Whittaker's scheme based on average annual temperature and precipitation?
10
What is the approximate amount of energy that is transferred from one trophic level to another?
10%
Only about ______ of available energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next because energy is ______.
10%, lost as heat and used for maintenance
Tropical regions vary about ______ year round.
2-3 C
The ecological footprint of the average American is about _____ that of of the world.
3x
Even though ____ % of the water that reaches the atmosphere has passed through plants and exited by evapotranspiration, only approximately ____ % of water is found in the bodies of organisms or frozen in the soil.
90, 2
The following figure shows a temperate lake in the summer. Match the letter to the correct layer.
A --> Thermocline B --> Epilimnion C --> Hypolimnion
A survivorship curve is defined as which of the following?
A graph of the proportion of individuals surviving at each age
Which of the following describes a community?
A group of organisms of different species occupying the same area at the same time.
What is a life table?
A life table is a data table of the number of individuals alive in each age class.
What lines of evidence suggest that bottom-up effects are important for limiting population size?
A progressive reduction in available energy passing from plants through herbivores to carnivores. The nitrogen-limitation hypothesis, where organisms select food in terms of the nitrogen content of the tissue.
Which of the following accurately describe the following features of K-selected species? A. Life span B. Mortality rate C. Size of offspring
A. Long B. Usually low C. Large
Where does competition occur in this diagram? The y-axis is "resource amount used."
AB, BC, and CD
What do predation, herbivory, and parasitism all have in common?
All have a positive effect on one species and a negative effect on the other.
How can mountaintop vegetation in tropical areas have the characteristics of vegetation in a colder biome?
An ascent in altitude produces a temperature change that can be the equivalent to a latitude change.
Of the following organisms, which ones do not display type I survivorship?
Animals with a relatively high rate of loss of their offspring
What are the two major types of biomes?
Aquatic and terrestrial
Select the example of commensalism.
Barbed seeds that cling to mammal fur..
Demography is the study of which of the following?
Birth and death rates, age distribution, and population sizes
Secondary consumers that eat other animals are called which of the following?
Carnivores
Which of the following is not a type of mimicry defense?
Catalepsis
Which of the following are examples of strategies that animals have evolved to avoid being eaten by predators?
Chemical defense Armor and weaponry Camouflage and mimicry
What type of dispersion pattern involves individuals found in groups that are often found some distance from one another?
Clumped
____ dispersion occurs when individuals are found in clusters and the clusters are often separated by some distance.
Clumped
What biome is found in the dry regions at middle to high latitudes, especially in the interiors of continents and in the rain shadows of mountains?
Cold desert
In community A there are three species of butterflies, with the same number of individuals from each species. In community B there are also three species of butterflies, but two species are very rare, with only a very few individuals. The total number of butterflies in the two communities is the same. Which community has higher species diversity?
Community A has higher species diversity.
Consider two hypothetical communities, J and R, both with two species and 90 total individuals. Community J has 2 individuals of the first species and 88 individuals of the second species, while community R has 45 individuals of each species. What, if anything, can be concluded from this data?
Community R is considered more diverse that J
An ecologist is investigating species diversity in two communities. Community T has 172 species and an Hs value of 2.67, while community Z contains 164 species and has an Hs value of 2.83. What can be concluded from this data?
Community T has the highest species richness, while community Z has the highest species diversity
Which of the following statements is correct regarding species diversity?
Community measure that incorporates both species number and relative abundance
In a woodland community, a species interaction between rabbits and deer affects both species negatively. What type of interaction is this?
Competition
____ is an interaction between species that affects both species negatively (-/-), as they utilize similar resources.
Competition
What is the exception to the competitive exclusion principle?
Competition may not be severe enough to drive one of the competitors to extinction or to a different niche.
Gause discovered that P. caudatum always became extinct when cultured with P. aurelia. This is an illustration of which of the following?
Competitive exclusion
Gause concluded that two species with the same resource requirements cannot live together in the same place and use the same resources. Gause's conclusions led him to formulate which of the following principles?
Competitive exclusion principle
Which of the following aquatic biomes occurs in warm tropical waters with clear water and solid substrates for attachment?
Coral reef
Which of the following accurately compares density dependent (DD) factors and density independent (DI) factors?
DD: mortality increases with population size DI mortality remains unchanged with population size
Which of the following statements is the correct definition of demography?
