Biology II Ch 22-24

Which characteristic do birds share with mammals?

A four-chambered heart

Because it uses it for protection, the African crested rat is dependent on which of the following?

Acokanthera tree

Which were the first tetrapods to move to land?

Amphibians

Which invertebrate animal group is characterized by having a closed circulatory system?

Annelida

Which of these groups is characterized by having a true coelom?

Arthropods

Cup fungi are in the phylum _____.

Ascomycota

Plasmogamy is indicated by the letter _____.

B Plasmogamy is the fusion of hyphae.

Which of the following features is absent in lancelets?

Backbone

Which fungal phylum usually carries on sexual reproduction?

Basidiomycetes

The process indicated by the letter _____ produces a diploid structure.

C Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.

What creates the holes in bread?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a by-product of yeast fermentation?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is true?

Cattle prefer native grasses over cheatgrass.

Which of the following features are characteristic of fungi?

Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies

Which fungal group produces swimming, flagellated spores?

Chytrids

Which of the following phyla contains animals that reproduce asexually?

Cnidaria

Your job is to classify a newly discovered animal species. Your initial studies reveal that your specimen has tissues but lacks organs; has no head, body cavity, or segmentation; and has radial symmetry. To what phylum does this animal belong?

Cnidaria

Hydrae, anemones, and jellyfish are in the phylum

Cnidaria.

Which of these groups is characterized by having no body cavity?

Cnidarians

Which cnidarian is the basis of an undersea habitat?

Coral

Which of these structures bears asci?

D Ascocarps bear asci.

Which of these is a basidiocarp?

D A mushroom is a basidiocarp.

A sea urchin is a member of the phylum

Echinodermata.

An animal whose body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm has a pseudocoelom. True or False?

False

Flatworms have a coelom that is only partially surrounded with mesoderm. True or False?

False

Fungal cell walls are composed of lignin. True or False?

False

Sponges are radially symmetrical. True or False?

False

The notochord persists into adulthood in all chordates. True or False?

False

The skeletons of ray-finned fishes are made of cartilage. True or False?

False

The only invertebrates capable of flight are arachnids. True or False?

False Arthropod are the only invertebrates capable of flight.

Which group of fungi appears to lack asexual reproduction?

Glomeromycetes

________ form beneficial symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

Glomeromycetes

Your neighbor's roof is covered with Baudoinia but yours is not. Why?

Her roof is made of wood, yours is made of copper.

Why is cheatgrass only considered a threat in the Western U.S.?

It is found east of the Mississippi River, but conditions for its success are not as favorable.

If a species' sperm is stored using cryopreservation, what is done to it?

It is frozen.

Which of the following is true regarding poisonous mammals?

Most poisonous mammals procure toxins from other sources.

Roundworms are classified in the phylum _____.

Nematoda

If there were no fungi, which of the following would occur?

Nutrient recycling would stop.

Your job is to classify a newly discovered animal species. Your initial studies reveal that your specimen lacks tissues and organs and has no head, body symmetry, body cavity, or segmentation. To what phylum does this animal belong?

Porifera

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Protect the nerve cord

Ascomycetes produce which of the following?

Smuts and rusts

Which of the following animal phyla is distinguished by a lack of tissues?

Sponges

Which of these groups is characterized by a lack of symmetry (neither radial nor bilateral)?

Sponges

Why might the survival of the greater sage grouse depend on what happens to cheatgrass?

The greater sage grouse may be listed as an endangered species.

Why are annelids, arthropods, and mollusks placed in the same clade?

They are protostomes.

What is the advantage of paired appendages?

They improve mobility.

Why have reptiles successfully adapted to land?

They produce eggs that resist dehydration.

If climate change accelerates, what is most likely to happen to the world's coral reefs?

They will die off.

You are a field researcher and you observe a group of Capuchin monkeys rolling on a nest of carpenter ants. Why are they doing this?

To keep insects away.

All female mammals produce milk to feed their young. True or False?

True

Animal cells lack a cell wall. True or False?

True

Birds are feathered reptiles. True or False?

