Biology I - Nervous System

_______ neurons carry information in to the central nervous system. __________ neurons carry information away from the central nervous system. a. Afferent b. Efferent c. Central d. Peripheral

Afferent; Efferent

T or F: Skeletal muscle is the main muscle type of our body.

TRUE

Which of the following affect the magnitude of the force created by the muscle? I. Size of the Motor Unit II. Number of Motor Units Involved III. The Thickness of the Muscle Cells

All of the above

Which of the following are lower motor neuron signs (signs of abnormalities with lower motor neurons)? I. Weakness/loss of strength of contraction of skeletal muscle II. Atrophy (decreased bulk/size) of skeletal muscle III. Excessive fasciculations (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscle) of certain muscles IV. Hypotonia (decrease in tone of skeletal muscle) V. Hyporeflexia (decreased muscle stretch reflexes or reflexes that happen if you rapidly stretch a skeletal muscle)

All of the above

What structure connects the spinal chord and the cerebrum? a. Pons b. Medulla c. Cerebellum d. Brain Stem

Brain Stem

What structure is located behind the brain stem and is also connected to the brain stem? a. Amygdala b. Medulla c. Cerebellum d. Hippocampus

Cerebellum

The ________ is responsible for controlling motor movement. Although it does not actually initiate movement, it coordinates the precision and timing of the movement. Alcohol affects this part of the brain, which is why drunk people have trouble walking. a. Medulla Oblongata b. Cerebellum c. Pons d. Spinal Cord

Cerebellum (also called the "little brain")

What is the largest part of the brain which consists of the top of the brain (think like top layer kinda) and is divided into a left and right half? It also has a wide range of functions including controlling emotions and voluntary actions. a. Cerebrum b. Spinal Cord c. Pons d. Medulla

Cerebrum (the halves are called cerebral hemispheres)

The layer of gray matter on the outside of most of the brain is called _________. a. Covering b. Masking c. Cortex d. Outer Matter

Cortex (the cortex covering on the surface of the cerebrum is thus called the cerebral cortex)

Which nerves exit the skull/cranium? They primarily come out of the brain and they pass through the skull on their way between the CNS and the PNS. a. Brain Nerves b. Spinal Nerves c. Cranial Nerves d. Cord Nerves

Cranial Nerves (paired on both sides of the body) (12 pairs total)

When it comes to nerves, the ______ nerves primarily perform the basic functions of the head and the neck, whereas the _______ nerves primarily perform the basic functions for the limbs and the trunk, because that is where those nerves generally go. a. Spinal b. Cranial c. Dorsal d. Frontal

Cranial; Spinal

_______ is a category of higher functions that are our feelings and play a major role in our experience of life and a lot of other functions of both the nervous system and the rest of the body. a. Cognition b. Emotions c. Consciousness

Emotions

T or F: In the spinal cord, most of the gray matter is on the outside, and most of the white matter is on the inside.

FALSE. In the spinal cord, most of the gray matter is on the INSIDE, and most of the white matter is on the OUTSIDE.

T or F: Somatosensory receptors in the deep tissues (like muscles, tendons, and capsules around joints) are important for detecting vibration and touch. Those closer to the skin are important for position sense.

FALSE. Somatosensory receptors in the deep tissues (like muscles, tendons, and capsules around joints) are important for position sense. Those closer to the skin are important for detecting vibration and touch.

T or F: The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord.

FALSE. The CENTRAL Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord

T or F: The distal parts of the nerves are big nerves that can be seen with the naked eye and are close to the center of the body. The proximal part of the nerves are microscopic and are far away from the center of the body.

FALSE. The PROXIMAL parts of the nerves are big nerves that can be seen with the naked eye and are close to the center of the body. The DISTAL part of the nerves are microscopic and are far away from the center of the body.

T or F: The autonomic nervous system is a structural division of the overall nervous system.

FALSE. The autonomic nervous system is a FUNCTIONAL division of the nervous system. The CNS and PNS are structural divisions.

T or F: The somatosensory neurons carrying position, vibration, and touch information, have small-diameter axons with a thin myelin sheath or no myelin sheath. The somatosensory neurons carrying pain, temperature, and the rest of the touch information, have large-diameter axons and myelin sheaths tend to be wrapped around these axons in many layers.

FALSE. The somatosensory neurons carrying pain, temperature, and the rest of the touch information, have small-diameter axons with a thin myelin sheath or no myelin sheath. The somatosensory neurons carrying position, vibration, and touch information, have large-diameter axons and myelin sheaths tend to be wrapped around these axons in many layers.