Demography is the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time.
What is density in terms of populations?
Density is the numbers of organisms in a given unit of area or volume.
Match the following biotic life form with its respective biome.
Dinoflagellate algae - coral reef phytoplankton - open ocean
In Community A, species number is 89 and Hs is 1.93. In Community B, species number is 78 and Hs is 2.42. Which of the following statements regarding these communities is true? Choose all that apply.
Diversity is higher in community B Species richness is higher in community A
What type of ecology is concerned with the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities?
Ecosystem
Select reasons why very little energy is available to higher trophic levels in a food web.
Energy is lost in the conversion from one trophic level to another. Energy is lost as heat in a single trophic level.
Which statements related to eutrophication are correct? Choose all that apply.
Eutrophication occurs when algal blooms are followed by bacterial decomposition of the alga which leads to reduced oxygen levels Eutrophication results in the death of fish due to reductions in oxygen levels
Which of the following accurately defines density-independent mortality factors?
Factors for which mortality remains unchanged in response to population density
The interaction is beneficial, but not essential to the survival and reproduction of either species.
Facultative
Which of the following assumptions would be made when modeling exponential growth?
Food is plentiful. Space is available. Water is unlimited.
Is parasitism more like predation or herbivory?
Herbivory
Match each term with its effect. Instructions
Herbivory - Usually not lethal Predation - Usually results in prey death
What organisms obtain their nutrition by consuming other organisms?
Heterotrophs
A food web is depicted here. Match each Roman numeral with the correct trophic level.
I - Primary producers II - Primary consumers III - Secondary consumers IV - Tertiary consumers
Beetles and caterpillars use physical intimidation to compete for the same food resources. What type of competition is this?
InTERspecific competition
Match the types of competition found in nature.
Intraspecific - Between individuals of the same species. Interspecific - Between individuals of different species.
What is the importance of the quadrat method?
It can be used to estimate density
Select all the characteristics of water that are crucial to living organisms.
It is part of the hydrostatic skeleton in some invertebrates. It is used for support in plants. It acts as a solvent for chemical reactions. It is the means by which animals eliminate waste. It takes part in hydrolysis and dehydration reactions.
Which of the following describes the mark-recapture technique for determining density?
It is the marking, releasing, and re-sampling of the population to determine the number of marked versus unmarked individuals.
This figure depicts the life history strategy of a(n) ____-selected species.
K
____- selected species are those with relatively stable populations adapted to existing at or near their carrying capacity.
K
Which of the following animals are mainly found in the tropical grassland?
Large mammals
Which of the following organisms would display a type I survivorship curve?
Large mammals Humans
What effect would limited resources have on a population's growth?
Limited resources would result in a population exhibiting logistic growth.
Which of the following describes logistic growth?
Logistic growth occurs when the population is restricted by some limiting factor.
Which reason given below supports the term food web over food chain?
Most carnivores and herbivores consume more than one specific species
From the list below, choose the two types of mimicry.
Mullerian Batesian
Which of the following forms of interaction does NOT have a positive effect on one species and a negative effect on the other?
Mutualism
Match each of the following interactions with its appropriate description.
Mutualism - Both species benefit Commensalism - One species benefits, whereas the other remains unaffected Parasitism or Predation - One species benefits and the other is harmed Competition - Both species are negatively affected Amensalism - Detrimental to one species, and neutral to another
Correctly order the forms nitrogen passes through during the nitrogen cycle. Start at the top with the product(s) of nitrogen fixation.
NH3 or NH4+ NO2- NO3-
What does nx in a life table stand for?
Number of individuals alive at the start of the year
Neither species can live without the other.
Obligatory
A lake that is clear and has little plant life.
Oligotrophic
These energy-rich compounds are synthesized by primary producers.
Organic molecules
Which of the following energy-rich compounds are synthesized from CO2 and water by primary producers?
Organic molecules
Choose all types of competition that occur in nature.
Organisms interact directly through intimidation. Individuals of the same species compete with each other. Individuals compete with members of another species. Organisms compete indirectly for a limited resource.
What do carnivores eat?
Other animals
Select all factors that influence population size.
Parasitism Temperature Competition Predation
Which of the following statements about the physical environment of tundra is true?
Precipitation often locked up as snow and unavailable for plants.
