Biology II - Chapter 27 Prokaryotes

The majority of prokaryotic cells are ________ μm or less in diameter; eukaryotic cells are typically ________ times that size

- 1 - 10

The DNA in a bacterial cell is in the ________ region which is in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the cell whereas the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is found in the ________

- nucleoid - nucleus

Bacteria and _____ are collectively referred to as prokaryotes

Archaea

There is greater metabolic and nutritional diversity among which of the following organisms? a) Archaea b) Prokaryotes c) Eukaryotes d) Fungi

b) Prokaryotes

How many types of bacteria can be identified using the Gram stain? a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 10

a

Which of the following represents the size range of prokaryotic cells? a) 200 nm to 0.7 mm b) 0.7 mm to 200 mm c) 0.7 μm to 200 μm d) 0.7 nm to 200 nm

a

Select all that apply Identify the four key areas that differentiate bacteria and archaea. a) Cell walls b) Gene expression c) Ribosome structure d) DNA replication e) Plasma membrane f) Genetic material

a) Cell walls b) Gene expression d) DNA replication e) Plasma membrane

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of bacterial pili? a) Exchange of genetic material b) Reproduction c) Attachment of pathogens d) Motility

a) Exchange of genetic material c) Attachment of pathogens d) Motility

Which of the following describes the horizontal transfer of genes? a) It is between different bacteria. b) It is between different parts of the same chromosome. c) It is between different chromosomes in the same cell. d) It is between a chromosome and a plasmid in the same cell. e) It is from parent to offspring.

a) It is between different bacteria.

Select all that apply The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan. Which of the following are likely to be true of this prokaryotic species? a) Its plasma membrane lipids are composed of glycerol linked to hydrocarbon chains by ether linkages. b) It has a nucleus containing one to several chromosomes. c) It is a bacterium. d) It may have more than one RNA polymerase for gene expression. e) Initiation of DNA replication is similar to that of eukaryotes.

a) Its plasma membrane lipids are composed of glycerol linked to hydrocarbon chains by ether linkages. d) It may have more than one RNA polymerase for gene expression. e) Initiation of DNA replication is similar to that of eukaryotes.

Select all that apply Identify two characteristics of prokaryotes that differentiate them from eukaryotes. a) No internal compartments b) No genetic material c) No membrane-bound organelles

a) No internal compartments c) No membrane-bound organelles

Which of these does not differentiate bacteria and archaea? a) Nucleotides b) Gene expression c) DNA Replication d) Cell wall composition

a) Nucleotides

Binary fission is the term used to describe the main mode of what process in bacteria and archaea? a) Reproduction b) Excretion c) Meiosis d) Locomotion e) Ingestion

a) Reproduction

Which statement about prokaryotes is true? a) They do not divide my mitosis b) They usually lack a cell wall c) They lack ribosomes d) They contain a nucleus

a) They do not divide by mitosis

Which of the following are the most abundant organisms on Earth? a) prokaryotes b) plants c) animals d) eukaryotes e) archaea

a) prokaryotes

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true? a) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. b) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. c) Cell division in archaea takes place via mitosis whereas bacteria undergo binary fission. d) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids.

a, b, & d

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics used by early taxonomists to classify prokaryotes? a) Motile or nonmotile b) Human pathogen or not c) Percent of guanine and cytosine d) Photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic e) Unicellular or colony-forming or filamentous

a, b, d, & e

Select all that apply Which of the following is reflective of the metabolic and nutritional diversity of prokaryotes? a) The use of organic and inorganic electron donors and acceptors b) The use of a single carbon source c) The ability to use different strategies to obtain energy d) The fermentation of a variety of organic substances

a, c, & d

Select all that apply Identify the molecular approaches that have helped determine evolutionary relatedness in prokaryotes. a) Percent of guanine and cytosine b) Gram staining of cells c) Whole genome sequencing d) Protein sequencing e) Recombinant DNA technology f) Gene and RNA sequencing g) Nucleic acid hybridization

a, c, d, f, and g

An additional protein or glycoprotein layer, which forms a paracrystalline surface in some bacteria and archaea is called which of the following? a) P-layer b) S-layer c) O-layer d) G-layer

b

The diameter of the average eukaryotic cell is a) 20 to 25 mm b) 20 to 25 μm c) 20 to 25nm

b) 20 to 25 μm

Existing in a biofilm is beneficial to prokaryotic microbes due to which of the following? a) It allows them to easily move from place to place. b) It allows them to survive environmental stressors such as dessication. c) It allows them to easily find partners for reproduction.

b) It allows them to survive environmental stressors such as dessication.