True

During embryonic development, the tail in mammals extends past the anus. True or False?

True

Endothermic animals have four-chambered hearts. True or False?

True

Hagfishes lack jaws. True or False?

True

Lichens can form from the symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic bacterium and a fungus. True or False?

True

Mammals have the most complex nervous system of all vertebrates. True or False?

True

Sea stars (starfish) are bilaterally symmetrical at one time in their life cycle. True or False?

True

You are the CEO of a whiskey distilling company in Kentucky and are interested in reducing the damage caused by Baudoinia. Where should you visit to learn more about tried-and-true methods to do so?

Wineries in California.

All chordates have

a post-anal tail.

What effect is increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide having on the world's oceans?

acidifying them

Reptile eggs have an internal membrane called the _____ that encloses the developing embryo in a watery environment.

amnion

According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to reptiles and mammals are _____.

amphibians

A jointed exoskeleton is a characteristic of ________.

arthropods

According to this phylogenetic tree, annelids are most closely related to _____.

arthropods

Insects are

arthropods.

Spiders belong to the

arthropods.

In sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____.

asci

_____, also known as sac fungi, include morels, yeasts, and the species that produces penicillin.

ascomycetes

Based on the illustration, basidiomycetes are most closely related to

ascomycetes.

In club fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____.

basidia

_____ are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures like toadstools.

basidiomycetes

An animal that has a four-chambered heart, is endothermic, and does not give birth to live offspring can be classified as a(n)

bird.

You are a scientist studying corals. You come across a coral reef that is devoid of life and completely white. What likely caused this?

bleaching

In sharks and rays, the skeleton is made of ________.

cartilage

_____ is the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue in a defined head region of the body.

cephalization

The organism shown here is a(n)

cephalopod. (round and looks like a snail but not)

Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls because fungal walls contain

chitin, whereas plant walls have cellulose.

The worldwide die-off of frogs has been traced to infection by

chytrids.

Within the mollusks, only the cephalopods have a

closed circulatory system.

A(n) _____ is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined with a thin layer of tissue that develops from the mesoderm. It separates the body wall from the inner organs.

coelom

Mycorrhizae associations are

common; at least 80% of the species of plants form these associations.

_____ are animals with a skull that encloses the brain.

craniates

The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as a(n)

decomposer.

As a group, fungi are _____.

decomposers

Echinoderms are _____.

deuterostomes

One adaptation that enables an animal to live successfully on dry land is

development in a shelled egg.

Karyogamy produces a _____.

diploid zygote

According to this phylogenetic tree, chordates are most closely related to _____.

echinoderms

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have three tissue layers that arise during embryonic development: an inner layer of _____, an outer layer of _____, and a layer of _____ that lies in between.

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

A nucleus within an ascus undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis, producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of _____ different genetic types.

four

You must decide how to classify a newly discovered organism, but you have only limited test materials to help you make your decision. Chemical A glows if a nuclear envelope is present. Chemical B turns blue in the presence of chloroplasts. Chemical C fizzes when mixed with chitin. After testing the organism, you find out that it glows, doesn't turn blue, and fizzes. You classify this organism as a

fungus

Which of the following is highly modified on an African crested rat to hold poison?

hair

Fungi produce _____ spores.

haploid

In organisms with an open circulatory system, blood empties into the _____ where it bathes the internal organs directly.

hemocoel

Zygosporangia are _____.

heterokaryotic

It is believed that cheatgrass made it to North America in what way?

in bags of wheat seeds

A tunicate is a(n)

invertebrate chordate.

The common ancestor of all these chordate groups EXCEPT the _____ probably had paired appendages.

lampreys

A(n) _____ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a single-celled alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus protects the photosynthesizer from harsh conditions while consuming the extra nutrients it produces.

lichen

The great size and mobility of the vertebrates are likely the result of

lightweight endoskeletons.

Which of these is the only chordate group that has hair?

mammals

A(n) _____ produces milk that female mammals use to feed their young.

mammary gland

In _____, young are born at an extremely immature stage and undergo further development in a pouch.

marsupials

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.

meiosis

Anemones have no

mesoderm.