What does the top-down population control model suggest?
Predators control prey populations.
Most predator-prey studies have found a large depression in prey density by predators. What can be concluded from these data?
Predators usually influence the abundance of prey in their environment.
Which of the following statements concerning consumers is correct? Choose all that apply.
Primary consumers are called herbivores Secondary consumers are called carnivores
Select all ways in which plants defend themselves against herbivores.
Production of secondary metabolites Genetically controlled host plant resistance
What is exponential growth?
Rapid growth with an intrinsic rate of increase
Which of the following terms refers to the differentiation of niches, in both space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community?
Resource partitioning
Match the hot desert to its location.
Sahara -- North Africa Kalahari -- South Africa Atacama -- Chile Simpson -- Australia
can be considered the community measure that incorporates both species number and relative abundance.
Species diversity
What are r-selected species?
Species with high rate of per capita population growth, but poor competitive ability
Which biome has annual precipitation between 30 and 70 cm, occurring in the form of snow, with very cold temperatures for long periods of time?
Temperate coniferous forest
Which biome is known commonly by its Russian name, taiga, it is found north of the temperate-zone forests and grasslands?
Temperate coniferous forest
In which of the following biomes annual rainfall is generally between 25 and 100 cm, and temperatures can fluctuate between -10C, and +30C?
Temperate grassland
Which biome is found only in coastal locales, and where will you find large evergreen trees (such as Douglas fir and Sitka spruce), as well as epiphytes and a thick and spongy litter layer?
Temperate rain forest
Which biome is found only in coastal locations due to the moderating influence of the ocean air on temperature?
Temperate rain forest
is the most important abiotic factor in the distribution of plants and animals because of its effect on biological processes.
Temperature
In this graph, what do the letters (a) and (b) represent?
The energy lost within and between trophic levels in a food chain.
What is ecosystem ecology?
The flow of energy and abiotic materials through biotic components of a community.
The carrying capacity is defined as which of the following?
The maximum number of individuals the environment can sustain
The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
What is population ecology?
The study of how populations grow and what factors promote and limit population growth.
What is biomass?
The total weight of living matter in a given area
Which population control model suggests that predators limit the number of herbivores, which, in turn, increases host plant density?
Top-down control
Which of the following include methods used by population ecologists to estimate density?
Trapping animals in a small area. Capturing animals, tagging and then releasing them.
In what biome will you find high species diversity, trees that shed their leaves in dry months, and an understory of herbs and grasses?
Tropical deciduous forest
What biome blends into tropical rain forests on its wet edges, and tropical grasslands on its dry edges?
Tropical deciduous forest
Which biome is found in India, Brazil, Thailand, and Mexico and exists in equatorial regions where rainfall is more seasonal than in tropical rain forests?
Tropical deciduous forest
As you are walking through a biome, you notice that there are as many as 100 tree species per square kilometer. Also, the trees have large buttresses to help support their shallow root systems, and little light is penetrating through the canopy. What biome are you walking through?
Tropical rain forest
Select all of the following that are broad terrestrial biomes.
Tropical rain forest Tundra Tropical grassland Tropical deciduous forest
True or false: A population is a fluid entity with individuals migrating in and out of an area
True
Correctly pair each type of survivorship curve with its characteristics.
Type I - Most individuals die late in life Type II - Uniform rate of decline Type III - Huge decline in young
Match the survivorship curve to its description.
Type I - Parents have few young and invest much time and resources into raising their young Type II - Parents have several young over their lifetime investing a small amount of time into raising their young Type III - Parents have large numbers of offspring per event and invest little to no time in their young
Which type of survivorship best describes survivorship of birds, small mammals, and reptiles?
Type II survivorship
A female preying mantis lays several hundred eggs in a foam mass in the fall. The young are most vulnerable when they emerge in the spring, but the few that survive spread out over the countryside and, if they find a mate, lay eggs the following fall. What type of survivorship curve is this?
Type III
A spacing pattern where the organisms are spaced at about equal distance throughout the landscape is called which of the following?
Uniform
What is aposematic coloration?
Warning coloration often associated with a chemical defense
What is a unique about the deep water availability in the tundra biome?
Water is locked in permafrost
What aquatic biome occurs at the margins of both lentic and lotic habitats?