Which of the following describes the horizontal transfer of genes? a) It is between a chromosome and a plasmid in the same cell. b) It is between different bacteria. c) It is between different chromosomes in the same cell. d) It is from parent to offspring. e) It is between different parts of the same chromosome.

b) It is between different bacteria.

The DNA in a bacterial cell is in which of the following areas and is in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the cell? a) Nucleus b) Nucleoid region c) Nucleotide region

b) Nucleoid region

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics used by early taxonomists to classify prokaryotes? a) Percent of guanine and cytosine b) Photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic c) Unicellular or colony-forming or filamentous d) Motile or nonmotile e) Human pathogen or not

b) Photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic c) Unicellular or colony-forming or filamentous d) Motile or nonmotile e) Human pathogen or not

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? a) Prokaryotic genomes are usually composed of linear DNA. b) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms the nucleoid region. c) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. d) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids.

b) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms the nucleoid region.

The size of prokaryotic cells has been found to vary over a) two orders of magnitude b) five orders of magnitude c) four orders of magnitude d) three orders of magnitude

b) five orders of magnitude

Bacteria reproduce asexually via ________ ________

binary fission

In the natural environment, most bacteria form complex communities of different species on surfaces. These communities are called ___________ and allow the bacteria to survive environmental stressors, such as dessication and antibiotics.

biofilms

The most fundamental characteristic of which of the following cell types is simple interior organization? a) Protozoan b) Algal c) Prokaryotic d) Eukaryotic

c

For every single eukaryotic cell in the human body, there are roughly how many prokaryotic cells? a) 10 prokaryotic cells b) 100 prokaryotic cells c) 1 prokaryotic cell d) 50 prokaryotic cells

c) 1 prokaryotic cell

Which characteristic differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes? a) No ribosomes b) No genetic material c) No membrane-bound organelles d) No cell membrane

c) No membrane-bound organelles

How many chromosomes are typically found in a bacterial cell? a) Up to 40 but always an even number b) Two c) One d) Several

c) One

Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea typically are which of the following? a) Multicellular, but made of fewer cells than eukaryotes b) Multicellular organisms c) Unicellular organisms

c) Unicellular organisms

Although bacteria and archaea are very similar, they differ in several key areas. Which of the following is a key difference in their plasma membrane? a) archaeal membranes contain pseudomurein b) archaeal membranes are often organized as a tetralayer c) archaeal membrane lipids contain ether bonds d) archaeal membrane lipids contain ester bonds

c) archaeal membrane lipids contain ether bonds

Organisms that thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions are called a) neutrophils b) aerobes c) extremophiles d) mesophiles

c) extremophiles

Some bacteria have this additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers and contributes to their ability to adhere to surfaces and to cause disease. What is this layer called?

capsule

What is an additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers called?

capsule

Most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome(s) made up of which of the following? a) RNA and protein b) DNA and RNA c) RNA d) DNA and protein

d) DNA and protein

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? a) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. b) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of linear DNA. c) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. d) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms a region known as the nucleoid region.

d) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms a region known as the nucleoid region.

Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea? a) They have glycerol linked to hydrocarbon. b) They contain phospholipids. c) They have peptidoglycan. d) They lack peptidoglycan.

d) They lack peptidoglycan.

Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes? a) Some bacteria and all archaea b) All archaea and bacteria c) All archaea and some bacteria d) All archaea e) Most bacteria

e

Many archaea are ________ meaning they survive in environments such as hot springs, hypersaline environments and below ice!

extremophiles

Which structure found on the outer surface of some prokaryotic cells functions in propelling the the organism in a fluid environment?

flagellum

The transfer of genes between different species is known as ________ gene transfer.

horizontal

Early taxonomies used characteristics which were easily observable or detectable with the use of a ________ to classify prokaryotes.

microscope

The analysis of amino acid sequences of key proteins and whole genome sequencing are examples of ________ approaches used to classify prokaryotes and to understand their evolutionary relationships.

molecular

Prokaryotes have their genes encoded within a single stranded ring of DNA that is condensed and forms a visible region of the cell called the ________ region.

nucleoid

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of ________, which is not present in archaea.

peptidoglycan

Some bacteria have filaments of protein which extend from their surface. These structures do not typically function in motility and are called ________

pili

Some gram-negative prokaryotes adhere to surfaces and exchange genetic information using relatively short hairlike structures called ________

pili

Bacteria and archaea are collectively referred to as

prokaryotes

Although the cells of some prokaryotic species may adhere to one another within a matrix or form filaments, prokaryotes are fundamentally

single-celled