T or F: When a lower motor neuron fires an action potential, it causes only a few of the skeletal muscle cells in its unit to contract.

FALSE. When a lower motor neuron fires an action potential, it causes all of the skeletal muscle cells in its unit to contract, so that instead of these cells doing different things at different times, they usually function as a unit.

T or F: All sensory neurons enter the spinal cord from the front side. Their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia.

FALSE: All sensory neurons enter the spinal cord DORSALLY (BACKSIDE). Their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia.

______ motor neurons are efferent neurons of the PNS, meaning that they are carrying information away from the CNS. Fill in blank with either "higher" or "lower".

Lower

Match the receptor type to what stimuli it responds to. 1. Can detect a number of different types of stimuli that can give rise to the experience of pain. 2. Can detect temperature. 3. Can detect the position of body parts relative to each other, vibration, and touch. a. Mechanoreceptors b. Nociceptors c. Thermoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors - Can detect the position of body parts relative to each other, vibration, and touch. Nociceptors - Can detect a number of different types of stimuli that can give rise to the experience of pain. Thermoreceptors - Can detect temperature

The _______ is connected to the spinal cord and regulates respiration and the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure and other autonomic (involuntary) functions. a. Medulla Oblongata b. Cerebellum c. Pons d. Hippocampus

Medulla Oblongata

The hindbrain is divided into two parts: the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. Categorize the following structures under these parts. I. Medulla Oblongata II. Pons III. Cerebellum

Metencephalon - Pons - Cerebellum Myelencephalon - Medulla Oblongata

The _______ is the part of the brain that relays auditory and visual information as well as controls eye movement. a. Forebrain b. Midbrain c. Hindbrain

Midbrain

__________ reflex arcs only contain one synapse while __________ reflex arcs contain more than one synapses. Fill in blanks with either "polysynaptic" or "monosynaptic".

Monosynaptic; Polysynaptic

______ is the category of basic functions that refers to the control of skeletal muscle. a. Motor Functions b. Sensory Functions c. Automatic Functions

Motor Functions

Match the type of neurons with their correct description: 1. Neurons that receive electrical signals from receptors and carry them to other neurons. These can also be called afferent neurons, and they enter the spinal cord from the back side (dorsal). 2. The majority of neurons in the body are this type. They connect other neurons. 3. These neurons carry electrical signals to muscles, organs, gland, etc. They leave the spinal cord from the front side (ventral). Their target organ is called the effector. Thus, these neurons are also called efferent neurons. 4. These synapse with preganglionic neurons coming from the CNS, and they extend to the effector organ. 5. In the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, these neurons begin at the CNS and extend into the ganglia of the PNS. a. Motor Neurons b. Sensory Neurons c. Interneurons d. Preganglionic Neurons e. Postganglionic Neurons

Motor Neurons: These neurons carry electrical signals to muscles, organs, gland, etc. They leave the spinal cord from the front side (ventral). Their target organ is called the effector. Thus, these neurons are also called efferent neurons. Sensory Neurons: Neurons that receive electrical signals from receptors and carry them to other neurons. These can also be called afferent neurons, and they enter the spinal cord from the back side (dorsal). Interneurons: The majority of neurons in the body are this type. They connect other neurons. (like sensory and motor neurons) Preganglionic Neurons: In the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, these neurons begin at the CNS and extend into the ganglia of the PNS. Postganglionic Neurons: These synapse with preganglionic neurons coming from the CNS, and they extend to the effector organ.

The ___________ reflex is where if a muscle is rapidly stretched, this reflex will cause the muscle to contract very quickly after it stretched presumably as a protective response to prevent injury to a muscle from being stretched too rapidly. a. Muscle Stretch b. Stretch c. Muscle d. Contraction

Muscle Stretch

The peripheral nervous system consists of two types of structures: ______ which are long stringy structures that go all over the body and carry axons and neurons and _______ which are lumps attached to nerves and contain the somas of neurons. I. Pons II. Ganglia III. Nerves IV. Medullas

Nerves; Ganglia

The synapse, where a neuron contacts its target cell, between a lower motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called the _________________. a. Synaptic Junction b. Muscular Junction c. Neural Junction d. Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular Junction (lower motor neurons will normally synapse with multiple skeletal muscle cells so they'll have multiple neuromuscular junctions)

Gray matter that is deeper in the brain is called ________. a. Cortex b. Nuclei c. Inner Matter d. Middle Matter

Nuclei (one is a "nucleus" and multiple are "nuclei")