Wetlands
What biome is made up of marshes, swamps, or bogs?
Wetlands
The figures on top represent each Paramecium species grown alone. In the figure on the bottom, P. caudatum is grown with P. bursaria. What can be concluded from these results?
When P. caudatum is grown with P. bursaria, the population densities of both are lower, but they coexist.
Choose all abiotic factors that limit distribution patterns and abundance of organisms.
Wind Salinity Temperature Water
A simple linear sequence of feeding relationships between organisms is called:
a food chain
The rate of offspring production for females of a certain age is called the ____-____ fertility rate.
age-specific
The diagram illustrates that beetles compete for resources with:
ants and mice
Conspicuous coloration that advertises an animal's toxicity is called:
aposematic coloration
Introduced vertebrates can be a problem in both terrestrial and ____ habitats.
aquatic
Organisms that harvest light or chemical energy and store that energy in chemical bonds are called
autotrophs
Cycles that involve the movement of chemical elements through ecosystems involving biological, geological, and chemical transport mechanisms are called ____ cycles.
biogeochemical
A large naturally occurring community of animals and plants occupying a major habitat is best defined as a(n)
biome
Major types of habitat characterized by distinctive plant and animal life is known as a(n) .
biome
An unbranched depiction of feeding relationships in which each organism derives energy from the preceding organism is called a food ____
chain
All of the following are common antipredation strategies that have evolved in animals EXCEPT:
character displacement
Which of the following are involved in biogeochemical cycles? Choose all that apply.
chemical transport mechanisms geological mechanisms biological mechanisms
The three types of dispersion patterns are ____, ____, and ____.
clumped, uniform, random
A(n) is an assemblage of many different species living in the same place at the same time.
community
The study of factors that influence the number and abundance of species in a community is called ____ ecology.
community
Based on his experiment with Paramecium, Georgyi Gause established that two species which compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist. His conclusion was later called the ____ ____ principle.
competitive exclusion
In a temperate ____ forest, precipitation is generally between 30 and 70 cm, often occurring as snow. Temperatures remain below freezing for long periods of time.
coniferous
Wind affects living organisms by:
contributing to water loss (water causes heat loss--not water loss-- by convection)
Detritivores obtain their energy from consuming ____ organisms from all trophic levels.
dead
Choose increase or decrease for each blank. A reduction in the amount of available resources in an environment would cause the carrying capacity to ____, and an increase in the amount of available resources would cause the carrying capacity to ____.
decrease (fall, decline) increase (rise)
The conversion of forested areas to non-forested land is called
deforestation
Which of the following are examples of habitat destruction? Choose all that apply.
deforestation strip mining urbanization
Mortality factors whose influence varies with the number of individuals per unit of area are called ____-____.
density-dependent
Which concerns given below are associated with the conversion of land to agriculture and livestock grazing?
desertification silting of rivers declining soil fertility
Hot are found around latitudes 20-30o north and south.
deserts
Beetles that feed on the dead bodies of other organisms are BEST described as:
detritivores
The remains of dead organisms and their waste products are referred to as
detritus
Which of the following is an example of a placental mammal out competing a marsupial mammal in Australia?
dingo vs. thylacine sheep vs. western gray kangaroo sheep vs. red kangaroo sheep vs. brush-tailed rock wallaby
refers to the spatial distribution of organisms within a population.
dispersion
While the ____ of animal life in tropical deciduous forests is high, it is less than that of tropical rain forests.
diversity
Which of the following responses accurately answers the question, 'how is the water cycle different from other cycles?' Choose all that apply.
driven by evaporation and precipitation. the water cycle is a physical process rather than a chemical process.
The total area of productive land needed for survival in a sustainable manner is called a person's
ecological footprint.
a community of organisms and its interactions with the physical environment.
ecosystem
A lake that has low water clarity and extensive algal growth.
eutrophic
A lake that has relatively high nutrient levels, and therefore supports large numbers of algae, is called a(n) ____ lake. In contrast, ____ lakes are typically very low in nutrients and have very clear water, due to the low number of algae.
eutrophic oligotrophic
____ growth models assume resources are unlimited.
exponential
Since 1985 the population of Burmese pythons in the Florida Everglades has grown
exponentially
Density-dependent mortality factors are ____.