During their development, insects undergo ______, a radical change from a juvenile body form to an adult body form.

metamorphosis

According to this phylogenetic tree, the clade that includes echinoderms and chordates is most closely related to the clade that includes _____.

molluscs

A clam is a(n)

mollusk.

A snail is a(n)

mollusk.

Giant squids are classified as

mollusks.

On a remote island, a new animal is found. It has a four-chambered heart and lungs and is endothermic. It has internal fertilization, lays shelled eggs, and nurses its young after they hatch. This animal is most likely a(n)

monotreme.

Based on current information, which of the following would be most likely to suffer where Baudoinia is found?

mulberry bush

The common ancestor of sponges and other animals was probably

multicellular without tissues.

The vegetative body of most fungi is called a(n) _____, which consists of an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments called _____.

mycelium, hyphae

When you eat mushrooms on your pizza, you are technically eating the

mycelium.

You have been contacted to help solve the problem of Baudoinia in Kentucky because it is within your area of expertise. What are you?

mycologist

A(n) _____ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus receives energy-rich sugar molecules produced by the plant while passing minerals and nutrients from the soil to the root.

mycorrhiza

In chordates, the _____ is a stiff but flexible rod that extends along the back of the body between the digestive tract and nerve cord.

notochord

According to this phylogenetic tree, cnidarians are most closely related to _____.

platyhelminths

Molds easily contaminate foods because fungi

produce huge numbers of airborne spores.

Molluscs are _____.

protostomes

A(n) _____ is a body cavity that is not completely surrounded by mesoderm-derived tissue.

pseudocoelom

This animal is classified as a

ray-finned fish. (sea horse)

The conspicuous structures on the surface of a dead tree that indicate a fungus is growing inside are for

reproduction.

The fungi in the figure are examples of

reproductive structures. (stinkhorn, puffball, shelf fungus)

A terrestrial vertebrate that has scales and a three-chambered heart is a(n)

reptile.

This phylogenetic tree indicates that mammals are most closely related to _____.

reptiles

The low energy demands of nematodes allow them to survive without a

respiratory system.

Mycorrhizae surround and infiltrate the ________ of vascular plants.

roots

You find a new organism. It gains nutrients by secreting enzymes outside of itself and absorbing the digested product. It is eukaryotic and has a cell wall containing chitin. It reproduces with flagellated, swimming spores. You classify the new organism as a(n)

rumen fungus.

At the phylum level, you are most closely related to a(n) _____.

sea star

Which part of the cheatgrass plant does black finger fungus attack?

seeds

For corals, which of the following is necessary to maintain genetic diversity?

sexual reproduction

Chondrichthyes includes

sharks.

The only animals that lack tissues are

sponges.

Zygomycetes reproduce asexually through the haploid spores formed in _____, or sexually through diploid nuclei formed in _____.

sporangia, zygosporangia

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.

surroundings

All animals with tissues have

symmetrical bodies.

Where would Baudoinia be most likely to thrive?

temperate rainforest

_____ are organisms descended from the first four-limbed vertebrate.

tetrapods

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei?

the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle

A zygosporangium is produced by

the union of two haploid hyphae.

The high body temperature of birds and mammals is due to

their high metabolic rates.

The name "sac fungi" is appropriate for the ascomycetes because

they produce spores in saclike structures.

You wish to develop a soap that will quickly and thoroughly remove the scent of skunk spray. Which of the following chemical compounds are you trying to clean?

thiol

One trend in the evolution of animals is the increase in the number of tissue (germ) layers during embryonic development. Flatworms and more complex animals have ________ layers.

three

Which one of these chordate groups lacks a post-anal tail and a notochord as adults?

tunicates

Organisms that are radially symmetrical have ________ embryonic germ layers.

two

_____ are animals in which the embryonic notochord is replaced during development by a(n) _____ composed of bone or cartilage.

vertebrates, vertebral column

The major difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the

way the body cavity forms.

Single-celled fungi are known as

yeasts.