_______ refers to a collection of cell bodies (neurons) in the CNS. ________ refers to a group of cell bodies found in the PNS. (one answer per slide) a. Ganglia b. Somatite c. Nucleus d. Bundle

Nucleus; Ganglia

The ____ are found in front of the cerebellum and relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum. a. Medulla Oblongata b. Hippocampus c. Pons d. Spinal Cord

Pons

Match the following senses to their correct examples. 1. If you close your eyes and somebody lifts your arm above your head, you can feel that your arm has been moved. 2. Tuning forks are used to examine if patients have the normal ability to feel somethings vibrating. 3. When placing your hand on sand paper, you can feel that it is rough. 4. Laura falls onto a hard surface, and her arm hurts from where she tried to catch herself. 5. Clare grabs a pan and her hand immediately senses it is hot. a. Temperature b. Vibration Sense c. Touch d. Pain e. Position Sense

Position Sense - (the position of body parts relative to each other) If you close your eyes and somebody lifts your arm above your head, you can feel that your arm has been moved. Vibration sense - (if we come into contact with anything that is vibrating we can feel that) Tuning forks are used to examine if patients have the normal ability to feel somethings vibrating. Touch - (the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body) When placing your hand on sand paper, you can feel that it is rough. Pain - (an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage) Laura falls onto a hard surface, and her arm hurts from where she tried to catch herself. Temperature - (the ability to detect differences of temperature) Clare grabs a pan and her hand immediately senses it is hot.

How does the muscle stretch reflex work mechanistically?

Receptors called muscle spindles have fibers inside them that get stretched when the rest of the muscle gets stretched. Neuron axons wrapped around these special fibers detect the stretch of the fibers and send that information to the CNS (afferent). So axons are leaving the muscle spindle and traveling back through nerves of the peripheral nervous system and enter either the spinal cord or brain stem. The somatosensory neurons carrying the muscle stretch information will form an excitatory synapse with another neuron whose soma is in the CNS. This neuron will send an axon out through nerves of the peripheral nervous system back to the same muscle that was stretched. It will synapse on and excite skeletal muscle cells in that same muscle causing the muscle to contract and leading to a response. The neurons that synapse on and control skeletal muscle cells are lower motor neurons (efferent) which cause the response of contraction of the muscle that was stretched.

The somatic nervous system is also responsible for __________. These are quick and automatic responses (cannot be controlled voluntarily) to outside stimuli. a. Reflex Arcs b. Monosynaptic Arcs c. Polysynaptic Arcs d. Response Arcs

Reflex Arcs

_________ is the category of basic functions that involves all of the senses, basically anything that the nervous system can detect. a. Motor Functions b. Sensory Functions c. Automatic Functions

Sensory Functions

Receptors pick up stimulus from the environment and that stimulus is transformed into an electrical signal by _________ neurons. These somatic sensory neurons carry the signal via a single axon directly to the spinal cord. a. Somatic Motor Neurons b. Sensory Neurons c. General Neurons d. Reflex Neurons

Sensory Neurons

___________ is the main muscle we have that is all over our body and attached to our skeleton, and by controlling _________, the motor functions of the nervous system cause movement, tone, and posture, which are the end results of contraction of ___________. (one answer fills all of these blanks) a. Slow Twitch Muscle b. Skeletal Muscle c. Fast Twitch Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

The efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system control 3 different types of cells. Match these cell types to their descriptions. 1. The muscle that makes up our heart tissue 2. Cells that make up parts of the human body that synthesize substances for release into the bloodstream or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface. 3. In all sorts of structures all over our body, like around blood vessels. a. Smooth Muscle Cells b. Cardiac Muscle c. Gland Cells

Smooth Muscle Cells - In all sorts of structures all over our body, like around blood vessels. Cardiac Muscle - the muscle that makes up our heart tissue Gland Cells - cells that make up parts of the human body that synthesize substances for release into the bloodstream or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface

The _______ motor neuron always ends at the effector (target) muscle, where the neuron uses the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine to initiate muscle contraction. a. Somatic Motor Neurons b. Autonomic Motor Neurons c. General Motor Neurons d. Reflex Motor Neurons

Somatic Motor Neurons

The _________ is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. It consists of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. It is responsible for innervating and controls skeletal muscle, which means it controls voluntary movement. a. Autonomic Nervous System b. Motor Nervous System c. Sensory Nervous System d. Somatic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