factors whose influence varies with population size
Predation, herbivory, and parasitism are all examples of competition
false
True or false: Phytoplankton live within coral tissue.
false
Algal blooms, which can be promoted by human activities such as fertilizer or sewage waste dumping into aquatic systems, can ultimately lead to the death of this type of animal
fish
Which of the following activities have contributed to human overexploitation of animals? Choose all that apply.
fishing hunting
A population is a ____.
fluid entity composed of individuals that migrate into and out of the given area
Biomagnification occurs when certain chemicals concentrated in higher trophic levels in ____ chains.
food
The physiologically optimal range of conditions for an organism is called the:
fundamental niche
Much of the energy assimilated by animals is used in maintenance and is lost from the organism as
heat
Primary consumers, which obtain their food by consuming primary producers, are also called
herbivores
____ involves the predation of plants.
herbivory
Mortality factors whose influence is not affected by changes in the number of individuals per unit are called density-____ factors.
independent
Ecologists often refer to population growth rates over very short time intervals, which are called ______ growth rates.
instantaneous
The marine biome called the ____ zone is the area where the land meets the sea, and is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tides.
intertidal (tidal)
When conditions are optimal for the population, r (the per capita growth rate) is at its maximum rate and is called the:
intrinsic rate of increase
Species that are moved by humans from their native habitat to another location are called ____ species.
introduced
Unlike top-down control, bottom-up control:
is based on food limitations
Light can be a limiting resource for plant growth because:
it is necessary for photosynthesis
A pathogen causes disease symptoms in _____
its host
Unlike parasites, predators:
kill their prey fairly quickly
A freshwater habitat consisting of still and often deep water is called a(n) ____ habitat, whereas a freshwater habitat with flowing water is called a(n) ____ habitat.
lentic lotic
In general, the effect of a disturbance on a community is expected to be
less drastic in a species-rich community than a species-poor community.
A table that provides data on the number of individuals alive in each particular age class is called a(n) ____ table.
life
In addition to gases such as carbon dioxide and water, photosynthesis also requires ____, which can be a limiting resource for plants.
light
What is a main limiting abiotic factor that affects plant growth in aquatic environments because it is necessary for photosynthesis?
light
Because carbon can build up in marine organisms there are large deposits of ____ on the ocean floor.
limestone
Phosphorous is a ____ nutrient in aquatic systems: When more phosphorous is added, the growth of plants and algae increases.
limiting
The pattern in which population growth slows down as it approaches the carrying capacity is termed ____ growth.
logistic
When a population experiences limited resource availability, the population would display ____ growth.
logistic
____ growth occurs when population growth slows down as K is approached, whereas ____growth occurs when population growth increases by some constant factor.
logistic exponential
Relative to other aquatic biomes, what is the nutrient level in the open ocean?
low
K-selected species exhibit ______, whereas r-selected exhibit ______ (choose all that apply).
low mortality rates of young, low reproductive rates; high mortality rates of young, high reproductive rates slow development, good competitive abilities; rapid development, poor competitive abilities
Which of the following locations is a site where carbon can build up to high levels? Choose all that apply.
marine shells terrestrial rocks fossil fuels
The ____-____ technique is a sampling method in which animals are captured, tagged, released, and recaptured to estimate population density.
mark-recapture
The ecological footprint of each person is as important as the total human population size because an ecological footprint:
measures lifetime consumption of Earth's resources
All of the following factors influence population size except:
metabolism
Based on this diagram of a food web, which organism is a secondary consumer?
mongoose
Species-rich communities are generally considered to be _______ communities with low species richness.
more stable than
An important reason why many new introduced species cause so much disturbance in communities is that:
natural prey-predator balances doesn't exist
The area where an organism can be found in nature is called a(n) ____. However, the term also can convey what an organism does in a community, including how it feeds.
niche
In the process of ____ NH3 can be converted to NO3-.
nitrification
Which of the following are characteristics of invasive species?
no natural enemies in new habitat tolerate a wide range of habitats reproduce rapidly
A population with r=0, in which no changes to population size have occurred, is exhibiting
no population growth.
Which of the following geographical regions have the largest fluctuations in yearly temperatures?
northern hemisphere
In ____ mutualism, neither species can live without the other, whereas in ____ mutualism, the interaction is beneficial, but not essential, to the survival and reproduction of either species.
obligatory facultative