__________ refers to senses of the body. a. Sensation b. Somatosensation c. Feeling d. Emotion

Somatosensation

The _______ is broken down into four segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. It accepts signals from the PNS and sends them to the brain and vice versa. It can also participate in its own simple reflex arc. a. Medulla Oblongata b. Hippocampus c. Pons d. Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord

Spinal nerves form from _______. There is one of these in the front and one in the back. a. Axons b. Signals c. Tissue d. Spinal Nerve Roots

Spinal Nerve Roots

Which nerves come out of the spinal chord and pass through the spine on their way between the CNS and the PNS? a. Brain Nerves b. Spinal Nerves c. Cranial Nerves d. Cord Nerves

Spinal Nerves (paired on both sides of the body) (31 pairs total)

Match the following statements with either the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system or both. - The first neuron comes out of the CNS (short axon) and synapses with a second neuron in a ganglia (typically linked together in a chain called a sympathetic chain) close to where the first neuron is, and then the second neuron will send a longer axon to reach the target cell - Neurons start in the middle of the spinal cord -Rest and digest - Epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are used between the postganglionic cell and the cell of the organ - Acetylcholine is use between the preganglionic and the post ganglionic cell - The first neuron sends a long axon out to synapse with the second neuron in a ganglion at a distance from the first neuron, and the second neuron sends out a short axon to synapse on its target cell - Fight or flight - Acetylcholine is used between the postganglionic cell and the cell of the organ - Neurons start either in the brain stem or start at the bottom of the spinal cord - Consist of a chain of two neurons connecting the CNS to the target cell

Sympathetic Nervous System - Neurons start in the middle of the spinal cord - The first neuron comes out of the CNS (short axon) and synapses with a second neuron in a ganglia (typically linked together in a chain called a sympathetic chain) close to where the first neuron is, and then the second neuron will send a longer axon to reach the target cell - Fight or flight - Epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are used between the postganglionic cell and the cell of the organ Parasympathetic Nervous System - Neurons start either in the brain stem or start at the bottom of the spinal cord - The first neuron sends a long axon out to synapse with the second neuron in a ganglion at a distance from the first neuron, and the second neuron sends out a short axon to synapse on its target cell - Rest and digest -Acetylcholine is used between the postganglionic cell and the cell of the organ Same -The structure of the different parts of the autonomic nervous system both usually consist of a chain of two neurons connecting the CNS to the target cell - Acetylcholine is use between the preganglionic and the post ganglionic cell

T or F: Basic functions of the nervous system are performed by many parts of both the CNS and the PNS. Higher functions of the nervous system are not performed by huge areas of both the CNS and PNS. Higher functions are performed by parts of the brain.

TRUE

T or F: Fine touch sense (very precise touch information) tends to travel in the fast somatosensory neurons, and gross touch sense (less precise touch information) tends to travel in the slower somatosensory neurons.

TRUE

T or F: In the brain, the white matter is found on the inside and the gray matter is on the outside. In the spinal cord, the white matter is found on the outside and the gray matter is found on the inside.

TRUE

T or F: In the motor division of the somatic nervous system, all motor neurons exit the spinal cord through the front (ventral) side and carry the electric signal via a single axon directly to the skeletal muscle.

TRUE

T or F: Mechanoreceptors have structures at the end of an axon that carry information back to the CNS. Nociceptors and thermoreceptors have bare nerve endings (they are not covered by any sort of structure).

TRUE

T or F: Mechanoreceptors use different somatosensory neurons than nociceptors and thermoreceptors, but both types of neurons send information to the CNS.

TRUE

T or F: One motor unit consists of one lower motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells that it contacts and controls.

TRUE

T or F: The brain has mostly gray matter on outside and mostly white matter on the inside.

TRUE

T or F: The nervous system is broken down into two parts: the CNS and PNS. The PNS is broken down into Autonomic and Somatic. The Autonomic Nervous System is broken down into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

TRUE

T or F: The knee jerk reaction is an example of muscle stretch reflex.

TRUE (it is where the doc hits your knee with the rubber mallet and you kick out)

T or F: Depending on the reflex, an afferent part of a reflex can bring information in from one side of the body and the efferent part of the reflex brings information back to that same side of the body to cause the response, OR an afferent part can come in on one side and the efferent responses come out to both sides.

TRUE. (Note: the latter typically occurs in the brain stem)

Categorize the parts of the forebrain as either part of the Telencephalon or the Diencephalon (the 2 sections of the forebrain). I. Cerebrum II. Thalamus III. Hippocampus IV. Hypothalamus V. Basal Ganglia

Telencephalon -Cerebrum -Hippocampus -Basal Ganglia Diencephalon -Thalamus -Hypothalamus

The ________ plays the role of secretary, it relays sensory signals to the cerebrum for processing and integration. The _________ regulates the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. (different answers in each blank) a. Pons b. Hypothalamus c. Spinal Cord d. Thalamus

Thalamus; Hypothalamus

Fill in the blanks (one word per blank): The forebrain (or prosencephalon) will become the ___________. The mid brain (or mesencephalon) will become the ___________. The hindbrain (or rhombencephalon) will become the ________, ___________, and __________. I. Pons II. Mid Brian III. Cerebellum IV. Medulla V. Cerebrum

The forebrain (or prosencephalon) will become the CEREBRUM. The mid brain (or mesencephalon) will become the MID BRAIN. The hindbrain (or rhombencephalon) will become the PONS, MEDULLA, and CEREBELLUM. *The names in parenthesis are the names given to these parts when the human embryo is developing its brain*

The ______ nervous system consists of efferent neurons in the peripheral nervous system that do specific jobs. a. Autonomic b. Central c. Peripheral

autonomic

___________ is the category of basic functions that include things that do not require conscious involvement, and that includes various things, like reflexes, control of body systems for things like circulation, respiration, and digestion. a. Motor Functions b. Sensory Functions c. Automatic Functions

Automatic Functions

The ______ are a collection of neurons located at the base of the forebrain that play a role in controlling voluntary motion. a. Corpus Callosum b. Cerebral Cortex c. Basal Ganglia d. Hippocampus

Basal Ganglia

______ is a category of the higher functions that refers to the thinking functions of the brain (things like learning, memory, and language) and executive functions (like creating goals and organizing behavior to achieve those goals). a. Cognition b. Emotions c. Consciousness

Cognition

___________ is a category of higher functions that is related to the awareness of being a person, of experiencing one's life and controlling one's actions. a. Cognition b. Emotions c. Consciousness

Consciousness

The cerebrum consists of the right and left cerebral hemispheres that are connected by the _______________. The outermost portion of the cerebrum consists of grey matter known as the ____________. It plays a role in memory and thought processes (highest-level functioning). (one answer per blank) a. Cerebral Medulla b. Cerebral Cortex c. Corpus Callosum d. Basal Ganglia

Corpus Callosum; Cerebral Cortex

________ neurons synapse on and control skeletal muscle. Fill in with either "efferent" or "afferent".

Efferent

_______ neurons are those neurons that receive electrical signals from the CNS and send them to the target tissue, gland, organ, etc. In the SNS, the dendrites and cell body of this neuron originate in the spinal cord. Once the signal is picked up by the dendrites, it sends it through the axon (which travels through the PNS) and to the axon terminal. a. Somatic Motor Neurons b. Autonomic Motor Neurons c. Motor Neurons d. Reflex Neurons

Motor Neurons

_______ matter contains most of the neuron somas. _______ matter contains most of the myelinated axons. Fill in the blanks with "white" or "gray."

Gray; White

___________ are patterns of abnormalities. Certain forms of these involving abnormal functions of the nervous system are more common than others, because they are caused by neurological or psychiatric disorders that occur more frequently. a. Differences b. Syndromes c. Disorders d. Disfunctions

Syndromes

Fill in the blanks with the correct parts of the brain stem. The very top part of the brain stem that connects to the cerebrum is called the ________. The middle part below this is called the ________. Under the middle part there is the __________ which connects to the spinal cord. (one word per blank) a. Pons b. Mid brain c. Medulla (oblongata)

The very top part of the brain stem that connects to the cerebrum is called the MID BRAIN. The middle part below this is called the PONS. Under the middle part there is the MEDULLA which connects to the spinal cord.

In the white matter of the CNS, there are collections of axons that start in a similar area and head towards a similar area. These collections of axons traveling together are called ______. a. Tracts b. Bundles c. Fibers d. Stems

Tracts

Fill in the blanks with either "front" or "back". Afferent neurons bringing information into the CNS travel through the spinal nerve roots in the _____ and the efferent neurons that are carrying information away from the CNS travel in the spinal nerve roots in the ______. These come together in the spinal nerves, so they are called mixed nerves (mix of afferent and efferent neurons).

back; front

Lower motor neurons in the ________, primarily control the skeletal muscles of the head and the neck, and the lower motor neurons of the _________, primarily control all of the skeletal muscle cells in the limbs and the trunk. Fill in the blanks with either "spinal cord" or "cranial nerves".

cranial nerves; spinal cord